ORIGINAL ARTICLE

The Journal of Nursing Research h VOL. 23, NO. 1, MARCH 2015

Workplace Violence Toward Emergency Department Staff in Jordanian Hospitals: A Cross-Sectional Study Mohammed ALBashtawy1 & Manar Al-Azzam2* & Ahmad Rawashda3 & Abdul-Monim Batiha4 Ibrahim Bashaireh5 & Mohammad Sulaiman6 1

PhD, RN, Associate Professor, Faculty of Nursing, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan & 2PhD, RN, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Nursing, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan & 3PhD, RN, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Nursing, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan & 4PhD, RN, Associate Professor, Faculty of Nursing, Philadelphia University, Jordan & 5PhD, RN, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Nursing, Philadelphia University, Jordan & 6MSN, RN, Teacher, Faculty of Nursing, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan.

ABSTRACT Background: Workplace violence against emergency department staff (EDS) is considered one of the most common and widespread phenomena of violence in the hospital setting. Purpose: The purpose of this research is to determine the incidence of workplace violence and the predictors of violent behavior against EDS working at hospitals in Jordan. Methods: A cross-sectional study was used to investigate the workplace violence experiences of a convenience sample of 355 EDS working at 8 government-run and 4 privately run Jordanian hospitals. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire that was developed for this study. Results: Nearly three quarters (72%) of participants reported being exposed to violent acts. Patients and their relatives were identified as the main perpetrators of this violence. The contributing factors to workplace violence identified by the participants included overcrowding, lack of resources, staff shortages, and the absence of effective antiviolence policies. Conclusions/Implications for Practice: Policies and legislation related to workplace violence should be instituted and developed. Furthermore, EDS should be trained to deal with violent incidents and to understand violence management policies.

KEY WORDS: Jordan, emergency staff department, policy, workplace violence, community health.

Introduction The initial contact between healthcare personnel and patients often occurs in the emergency department (ED). Because healthcare personnel and other ED staff (EDS) such as security guards and administration personnel are a hospital’s first line of contact with patients and their relatives, they are most vulnerable

to violence and abuse in the hospital environment (Algwaiz, & Alghanim, 2012; Kwok et al., 2006). Violence against EDS is one of the most common and widespread forms of workplace violence in the hospital setting. As defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), this kind of violence may take several forms, including ‘‘physical assault, homicide, verbal abuse, bullying/mobbing, sexual and racial harassment, and psychological stress’’ (WHO, 2012). According to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, workplace violence is defined as ‘‘violent acts (including physical assaults and threats of assaults) directed towards persons at work or on duty’’ (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002). The International Labour Organization, the International Council of Nurses (ICN), the WHO, and Public Services International define workplace violence as ‘‘incidents where staff are abused, threatened or assaulted in circumstances related to their work, including commuting to and from work, involving an explicit or implicit challenge to their safety, wellbeing or health’’ (International Labour Organization, ICN, WHO, & Public Services International, 2002). Workplace violence in Arab countries, including Jordan, has only rarely been investigated (AbuALRub & Al-Asmar, 2011). In Jordan, a lack of policies and legislation addressing workplace violence places ED personnel and EDS at regular Accepted for publication: October 24, 2013 *Address correspondence to: Manar Al-Azzam, Princess Salma Faculty of Nursing, Al-albayt University, Mafraq 25113, Jordan. Tel: +962 (7) 98250561; Fax: +962 (2) 6297052; E-mail: [email protected] Cite this article as: ALBashtawy, M., Al-Azzam, M., Rawashda, A., Batiha A.-M., Bashaireh, I., & Sulaiman, M. (2015). Workplace violence toward emergency department staff in Jordanian hospitals: A cross-sectional study. The Journal of Nursing Research, 23(1), 75Y81. doi:10.1097/jnr.0000000000000075

75 Copyright © 2015 Taiwan Nurses Association. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.

The Journal of Nursing Research

risk for these dangerous incidents (AbuALRub & Al-Asmar, 2011; Oweis & Diabat, 2005). Many studies around the world have examined the issue of workplace violence toward EDS. Kowalenko, Walters, Khare, and Compton (2005) found a high rate of violence against healthcare personnel working in EDs, indicating that 28% of ED physicians experienced physical violence from patients and that 75% experienced verbal violence. Similarly, Gates, Ross, and McQueen (2006) reported that 67% of nurses and 51% of physicians studied had been physically assaulted by patients. Violent acts against workers in the ED include verbal harassment, verbal threats, sexual harassment, physical assault, confrontations after periods of patient care, and stalking (Gates et al., 2006; Kowalenko et al., 2005). A study conducted by Alameddine, Kazzi, El-Jardali, Dimassi, and Maalouf (2011) investigating the prevalence of violence in Lebanese hospitals found that 80% of EDS had been exposed to verbal abuse and that nearly 25% had experienced physical abuse. The latter study also found that 35% of EDS had decided to leave their jobs within the next 3 years as a consequence of violent behavior (Alameddine et al., 2011). Violence in healthcare settings is a complex issue because of several key factors. One factor is the different attitudes toward and definitions of violence among different cultures as well as the widespread low rates of reporting incidents of violence (Jones & Lyneham, 2001; WHO, 2012). A study conducted by Gates et al. (2006) identified several factors that contribute to violence in the healthcare workplace, including poor security measures in health facilities and the demanding nature of the workload in an emotionally charged environment. Coordination and commitment from staff administrators, ED managers, and hospital security are needed to improve the situation and guarantee a safer workplace for workers in EDs (Gacki-Smith et al., 2009). In their study, Kowalenko et al. (2012) found that ED workers face substantially higher risks for workplace violence compared with other healthcare settings. To manage workplace violence, ED managers and staff must have the commitment of their hospital, elicit the specific unique issues faced in their workplace, and employ appropriate violence prevention interventions at the individual and institutional level. Presley and Robinson (2002) recommended that staff should build an inclusive and encouraging approach to workplace violence to ensure the safety and protection of EDS. In Turkey, Ayranci (2005) suggested that training is needed for members of staff who are most likely to be at risk for workplace violence in EDs. The ICN indicates that workplace violence can have drastic and negative consequences, including deterioration of the quality of care, erosion of the health of employees, employee abandonment of the profession, difficulty in recruiting new healthcare professionals, increasing healthcare costs, the perpetuation of unacceptable societal behaviors, high employee turnover, high stress levels, and increasing incidents of workplace errors (ICN, 2000). In addition, physical and psychological violence may lead to death, loss of work days, loss of consciousness, restriction of motion or work, termination of

Mohammed ALBashtawy et al.

employment, transfer to another job, and health problems (Oweis & Diabat, 2005; Sands, 2007; U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004). In Jordan, hospitals face an increasingly heavy workload, which increases the risk for workplace violence against healthcare workers, especially those working in the ED because of the relatively weaker support they receive from the hospital administration (Al-Ma’aitah, Cameron, ArmstrongStassen, & Horsburgh, 1999). To the knowledge of this study’s authors, no published studies have been conducted in Jordan to address the issue of workplace violence against EDS. Therefore, this study was conducted with the following purposes in mind: (a) identify the incidence rates of verbal and physical workplace violence and (b) identify context, supportive measures, existing policies, and predictive factors related to workplace violence against EDS.

Methods Design A cross-sectional study was conducted among the staff of EDs at hospitals in Jordan. The study took place over a period of 3 months from May 1 to July 31, 2011.

Research Questions 1. What are the incidence rates and context of workplace violence among EDS? 2. Are there any supportive measures and existing policies for the EDS related to dealing with violent behavior faced in the workplace? 3. What are the factors that significantly predict workplace violence toward EDS in Jordanian hospitals? The hospitals surveyed in this study were selected from the 12 provinces of Jordan, with one hospital randomly chosen from each province. All selected hospitalsVeight government and four privateVwere notified of the nature and objectives of the study. Follow-up calls were made to all selected hospitals to identify their willingness to participate and to determine suitable times to visit the hospitals to conduct the study. Approval of the study protocol was obtained from the ethical approval committee of Al al-Bayt University, and all procedures conformed to the Declaration of Helsinki principles for research involving human subjects.

Study Questionnaire The self-administered questionnaire used in this study was developed after a review of the literature examining occurrences of workplace violence worldwide. The final draft of the questionnaire was modified and revised by a panel composed of a doctoral degree committee, three physicians, and three nurses. A pilot version of the questionnaire was then administered to 25 emergency staff personnel. (The results of the pilot survey were not included in the study’s data analysis.). Finally, item homogeneity (internal consistency reliability) was measured

76 Copyright © 2015 Taiwan Nurses Association. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.

Workplace Violence in the Emergency Department

using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. The total consistency for all items within each subscale was .79. The questionnaire consisted of five sections containing 21 questions written in Arabic. The questionnaire took between 12 and 20 minutes for participants to complete. The first section of the questionnaire (eight questions) gathered the participant’s demographic and professional characteristics. The second section (six questions) focused on violent incidents experienced by the participant, including the type of violence (verbal or physical), the context in which the incidents took place (frequency, time, and place), and the identity of the perpetrator. The third section (three questions) inquired about the policies on violence, safety training, and violent-behaviorresponse training of the participant’s hospital. The fourth part (two questions) concentrated on the support that the participant received during and after incidents of violence. The last part of the questionnaire included two open questions: one inquired into the participant’s reasons for choosing not to report incidents of violence and the other asked for the participant’s perspective on factors that contributed to workplace violence during the previous 12 months. All participants were informed of the importance of completing the survey questions precisely and honestly. All nurses, physicians, security personnel, and administrative personnel who worked in the EDs in the selected hospitals and who understood the Arabic language were invited to participate in this study. A field supervisor working in the ED in each selected hospital was chosen to arrange and coordinate the distribution of the study’s questionnaires and to collect them at the end of each week of the study. During the study period, the questionnaires were distributed to a convenience sample of 582 participants. Three hundred fifty-five staff members completed the questionnaire, giving a response rate of 60.8%. Informed consent was obtained from all participants before they completed the questionnaire.

Data Analysis Data from the questionnaires were entered, computed, and analyzed using SPSS software version 15 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Chi-square testing was used to analyze the data, and statistical significance was determined when p G .05. Descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, and frequencies were used to describe the study results. Multivariate analysis was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval for the predictor factors that influenced workplace violence.

Results The mean age of the participants was 31.9 years, with an average of 3 years’ experience in the ED healthcare sector. Most were women (n = 194, 54.7%) and married (n = 209, 58.9%). Most of the participants were nurses (n = 227, 63.9%; Table 1). Participants reported that patients and their families are the most likely perpetrators of violence. Nearly two thirds (216,

VOL. 23, NO. 1, MARCH 2015

TABLE 1.

Demographic and Professional Characteristics of Participants (N = 355) Variable

n

%

Gender Male Female

161 194

45.4 54.7

Age, years, M and SD e30 930

31.9 176 179

8.6 49.6 50.4

Marital status Single Married Divorced or widowed

139 209 7

39.2 58.9 1.9

Job Nurse Physician Security guard Administrative personnel

227 64 28 36

63.9 18.0 7.9 10.1

Length of experience in the ED, years M and SD G1 1Y5 6Y10 910

2.9 105 159 51 40

0.94 29.6 44.8 14.4 11.3

Hospital type Government Private

260 95

73.2 26.8

Note. ED = emergency department.

60.8%) of the participants reported that they were verbally abused during their working hours in the ED, with participants identifying the patient as the perpetrator of abuse in two fifths (40.7%) of the incidents and the patient’s family as the perpetrator in slightly over one third (35%) of the incidents. Forty of the participants reported experiencing physical abuse during work hours, and 45.0% of these 40 participants identified the patient as the perpetrator and 30% identified the patient’s family as the perpetrator. Almost half of the participants reported that they were abused during their afternoon shifts, whereas night shifts had the lowest reported percentage of abuse. The data are presented in Table 2. Most of the 256 participants who were verbally or physically attacked did not report the incident (76.4% and 67.5%, respectively). Furthermore, most did not ask for help while the violent incident was taking place, with frequencies at 84.3% and 52.5%, respectively (Table 3). Most of the participants indicated that their hospitals did not have violence prevention policies (n = 270, 76.1%). Furthermore, 265 participants (74.6%) reported an absence of training on how to deal with violence in the workplace, and 190 (53.5%) indicated a desire for this training (Table 4). Multivariate analysis indicated that certain types of workers were relatively more likely to experience violence in the 77

Copyright © 2015 Taiwan Nurses Association. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.

The Journal of Nursing Research

Mohammed ALBashtawy et al.

TABLE 2.

Discussion

Context of the Violent Incidences Experienced by EDS During the Previous Year Verbal Violence (N = 216)

Physical Violence (N = 40)

Context

n

%

n

%

Perpetrator of the violence Patient Family Friends Coworkers Not specified

88 76 12 23 17

40.7 35.2 5.6 10.6 7.9

18 12 3 2 5

45.0 30.0 7.5 5.0 12.5

70 109 27 10

32.4 50.5 12.5 4.6

11 16 10 3

27.5 40.0 25.0 7.5

Time of the incident Morning shift (7 A.M.Y3 P.M.) Afternoon shift (3 P.M.Y11 P.M.) Night shift (11 P.M.Y7 A.M.) Not specified Note. EDS = emergency department staff.

TABLE 3.

Support Received During and After the Incident of Violence Physical Violence (N = 40)

Verbal Violence (N = 216) Support

n

%

n

%

Asking for help during the violence incident & Yes 15 6.9 & No 182 84.3 & Don’t know 5 2.3 & Did not respond 14 6.5

15 21 0 4

37.5 52.5 0.0 10.0

Was the violence incident reported? & Yes 24 11.1 & No 165 76.4 & Don’t know 20 9.3 & Did not respond 7 3.2

9 27 2 2

22.5 67.5 5.0 5.0

emergency room. These were male workers (OR = 1.32), workers under 30 years old (OR = 1.61), and workers in the government health sector (OR = 1.21; Table 5).

In the current study, nurses, physicians, security staff, and administrative personnel were asked about their exposure to violence of any sort in the workplace. Individual differences in perception led to individuals having different definitions and estimations of violent acts (Algwaiz & Alghanim, 2012). Therefore, there are is a wide range of ratios for violent acts estimated in the literature in both developed countries (Forrest, Paker, Hegarty, & Tuschke, 2010; Hinchberger, 2009) and developing countries (Abbas, Fiala, Abdelrahman, & Fahim, 2010; Rahmani, 2004). Moreover, the process of comparing countries is difficult because of different definitions and methods used to assess violent incidents (Algwaiz & Alghanim, 2012; Jones & Lyneham, 2001). The results of this study indicate that 72% of workers in EDs within Jordanian hospitals are exposed to violent acts (verbal violence = 60.8%, physical violence = 11.3%). This finding is congruent with other studies examining violence in the workplace (Franz Zeh, Schablon, Kuhnert, & Nienhaus, 2010; Shoghi et al., 2008). This study also showed that verbal abuse and physical abuse are common forms of violence in Jordanian EDs and that verbal violence was the type of violence most frequently encountered by Jordanian EDS. These findings are consistent with other studies (Adib, Al-Shatti, Kamal, El-Gerges, & Al-Raqem, 2002; Ayranci, 2005; Carmi-Iluz, Peleg, Freud, & Shvartzman, 2005). A study conducted in Iran to explore the prevalence of abuse among staff nurses found that most (87%) of the abuse was verbal, followed by physical abuse (27.6%) (Shoghi et al., 2008). The results of the current study are consistent with those of another study conducted in Turkey by Ayranci (2005), which found that 72.3% of EDS had experienced some form of violence. Most of the EDS (69.5%) stated that they had experienced verbal or emotional abuse, followed by specific threats (53.2%). The study of Opie et al. (2010) conducted in Australia among 1,007 nurses revealed that verbal violence was the most common form of violence experienced by nurses (79.5%), followed by physical violence (28.6%). Another descriptive study was conducted in Poland to assess the types of workplace violence experienced by doctors. The results of that study showed that 80% of doctors working in inpatient medical centers and 91% of doctors in outpatient centers were exposed to verbal violence. Furthermore, 11% of the participants who worked in inpatient healthcare had also experienced physical violence such as assault and hitting (Jankowiak et al., 2007). In New England

TABLE 4.

Hospital Policies Regarding Violence in Jordanian Hospitals (N = 355) Yes

No

Did not Respond

Policy

n

%

n

%

n

%

Present antiviolence policy in the institution

32

9.0

270

76.1

53

14.9

Get training for dealing with violence-based safety

35

9.9

265

74.6

55

15.5

Need training for dealing with violence incidents

190

53.5

118

33.2

47

13.2

78 Copyright © 2015 Taiwan Nurses Association. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.

Workplace Violence in the Emergency Department

VOL. 23, NO. 1, MARCH 2015

TABLE 5.

Multivariate Analysis of 355 EDS Characteristics Predicting Violence During the Last 1 Year Predictor

OR

95% CI

p

Gender Male Female

1.32 1.00

[0.75, 1.97]

.42

Age, years G30 30 and older

1.61 1.00

[0.89, 2.94]

.11

Experience in emergency, years e5 0.57 95 1.00

[0.29, 1.05]

.07

Work sector Governmental Private

[0.89, 2.94]

.07

1.21 1.00

Note. EDS = emergency department staff; OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval.

and the Midwestern United States, a study was conducted to assess the extent to which verbal violence is a risk factor for physical violence against staff working in healthcare settings. The study revealed that 72.8% of the participants had reported at least one incident of verbal violence and that 21.3% had reported at least one incident of physical violence. These results suggest that the mean prevalence of verbal violence is significantly greater than that of physical violence (Lanza, Zeiss, & Rierdan, 2006). Moreover, in the United States, Vessey, DeMarco, Gaffney, and Budin (2009) designed a cross-sectional survey to investigate the workplace violence behaviors experienced by nurses. Their results showed that 70% of participants had experienced violent incidents. Furthermore, he found that the most frequent violent incidents occurred in medicalYsurgical units (23%), followed by critical care units (18%) and emergency rooms (12%; Vessey et al., 2009). The percentages revealed in this study are higher than those reported by Belayachi, Berrechid, Amlaiky, Zekraoui, and Abouqal. (2010) in Morocco, who found 47% of participants to have been exposed to verbal incidents (Belayachi et al., 2010). Lee, Pai, and Yen (2010) found that 51.6% of participants in Taiwan had experienced verbal violence (Lee et al., 2010). In contrast, the percentage of verbal violence that was found in this study was lower than that reported by Aydin, Kartal, Midik, and Buyukakkus (2009), who found that 89.3% of participants in Turkey had experienced verbal violence; Opie et al. (2010), who found that 79.5% of participants in an Australian sample had experienced verbal aggression; and Kowalenko et al. (2005), who found that 74.9% of participants in the state of Michigan had experienced verbal threats. In the current study, patients and their relatives were the main source of workplace violence. This finding is congruent with other studies that examined violence in the workplace (El-Gilany, Wehady, & Amr, 2010; Franz et al., 2010). It is

possible that this high percentage of violence from families is a result of the psychological stress that these families experience when their loved ones are hospitalized or become ill (AbuALRub & Al-Asmar, 2011). Hahn et al. (2010) found that ‘‘patients and visitors’’ perpetrated the largest percentage (41.9%) of physical violence against nurses in general hospitals in Switzerland. Moreover, Hegney, Eley, Plank, Buikstra, and Parker (2006) found that patients, followed by the relatives of patients, were the most common source of workplace violence in Queensland (Hegney et al., 2006). Moreover, one surprising result of that study is that coworkers and colleagues perpetrated approximately 10.6% of verbal violence and 5% of physical violence. This finding indicates the importance of maintaining a safe workplace environment and the need for all workers to have environments that are respectful, safe, and cooperative. This conclusion is consistent with that of Algwaiz and Alghanim’s study (2012) in Saudi Arabia. An additional study result is the finding that most incidents of violence in Jordanian EDs occur during afternoon shifts. This may be explained by the absence of administrative personnel during this period, as these personnel end work at around 4 p.m. each workday. Another factor explaining this finding may be the large number of patients who visit the ED in the afternoon, a time when the regular clinics in hospitals do not accept patient visits. This finding is consistent with many studies conducted worldwide (Adib et al., 2002; Islam, Edla, Mujuru, Doyle, & Ducatman, 2003; Lin & Liu, 2005). An additional result of this study is the discovery that, although nearly one third of EDS who experienced physical violence asked for help, two thirds did not report the violent acts. Commonly cited among the reasons for not reporting was that the EDS felt that no harm was done or that the incident remained under control. In contrast, Shoghi et al. (2008) found that most nurses chose not to report violent incidents because they believed it to be a time-consuming and fruitless task. The findings of the current study are in accord with the findings of other studies (Adib et al., 2002; Erkol, Gokdogan, Erkol, & Boz, 2007). All efforts should be made to identify, address, and eliminate factors that contribute to violence in Jordanian hospitals. The main reasons for this phenomenon are overcrowding, lack of resources, and staff shortages. In addition, ineffective communication, long waiting times, and the absence of effective antiviolence policies exacerbate the problem. The proposed solutions include enhancing communications between EDS and patients and improving the hospital environment to give greater comfort to patients and their families and thus reduce tensions in the ED. These recommendations are in line with the results of Gates et al. (2006) and Algwaiz and Alghanim (2012). In Taiwan, Pai and Lee (2011) mentioned that most participants complained after reporting an incident that no evaluations of the situation or follow-up reporting or actions were undertaken (Pai & Lee, 2011). In China, May and Grubbs (2002) found that the major causes for not reporting violent events were, in order of importance, the absence of reporting policies, the perception that violent incidents are part of the 79

Copyright © 2015 Taiwan Nurses Association. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.

The Journal of Nursing Research

job, and the perception that violence may be viewed as a result of lack adequate job performance. The ED environment in Jordanian hospitals is another factor contributing to violence against EDS, and addressing this factor may help eliminate the problem. Any study of the ED environment should address the reporting system, adopted policies, waiting area, and resources available. For example, instating a clear reporting policy for violent incidents will create a sufficient support mechanism, leading health workers to express their feelings and, therefore, to reduce the frequency of violence. In the current study, participants cited a lack of policies as a potential factor exacerbating the prevalence of violence in the ED. Furthermore, more than half of the participants stated that they needed training to deal with violent incidents. Such a result is consistent with the results found by AbuALRub and Al-Asmar (2011), whose study revealed that most of the participants (almost 70%) reported a lack of policies concerning physical and verbal violence in the workplace. Clearly, the absence of clear policies and special training concerning violent acts intensifies the problem of violence toward EDS. The current study revealed that workers who are over 30 years old and who have worked in the ED for more than 5 years are less likely to experience violent incidents. This finding is congruent with other studies (Ayranci, 2005; Shoghi et al., 2008) and is explainable via a consideration of the benefits of experience and age. In other words, when a worker possesses extensive experience and has reached a certain age, she or he becomes mature enough to deal with social events and emergency situations and is able to implement therapeutic communication. Therefore, such individuals are able to predict, assess, manage, judge, and evaluate tense situations and circumstances better than other workers (Algwaiz & Alghanim, 2012; Shoghi et al., 2008). Moreover, newer employees may feel discomfort or a lack of interest in their workplaces, leading to a reduced ability to manage tense situations (Algwaiz & Alghanim, 2012).

Limitations One of the limitations of this study lies in the questionnaire’s lack of standardization. The questionnaire needs greater standardization to function as a reliable instrument in similar studies conducted in the future. In addition, study data were self-reported by participants, requiring their accurate recollection of events over the previous year. This data-gathering technique is subject to recall and other biases.

Implications This study provides important information on the phenomenon of violence in the EDs of Jordanian hospitals. This information is important to implement sector-wide hospital policies and then to train hospital staff on the use of these policies and of techniques for responding to violent incidents.

Mohammed ALBashtawy et al.

Conclusions Physical and verbal violence is a serious and alarming phenomenon in the EDs of Jordanian hospitals. Policies and legislation regarding violence should be instituted and developed, and EDS should be trained on how to deal with violent incidents and on violence management policies.

References Abbas, M. A. F., Fiala, L. A., Abdel Rahman, A. G. E., & Fahim, A. E. (2010). Epidemiological of workplace violence against nursing staff in Ismailia governorate, Egypt. The Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association, 85(1Y2), 29Y43. AbuAlRub, R. F., & Al-Asmar, A. H. (2011). Physical violence in the workplace among Jordanian hospital nurses. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 22(2), 157Y165. doi:10.1177/1043659610395769 Adib, S. M., Al-Shatti, A. K., Kamal, S., El-Gerges, N., & Al-Raqem, M. (2002). Violence against nurses in healthcare facilities in Kuwait. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 39(4), 469Y478. doi:10 .1016/S0020-7489(01)00050-5 Alameddine, M., Kazzi, A., El-Jardali, F., Dimassi, H., & Maalouf, S. (2011). Occupational violence at Lebanese emergency departments: Prevalence, characteristics and associated factors. Journal of Occupational Health, 53(6), 455Y464. doi:10.1539/joh.11-0102-OA Algwaiz, W. M., & Alghanim, S. A. (2012). Violence exposure among health care professionals in Saudi public hospitals. Saudi Medical Journal, 33(1), 76Y82. Al-Ma’aitah, R., Cameron, S., Armstrong-Stassen, M., & Horsburgh, M. E. (1999). Effect of gender and education on quality of nursing work life of Jordanian nurses. Nursing and Health Care Perspectives, 20(2), 88Y94. Aydin, B., Kartal, M., Midik, O., & Buyukakkus, A. (2009). Violence against general practitioners in Turkey. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24(12), 1980Y1995. doi:10.1177/0886260508327703 Ayranci, U. (2005). Violence toward health care workers in emergency departments in west Turkey. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 28(3), 361Y365. Belayachi, J., Berrechid, K., Amlaiky, F., Zekraoui, A., & Abouqal, R. (2010). Violence toward physicians in emergency departments of Morocco: Prevalence, predictive factors, and psychological impact. Journal of Occupational Medicine & Toxicology, 5(1), 27Y33. doi:10.1186/1745-6673-5-27 Carmi-Iluz, T., Peleg, R., Freud, T., & Shvartzman, P. (2005). Verbal and physical violence toward hospital and community-based physicians in the Negev: An observational study. BMC Health Services Research, 5(1), 54. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-5-54 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2002). The changing organization of work and the safety and health of working people: Knowledge gaps and research directions. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. El-Gilany, A. H., El-Wehady, A., & Amr, M. (2010). Violence against primary health care worker in Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25(4), 716Y734. doi:10.1177/08862 60509334395 Erkol, H., Go¨kdog˘an, M. R., Erkol, Z., & Boz, B. (2007). Aggression and violence toward health care providersVA problem in Turkey? Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 14(7), 423Y428. doi:10 .1016/j.jflm.2007.03.004

80 Copyright © 2015 Taiwan Nurses Association. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.

Workplace Violence in the Emergency Department

Forrest, I., Paker, R., Hegarty, K., & Tuschke, H. (2010). Patient initiated aggression and violence in Australian general practice. Australian Family Physician, 39(5), 323Y326. Franz, S., Zeh, A., Schablon, A., Kuhnert, S., & Nienhaus, A. (2010). Aggression and violence against health care workers in GermanyVA cross sectional retrospective survey. BMC Health Services Research, 10, 51. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-10-51

VOL. 23, NO. 1, MARCH 2015

Kwok, R. P. W., Law, Y. K., Li, K. E., Ng, Y. C., Cheung, M. H., Fung, V. K., I Leung, W. C. (2006). Prevalence of work place violence against nurses in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Medical Journal, 12(1), 6Y9. Lanza, M. L., Zeiss, R. A., & Rierdan, J. (2006). Non-physical violence: A risk factor for physical violence in health care settings. AAOHN Journal, 54(9), 397Y402.

Gacki-Smith, J., Juarez, A. M., Boyett, L., Homeyer, C., Robinson, L., & MacLean, S. L. (2009). Violence against nurses working in US emergency departments. The Journal of Nursing Administration, 39(7Y8), 340Y349. doi:10.1097/NNA.0b013e3181ae97db

Lee, S., Pai, H. C., & Yen, W. J. (2010). Nurse violence in the workplace: A study of experiences and related factors in Taiwan. The Journal of Nursing, 57(2), 61Y69. doi:10.6224/JN.57.2.61 (Original work published in Chinese)

Gates, D. M., Ross, C. S., & McQueen, L. (2006). Violence against emergency department workers. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 31(3), 331Y337. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2005.12.028

Lin, Y. H., & Liu, H. E. (2005). The impact of workplace violence on nurses in South Taiwan. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 42(7), 773Y778. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2004.11.010

Hahn, S., Mu¨ller, M., Needham, I., Dassen, T., Kok, G., & Halfens, R. J. G. (2010). Factors associated with patient and visitor violence experienced by nurses in general hospitals in Switzerland: A crosssectional survey. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 19(23/24), 3535Y3546. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03361.x

May, D. D., & Grubbs, L. M. (2002). The extent, nature, and precipitating factors of nurse assault among three groups of registered nurses in a regional medical center. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 28(1), 11Y17. doi:10.1067/men.2002.121835

Hegney, D., Eley, R., Plank, A., Buikstra, E., & Parker, V. (2006). Workplace violence in Queensland, Australia: The results of a comparative study. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 12(4), 220Y231. doi:10.1111/j.1440-172X.2006.00571.x

Opie, T., Lenthall, S., Dollard, M., Wakerman, J., MacLeod, M., Knight, S., I Rickard, G. (2010). Trends in workplace violence in the remote area nursing workforce. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 27(4), 18Y23.

Hinchberger, P. A. (2009). Violence against female students nurses in the workplace. Nursing Forum, 44(1), 37Y46. doi:10.1111/j.17446198.2009.00125.x

Oweis, A., & Diabat, K. M. (2005). Jordanian nurses perception of physicians’ verbal abuse: Findings from a questionnaire survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 42(8), 881Y888. doi:10 .1016/j.ijnurstu.2004.11.005

International Council of Nurses. (2000). ICN position statement: Abuse and violence against nursing personnel. Retrieved from http://www.icn.ch/images/stories/documents/publications/ position_statements/C01_Abuse_Violence_Nsg_Personnel.pdf

Pai, H. C., & Lee, S. (2011). Risk factors for workplace violence in clinical registered nurses in Taiwan. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 20(9/10), 1405Y1412. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03650.x

International Labour Organization, International Council of Nurses, World Health Organization, & Public Services International. (2002). Framework guidelines for addressing workplace violence in the health sector (Joint Programme on Workplace Violence in the Health Sector). Geneva, Switzerland: Author. Retrieved from http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/9221134466.pdf Islam, S. S., Edla, S. R., Mujuru, P. M., Doyle, E. J., & Ducatman, A. M. (2003). Risk factors for physical assault. State-managed workers compensation experience. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 25(1), 31Y37. doi:10.1016/S0749-3797(03)00095-3 Jankowiak, B., Kowalczuk, K., Krajewska-Kuaak, E., Sierakowska, M., Lewko, J., & Klimaszewska, K. (2007). Exposure of the doctors to aggression in the workplace. Advances in Medical Sciences, 52(1, Suppl.), 89Y92. Jones, J., & Lyneham, J. (2001). Violence: Part of the job for Australian nurses? The Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 18(2), 27Y32. doi:10.1016/S1328-2743(01)80014-6 Kowalenko,T., Cunningham, R., Sachs, C. J., Gore, R., Barata, I. A., Gates, D., I McClain, A. (2012). Workplace violence in emergency medicine: Current knowledge and future directions. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 43(3), 523Y531. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2012.02.056 Kowalenko, T., Walters, B. L., Khare, R. K., & Compton, S. (2005). Workplace violence: A survey o f emergency physicians in the State of Michigan. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 46(2), 142Y147. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2004.10.010

Presley, D., & Robinson, G. (2002). Violence in the emergency department: Nurses contend with prevention in the healthcare arena. Nursing Clinics of North America, 37(1), 161Y169. doi:10 .1016/S0029-6465(03)00095-1 Rahmani, R. (2004). Emergency section and overcrowding in a university hospital of Karachi, Pakistan. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 54(5), 233Y237. Sands, N. (2007). An ABC approach to assessing the risk of violence at triage. Australasian Emergency Nursing Journal, 10(3), 107Y109. doi:10.1016/j.aenj.2007.05.002 Shoghi, M., Sanjari, M., Shirazi, F., Heidari, S., Salemi, S., & Mirzabeigi, G. (2008). Workplace violence and abuse against nurses in hospitals in Iran. Asian Nursing Research, 2(3), 184Y193. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2004). Occupational and illnesses in the U.S. by industry (Bulletin No. 2399). Washington, DC: Author. Vessey, J. A., DeMarco, R. F., Gaffney, D. A., & Budin, W. C. (2009). Bullying of staff registered nurses in the workplace: A preliminary study for developing personal and organizational strategies for the transformation of hostile to healthy workplace environments. Journal of Professional Nursing, 25(5), 299Y306. doi:10 .1016/j.profnurs.2009.01.022 World Health Organization. (2012). Workplace violence. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/injury/work9/ en/print.html

81 Copyright © 2015 Taiwan Nurses Association. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.

Workplace violence toward emergency department staff in Jordanian hospitals: a cross-sectional study.

Workplace violence against emergency department staff (EDS) is considered one of the most common and widespread phenomena of violence in the hospital ...
562KB Sizes 0 Downloads 11 Views