Vitamin E, lipid fractions, of colostrum, transitional

an international E Rudy

Boersma, Ira J Simmons

and

and fatty acid composition milk, and mature milk:

comparative

Pieter

J Offringa,

Frits

study13

AJ Muskiet,

ABSTRACT sition, and

Triglycerides, tocopherols were

cholesterol, determined

fatty acid in colostrum,

tional

and

in St Lucia.

With

milk,

mature

tation, triglycerides increased whereas chain polyunsaturated flect

14:0)

de novo

fat-globule

size as milk

membrane

milk

addition contains fatty are essential to sustain

of lac-

Am

Transitional

(8:0,

10:0,

mature

In poorly values

milks,

the

fatty

acid

times

higher

long-chain

those fatty

than

reported for acids in ma-

in developed

coun-

data from studies in Western countries to analytical methods and possible conlipid

absorption,

J Clin Nuir

Human fatty

composition,

growth,

and

milk, lipid fractions, tocopherols, acid concentration, fat-globule size,

from

(8:0,

reviewed

is evidence and acids

countries

breast-feeding, kg (1, 3-5).

The

higher

energy

nation

of these

Data

[3.4-3.7 body

intake, factors

on body

are

of -500 a lower

body

fetal stores absorption,

to macronutrients, only

provide

Am J C/in Nutr

the

importance. the

be caused

expenditure,

stores,

in different

and often difficult to compare. ment of the breast-fed newborn

to be of crucial

may

1 mo

(15-18).

that

in term

( 1 8:3w-3)

to the

polyunsaturated

by a

or a combi-

main

1991;53:1197-204.

and

energy

populations

Adequate depend

growth on the

are

expenscanty

and developquantity and

and ingested milk, the efficiency and energy expenditure. With re-

lipid

fraction

Under source

ofhuman

normal of energy

Printed

milk

conditions

in USA.

(50-60%)

fatty lipids,

where

than in developed studies are needed

does

the duration

countries, between

Longitudinal

et al (14)

FA

composition

and low-fat intake, countries, leads to de novo in the

These

medium-chain

not

an energy

for its absorption effect (7).

the maximum and

acid

32 to 55

or 22-C

(PUFA) occur

until

capacity

18:2n-6)

species series, several

and

of the

w-

notably weeks

that these FAs, together called might to a certain extent be of human oflactation

milk is usually

in devellonger

carefully conducted comparative the less-priviledged and the well-fed changes

in the lipid

fraction

and

its

I From the Perinatal Care and Prevention of Handicaps in the Caribbean project, NASKHO, Willemstad, Curacao, Netherlands Antilles; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, State University Groningen, The Netherlands; NHD Hospital, Meppel, The Netherlands; the Central Laboratory for Clinical Chemistry, State University and University Hotpital Groningen, The Netherlands; and Victoria Hospital, St Lucia. 2 Supported by funds made available by the European Communities,

Foundation for Higher Medical Education ofThe Netherlands Antilles, and by the JK de Cock Foundation. 3 Address reprint requests to ER Boersma, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, State University Groningen, 59 Oostersingel, 9713

seems

EZ Groningen,

it does

Received Accepted

but

Muskiet on

(l8:2o-6,

20-C

(10, 20). This suggests PUFAs (LC PUFAs),

countries,

communities.

with

14:0) constitute

infants

linoleic

may coun-

of

to 3.9-4.1

(1, 5).

newborns

quality ofavailable ofgastrointestinal

after

amounting birth

energy

weights between kg (1-3)] and in

However,

similar, g after

composition,

of healthy

in birth 2.7-3.2

kg (2, 4)].

weights

gain

by diet

12:0, and

desaturate

in structural

postnatally long-chain

fat content developing

is independent from bile acids acid ( 1 2:0) exerts a microbicidal

There

w-6

glucose

10:0,

vitamins that development

compared

mothers’

considered essential for neonates. To define the nutritional adequacy

There are considerable differences infants in developing countries [range

not

of the

to elongate 3 and

199 1 :53: 1 197-1204.

Introduction

gard

recently

gland

source that ( 1 9). Lauric

oping

diture

studies influence

FAs (MCFAs)

linolenic

brain

St Lucia

Western

the

( 1 1) but in most

mammary

percentage

present

KEY WORDS

communities

from 23 to 41 g/L (12) countries (1 3, 14).

Numerous indicate

nourished

as low as 10 gIL

tries it ranges g/L in Western

12:

of increasing

and

compared with medium-chain

digestion,

development.

acids

a tendency

reach

fat-soluble and brain

tocopherols,

to three

for lipid

and

(6-10).

acids (FAs) and normal growth

ofthe milk lipid fraction. A high-carbohydrate so commonly encountered in less-developed a relatively high percentage of FA synthesized

fatty acids) Percentage

was two

sequences

progress

M Chase,

contained higher concentrations of to be derived from the fat-globule

(cholesterol,

tries. Differences from are discussed in relation

of fatty

gland

matures.

colostrum, considered

polyunsaturated Western countries. ture

synthesis

in the mammary

but particularly components

compotransi-

and percentage medium-chain fatty acids tocopherols, cholesterol, and percentage longfatty acids decreased. These changes re-

augmented

0, and

milk

William

in

© 1991 American

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article-abstract/53/5/1197/4731872 by guest on 06 February 2018

Society

for Clinical

The Netherlands. January 10, 1990. for publication July

Nutrition

1 1, 1990.

1 197

BOERSMA

1198 FA composition industrialized available

from

In this lipid

were

studied

countries

(7,

developing

longitudinal

fractions

in human

and

tocopherols

and

with

of the

data

ribbean

transitional

milk,

Breast

composition

of the

and

milk

mature

the

FA

fractions.

similar

concentration

and

A comparison

studies

milk

capital

were

obtained

women

from

of African

in the

semiurban

of St Lucia.

The

women

and

Considering

the

belonging

area

their

influence

oftotal

proteins, and fat were main sources ofdietary of the

general

women

to the

ofCastries,

infants

the all in

were

of migration

the normal conformed

69%,

1 1%,

were

livered

at term)

sitional

milk),

and

samples

were

taken

and

to any

The dietary

from 20%,

on feeding

respectively. subculture

ofthese

between

0 and

10 and

each

women

woman

and

The

supervision were

representative MCFAs methyl

esters

performed

after

by manual collected

had

of added

by a separate

(29,

All mid-

plastic

con-

capillary

described

(31).

into

plastic

#{176}C until carefully

an-

tubes.

All

analyzed. When mixed to ensure

were

method

(29,

detection

Alpha-tocopherol

0.5 X /3-tocopherol,

(32,

extract, internal liquid

33) by using

of MCFAs 30),

which

MCFAs. 17:0.

After

cholesterol

as their

gas-chromato-

30). Quantification

gas-chromatographic The

determined

capillary

(a-,

of part

was

determined

for

equivalent, being the and 0. 1 X -y-tocopherol,

a

were

silylation

of

as previ-

quantification

1-, and