Psychological Reports, 1979, 4 4 , 1345-1346. @ Psychological Reports 1979
VIEWS OF DEVIANTS BY FEMALE A N D MALE RUNNERS JOAN JOESTJNG
Hillsborovgh County Schools' Summary.--76 male and 24 female middle-distance runners completed a questionnaire measuring views of various deviants. In this sample, the females were statistically significantly younger. Females were also more liberal, viewing motorcycle riders, college professors, U. S. Senators, and male athletes significantly more favorably than did the male runners.
There is research concerning the views of deviant groups as viewed by college students (4, 7 ) . Adolescent and adult runners' views of deviants have previously been reported ( 3 ) . To broaden the scudy of views of deviants a comparison was made of male and female runners' views of deviants. A questionnaire similar to that used by Simmons ( 6 ) mas administered to 76 male and 24 female middle distance ( 5 to 7 miles) runners randomly chosen before and after races in Florida. Simmons' ( 6 ) questionnaire was based on the idea that people tend to view those who differ from themselves as deviants, which leads to discrimination. Racers were asked to respond to each label with one of the following statements: 1, might marry or accept as a close relative; 2, might have as a close friend; 3, would accept as a next door neighbor; 4, would accept in my church or school; 5, would accept in my community but would have no contact; 6, would accept as a resident of my country; 7, would not accept at all, even as a resident of my country. Means were obtained by averaging the ratings for each deviant group for both males and females. Table 1 shows the means, standard deviations, and t tests of the differences between the sexes for the 22 deviant groups. Distance running and racing is socially a new sport for women ( 2 ) and fewer women participate; in a recent 9.3-mile race in Tampa, Florida, women were 14% of the racers, while in the 3.3-mile race 40% were women ( 5 ) . It is not surprising that the mean age for males was 31.20 yr. (SD = 12.09) and females was 21.62 yr. (SD = 46.42, diff. = 9.58; t = 4.83, p < .01). In this study, the women were in general more liberal, as 16 of their means were more favorable than those of males, and only six were less favorable. However, when the adolescents ( N = 24, age range 13 to 18 yr.) were compared with the 76 adult runners aged 19 to 60 yr. ( 5 ) , the adult runners were more liberal. Women viewed male athletes, U. S. Senators, college professors, and motor: cycle riders significantly more favorably than the males. It may have been because these were the most stereotyped masculine items on the list. It may '1502 E. 97th Ave., Tampa, FL 33612.
TABLE 1 COMPARISONOF RESPONSESOF FEMALEAND M A L E RUNNERS Deviant group M Male athletes 1.63 Male Female 1.13 Medical doctors 1.79 Male Female 1.54 School psychologists 2.28 Male 1.74 Female Nurses Male 1.62 1.74 Female Janitors 2.25 Male Female 2.52 Lesbians 3.93 Male Female 4.27 U. S. Senators 2.74 Male Female 2.00 College professors 1.87 Male Female 1.43 Jews 1.87 Male Female 1.43 Ex-mental patients Male 2.69 Female 2.83 Blacks Male 2.54 Female 2.09 " p L .05.
SD
N
t
.67 .34
74 23
5.00*
.91 .78
76 24
1.25
1.56 1.48
75 23
1.80
.95 .81
76 23
.GO
1.29 1.50
75 23
.79
2.02 1.96
73 22
.71
2.00 1.13
76 23
2.24*
1.18 .79
76 23
2.20':
1.08 .83
75 24
1.86
1.68 1.72
75 23
.33
1.59 1.28
74 23
1.41
Deviant group M
SD
Women's liberation Male 2.51 1.74 2.17 1.40 Female American Indians Male 1.82 1.09 Female 1.65 1.07 School teachers 1.67 1.12 Male Female 1.52 .79 Motorcycle riders 2.39 1.82 Male Female 1.61 .66 Ex-convicts Male 3.03 1.79 Female 3.04 1.46 Joggers/foot racers Male 1.65 9 Female 1.30 1.26 Male homosexuals Male 4.05 2.13 Female 3.83 2.10 Alcoholics 3.09 1.90 Male 3.65 1.94 Female Female athletes Male 1.52 1.00 Female 1.78 .85 Marijuana smokers Male 3.00 1.84 Female 2.78 2.17 Hippies 3.11 1.94 Male Female 2.48 1.16
N
r
76 24
1.14
76 23
.65
76 23
.68
74 23
3.25'!:
75 23
.028
76 23
1.25
73 23
.26
75 23
1.21
75 23
1.30
74 23
.85
74 23
1.90
be that female runners have to be more liberal to even "get out the door" and run the first step, particularly women over 25 yr. old (1). REFERENCES 1. ANDREWS,V. The psychic power of running. New York: Ballantine Books, 1978. 2. F ~ x x J. , E. The complete book of running. New York: Random House, 1977. 3. JOESTING,J. Views of school psychologists and other groups by adolescent and adult runners. Psychological Reports, 1978, 47. 1120- 1122. 4 , JOESTING, J., OGUS, A., & JOESTING,R. Consistencies in views of deviants by college students. Psychological Reporcs. 1973, 33, 138. 5. ROSENBERG,K. Computers help analyze Gasparilla distance field. The TampaTribune-Times, February 4, 1979. 6. SIMMONS,J. L. Deviantr. Berkeley, CA: Glendessary Press, 1969. 7. SPENCE,N., & JOESTING,J. Views of deviants by college students. P~ychological Reports, 1975, 30, 906.
VIEWS OF DEVIANTS BY FEMALE A N D MALE RUNNERS JOAN JOESTJNG
Hillsborovgh County Schools' Summary.--76 male and 24 female middle-distance runners completed a questionnaire measuring views of various deviants. In this sample, the females were statistically significantly younger. Females were also more liberal, viewing motorcycle riders, college professors, U. S. Senators, and male athletes significantly more favorably than did the male runners.
There is research concerning the views of deviant groups as viewed by college students (4, 7 ) . Adolescent and adult runners' views of deviants have previously been reported ( 3 ) . To broaden the scudy of views of deviants a comparison was made of male and female runners' views of deviants. A questionnaire similar to that used by Simmons ( 6 ) mas administered to 76 male and 24 female middle distance ( 5 to 7 miles) runners randomly chosen before and after races in Florida. Simmons' ( 6 ) questionnaire was based on the idea that people tend to view those who differ from themselves as deviants, which leads to discrimination. Racers were asked to respond to each label with one of the following statements: 1, might marry or accept as a close relative; 2, might have as a close friend; 3, would accept as a next door neighbor; 4, would accept in my church or school; 5, would accept in my community but would have no contact; 6, would accept as a resident of my country; 7, would not accept at all, even as a resident of my country. Means were obtained by averaging the ratings for each deviant group for both males and females. Table 1 shows the means, standard deviations, and t tests of the differences between the sexes for the 22 deviant groups. Distance running and racing is socially a new sport for women ( 2 ) and fewer women participate; in a recent 9.3-mile race in Tampa, Florida, women were 14% of the racers, while in the 3.3-mile race 40% were women ( 5 ) . It is not surprising that the mean age for males was 31.20 yr. (SD = 12.09) and females was 21.62 yr. (SD = 46.42, diff. = 9.58; t = 4.83, p < .01). In this study, the women were in general more liberal, as 16 of their means were more favorable than those of males, and only six were less favorable. However, when the adolescents ( N = 24, age range 13 to 18 yr.) were compared with the 76 adult runners aged 19 to 60 yr. ( 5 ) , the adult runners were more liberal. Women viewed male athletes, U. S. Senators, college professors, and motor: cycle riders significantly more favorably than the males. It may have been because these were the most stereotyped masculine items on the list. It may '1502 E. 97th Ave., Tampa, FL 33612.
TABLE 1 COMPARISONOF RESPONSESOF FEMALEAND M A L E RUNNERS Deviant group M Male athletes 1.63 Male Female 1.13 Medical doctors 1.79 Male Female 1.54 School psychologists 2.28 Male 1.74 Female Nurses Male 1.62 1.74 Female Janitors 2.25 Male Female 2.52 Lesbians 3.93 Male Female 4.27 U. S. Senators 2.74 Male Female 2.00 College professors 1.87 Male Female 1.43 Jews 1.87 Male Female 1.43 Ex-mental patients Male 2.69 Female 2.83 Blacks Male 2.54 Female 2.09 " p L .05.
SD
N
t
.67 .34
74 23
5.00*
.91 .78
76 24
1.25
1.56 1.48
75 23
1.80
.95 .81
76 23
.GO
1.29 1.50
75 23
.79
2.02 1.96
73 22
.71
2.00 1.13
76 23
2.24*
1.18 .79
76 23
2.20':
1.08 .83
75 24
1.86
1.68 1.72
75 23
.33
1.59 1.28
74 23
1.41
Deviant group M
SD
Women's liberation Male 2.51 1.74 2.17 1.40 Female American Indians Male 1.82 1.09 Female 1.65 1.07 School teachers 1.67 1.12 Male Female 1.52 .79 Motorcycle riders 2.39 1.82 Male Female 1.61 .66 Ex-convicts Male 3.03 1.79 Female 3.04 1.46 Joggers/foot racers Male 1.65 9 Female 1.30 1.26 Male homosexuals Male 4.05 2.13 Female 3.83 2.10 Alcoholics 3.09 1.90 Male 3.65 1.94 Female Female athletes Male 1.52 1.00 Female 1.78 .85 Marijuana smokers Male 3.00 1.84 Female 2.78 2.17 Hippies 3.11 1.94 Male Female 2.48 1.16
N
r
76 24
1.14
76 23
.65
76 23
.68
74 23
3.25'!:
75 23
.028
76 23
1.25
73 23
.26
75 23
1.21
75 23
1.30
74 23
.85
74 23
1.90
be that female runners have to be more liberal to even "get out the door" and run the first step, particularly women over 25 yr. old (1). REFERENCES 1. ANDREWS,V. The psychic power of running. New York: Ballantine Books, 1978. 2. F ~ x x J. , E. The complete book of running. New York: Random House, 1977. 3. JOESTING,J. Views of school psychologists and other groups by adolescent and adult runners. Psychological Reports, 1978, 47. 1120- 1122. 4 , JOESTING, J., OGUS, A., & JOESTING,R. Consistencies in views of deviants by college students. Psychological Reporcs. 1973, 33, 138. 5. ROSENBERG,K. Computers help analyze Gasparilla distance field. The TampaTribune-Times, February 4, 1979. 6. SIMMONS,J. L. Deviantr. Berkeley, CA: Glendessary Press, 1969. 7. SPENCE,N., & JOESTING,J. Views of deviants by college students. P~ychological Reports, 1975, 30, 906.
