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Original Article
DOI: 10.4103/0189-6725.129235
Van der Woude syndrome: A review of 11 cases seen at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital
PMID: *** Quick Response Code:
Olutayo James, Wasiu L. Adeyemo1, Christian I. Emeka1, Mobolanle O. Ogunlewe1, Akinola L. Ladeinde1, Azeez Butali2
ABSTRACT Background: Van der Woude syndrome (VWS), an autosomal dominant condition associated with clefts of the lip and/or palate and lower lip pits and is caused by mutations in interferon regulatory factor six gene. It is reported to be the most common syndromic cleft worldwide. Non-penetrance for the lip pit phenotype is found in at least 10% of affected individuals and those without the pits are phenocopies for non-syndromic clefting. The aim of this study is to present the phenotypic characteristic of VWS seen at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH) cleft clinic. Materials and Methods: A review of cases of patients with VWS that attended the cleft lip and palate clinic at the LUTH IdiAraba, Lagos, from January 2007 to December 2012 was conducted. Data analyses included sex of affected patients, types of cleft, presence of lower lip pits and history of lower lip pits/cleft in the family. Results: A total of 11 cases were seen during the period (male = 4; female = 7). Age at presentation ranged between 1 week and 12 years, with majority (n = 10) less than 2 years of age. Bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP) was seen in six patients, isolated soft palatal cleft (n = 3) and unilateral cleft lip and alveolus (n = 1) and cleft of hard and soft palate (n = 1). Bilateral lower lips were presented in 10 out of the 11 cases. The mother of the only patient without lip pits presented with bilateral lower lip pits. No family history of cleft/lip pits was elicited in 10 other cases. Conclusion: Most of the cases of VWS presented with BCLP and lower lip pits. Non-penetrance for the lip pits was seen in one out of 11 cases. Our study emphasizes the need to screen family members in all cleft cases, especially clinically diagnosed non-syndromic cases who may be VWS with no lip pits. Future studies are required
Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, 1Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria, 2Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA Address for correspondence: Dr. W. L. Adeyemo, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria. E-mail: [email protected]
52
January-March 2014 / Vol 11 / Issue 1
to investigate the genetic causes of this syndrome in our population. Key words: Cleft lip, cleft palate, lip pits, Van der Woude syndrome
INTRODUCTION Lower lip pit(s) and cleft lip and palate form an entity known as Van der Woude syndrome (VWS).[1] The association between congenital fistulas of the lower lip and cleft lip and/or palate was first described by Anne Van der Woude in 1954.[1,2] The world-wide disease incidence ranges from 1:100,000 to 1:40,000. VWS is the most common form of syndromic orofacial clefting and individuals with this syndrome account for 2% of all cleft cases.[3-5] VWS is inherited as an autosomal dominant disease caused by a mutation in a single gene encoding interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF 6).[3,4] No significant difference between sexes is reported as regards the prevalence of the syndrome.[6] The disease has high penetrance at about 96%, but the phenotypic expression varies from lower lip pits with cleft lip and cleft palate to no visible abnormalities.[3,7] Approximately, 88% of VWS patients has been found to display lower lip pits, and in about 64% of cases lip pits are the only visible defect.[7] Other features frequently associated with VWS include hypodontia, narrow arched palate, congenital heart disease, heart murmur and cerebral abnormalities, syndactyly of the hands, polythelia, ankyloglossia and adhesions between the upper and lower gum pads.[8] VWS is an autosomal dominant condition that is highly penetrant. The risk of clefts in a family with VWS increases from 3% to 5%. Furthermore, the cleft features in VWS are phenocopies for non-syndromic clefts. Therefore, it is important to clinically evaluate individuals who appear as non-syndromic clefts for African Journal of Paediatric Surgery
James, et al.: Van der Woude syndrome
features of VWS. In addition, family history of clefts is suggestive of VWS until the features are clinically excluded. The aim of this study is to present the phenotypic characteristic of VWS seen at the cleft clinic of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH).
MATERIALS AND METHODS A review all patients with features suggestive of VWS attending the cleft lip and palate clinic of the LUTH Idi-Araba, Lagos, from January 2007 to December 2012 was done. All children and their parents were clinically examined to confirm the diagnosis of non-syndromic clefts and VWS. Data included in the analysis were: gender of patients, age at presentation in the clinic, types cleft deformity, presence or absence of lower lip pits and any other associated congenital anomalies.
RESULT A total of 400 patients presented to the cleft clinic during the study period. Age at presentation ranged between 1 week and 12 years, with majority (n = 10) less than 2 years of age [Table 1]. Eleven (2.7%) of these patients were presented with features of VWS. Table 1 shows the phenotypic expression of cleft and lower lip pits. Most of the patients (63.6%, n = 7) were females. Bilateral lower lips were presented in 10 (90.9%) out of the 11 cases. The mother of the only patient without lip pits presented with bilateral lower lip pits. No family history of cleft/ lip pits was elicited in 10 other cases. Cleft phenotypes displayed in the study population included isolated Table 1: Summary of phenotypic expression of clefts and lip pits in the affected family Sex
Age at presentation
Cleft type
Lip pits
Family history of pits
M F
15 months 1 month
− +
+ −
M F F F
2 weeks 2 weeks 1 month 12 years
+ + + +
− − − −
F F M
1 month 2 weeks 12 months
+ + +
− − −
M
12 months
+
−
F
1 week
BCLP Isolated soft palatal cleft BCLP BCLP BCLP Isolated soft palatal cleft BCLP UCL (left) Isolated soft palatal cleft Cleft of hard and soft palate BCLP
+
−
BCLP-Bilateral cleft lip and palate, UCL-Unilateral cleft lip
African Journal of Paediatric Surgery
cleft palate, complete unilateral or bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP). Six patients (54.5%) had BCLP, one patient (9.1%) had left unilateral cleft lip, one patient (9.1%) had cleft of hard and soft palate while three patients (27.3%) had isolated cleft soft palate Figures 1 and 2 show different phenotypic expression of VWS.
DISCUSSION The present study describes the clinical features of 11 individuals with VWS that presented to the LUTH. The prevalence of VWS among cleft populations has been reported in the literature to be 2% of orofacial cleft cases.[1,9-11] In the present study, we observed a prevalence of 2.7%, which is consistent with previous reports in the literature. The female preponderance of 63.6% recorded in this study is similar to the rate previously reported by Omo-Aghoja et al.[12] However, this is in contrast with earlier studies, which found no discernible difference in gender distribution of affected individuals.[1] The lip pits in VWS has been reported to be mostly bilateral and symmetrically placed on each side of the midline[1,5,13] and may sometimes be the only manifestation of this syndrome as seen in the mother of one of the presented case. All patients with lip pits in this series presented with bilateral paramedian sinuses of the lower lip, placed symmetrically on either side of the midline. Bilateral pits can also be unilaterally, medially or bilaterally asymmetrical.[13] A single median or paramedian pit has also been reported and is considered as an incomplete expression of the trait.[13] None of our patients in this series presented with unilateral lip pit. Previous studies have reported variable expression of cleft phenotypes associated with VWS. Lam et al.[1] reported that approximately two-thirds in their series present with either BCLP or unilateral cleft lip and palate. Jones et al.[14] also reported than more than 50% of cases presented with either bilateral or unilateral cleft lip and palate. In this series, approximately 55% presented with BCLP. In agreement with previous reports[1,14] expression of only cleft lip deformity is low. The overall prevalence of characteristic lower lip pits in this study cohort was 90.9%. Hence, detection of the lower lip pits is vital for the correct diagnosis of VWS in the vast majority of affected individuals. The absence of cleft in the mother and the presence of lower lip pits in the mother and absence of lower lip pits in the child support the variable phenotypic variation of VWS reported in the literature.[3,7,15] The diagnosis of VWS is primarily clinical. However, due to non-penetrance feature of the condition, genetic January-March 2014 / Vol 11 / Issue 1
53
James, et al.: Van der Woude syndrome
a
b
Figure 2: (a) A 15-month-old boy with repaired bilateral cleft lip (no lip pits). (b) The mother of the boy in Figure 2a with bilateral lower lip pits (no cleft deformity)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Figure 1: (a) A 1-year-old boy with bilateral lower lip pits in association with isolated cleft of the soft palate
investigations may be appropriate. Mutations in the IRF6 gene are diagnostic of VWS and will assist in the counselling of families with clefts. Management of VWS is majorly focused on surgical and cosmetic correction of clefts and lip pits.[1,5-8] All patients in this series had undergone surgical repair of their cleft, no cosmetic repair of the lip was done as the lip pit were essentially asymptomatic. Lower lip pit(s) and cleft lip and palate form an entity known as VWS.[1] Although, hypodontia is a frequently associated anomaly, hypodontia may not be obvious at presentation due the fact that many of the patients present during pre-eruption age. Finally, it must be stated that a clinical diagnosis of VWS requires additional examination for family members to identify other members with the syndrome due to its penetrance nature. This will also be a valuable guide for counselling since VWS is highly penetrant and family risk for clefts is increased.
CONCLUSION Most of the cases of VWS presented with BCLP and lower lip pits. Non-penetrance for the lip pits was seen in one out of 11 cases. Although rare, VWS must always be a consideration in families in which more than one individual is found with a cleft. The sample size in this study is relatively small and may not be truly representative of VWS in Nigeria. However, this is the first study of VWS conducted in Nigerian families and it provides a foundation for further research based on larger numbers of families. In addition, future studies on the genetic aetiology of VWS in the Nigerian population should be undertaken. 54
January-March 2014 / Vol 11 / Issue 1
We are grateful to the families who voluntarily participated in this study, the resident doctors and nurses who assisted with data collection. We are also grateful to the SmileTrain organisation that fund cleft repairs in Nigeria. This study was support by NIH/NIDCR grant 5K99/R00-DE022378-02 (AB) sub-award to the College of Medicine, University of Lagos (WLA).
REFERENCES 1.
Lam AK, David DJ, Townsend GC, Anderson PJ. Van der Woude syndrome: Dentofacial features and implications for clinical practice. Aust Dent J 2010;55:51-8. 2. Nagore E, Sánchez-Motilla JM, Febrer MI, Serrano G, Bonillo J, Aliaga A. Congenital lower lip pits (Van der Woude syndrome): Presentation of 10 cases. Pediatr Dermatol 1998;15:443-5. 3. Little HJ, Rorick NK, Su LI, Baldock C, Malhotra S, Jowitt T, et al. Missense mutations that cause Van der Woude syndrome and popliteal pterygium syndrome affect the DNA-binding and transcriptional activation functions of IRF6. Hum Mol Genet 2009;18:535-45. 4. Reddy RS, Ramesh T, Vijayalaxmi N, Reddy RL, Swapna LA, Singh TR. Van der Woude syndrome-A syndromic form of orofacial clefting. J Clin Exp Dent 2012;4:e125-8. 5. Ghassibé M, Revencu N, Bayet B, Gillerot Y, Vanwijck R, VerellenDumoulin C, et al. Six families with van der Woude and/or popliteal pterygium syndrome: All with a mutation in the IRF6 gene. J Med Genet 2004;41:e15. 6. Rizos M, Spyropoulos MN. Van der Woude syndrome: A review. Cardinal signs, epidemiology, associated features, differential diagnosis, expressivity, genetic counselling and treatment. Eur J Orthod 2004;26:17-24. 7. Malik S, Kakar N, Hasnain S, Ahmad J, Wilcox ER, Naz S. Epidemiology of Van der Woude syndrome from mutational analyses in affected patients from Pakistan. Clin Genet 2010;78:247-56. 8. Soni R, Vivek R, Srivastava A, Singh A, Srivastava S, Chaturvedi TP. Van der woude syndrome associated with hypodontia: A rare clinical entity. Case Rep Dent 2012;2012:283946. 9. Jobling R, Ferrier RA, McLeod R, Petrin AL, Murray JC, Thomas MA. Monozygotic twins with variable expression of Van der Woude syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2011;155A:2008-10. 10. Salahshourifar I, Wan Sulaiman WA, Halim AS, Zilfalil BA. Mutation screening of IRF6 among families with non-syndromic oral clefts and identification of two novel variants: Review of the literature. Eur J Med Genet 2012;55:389-93. 11. Rintala AE, Ranta R. Lower lip sinuses: I. Epidemiology, microforms and transverse sulci. Br J Plast Surg 1981;34:26-30. African Journal of Paediatric Surgery
James, et al.: Van der Woude syndrome 12. Omo-Aghoja VW, Omo-Aghoja LO, Ugboko VI, Obuekwe ON, Saheeb BD, Feyi-Waboso P, et al. Antenatal determinants of orofacial clefts in Southern Nigeria. Afr Health Sci 2010;10:31-9. 13. Ziai MN, Benson AG, Djalilian HR. Congenital lip pits and van der Woude syndrome. J Craniofac Surg 2005;16:930-2. 14. Jones JL, Canady JW, Brookes JT, Wehby GL, L’Heureux J, Schutte BC, et al. Wound complications after cleft repair in children with Van der Woude syndrome. J Craniofac Surg 2010;21:1350-3.
African Journal of Paediatric Surgery
15. Item CB, Turhani D, Thurnher D, Yerit K, Sinko K, Wittwer G, et al. Van Der Woude syndrome: Variable penetrance of a novel mutation (p.Arg 84Gly) of the IRF6 gene in a Turkish family. Int J Mol Med 2005;15:247-51. Cite this article as: James O, Adeyemo WL, Emeka CI, Ogunlewe MO, Ladeinde AL, Butali A. Van der Woude syndrome: A review of 11 cases seen at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital. Afr J Paediatr Surg 2014;11:52-5.
Source of Support: Nil. Conflict of Interest: Nil.
January-March 2014 / Vol 11 / Issue 1
55
Copyright of African Journal of Paediatric Surgery is the property of Medknow Publications & Media Pvt. Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.
Original Article
DOI: 10.4103/0189-6725.129235
Van der Woude syndrome: A review of 11 cases seen at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital
PMID: *** Quick Response Code:
Olutayo James, Wasiu L. Adeyemo1, Christian I. Emeka1, Mobolanle O. Ogunlewe1, Akinola L. Ladeinde1, Azeez Butali2
ABSTRACT Background: Van der Woude syndrome (VWS), an autosomal dominant condition associated with clefts of the lip and/or palate and lower lip pits and is caused by mutations in interferon regulatory factor six gene. It is reported to be the most common syndromic cleft worldwide. Non-penetrance for the lip pit phenotype is found in at least 10% of affected individuals and those without the pits are phenocopies for non-syndromic clefting. The aim of this study is to present the phenotypic characteristic of VWS seen at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH) cleft clinic. Materials and Methods: A review of cases of patients with VWS that attended the cleft lip and palate clinic at the LUTH IdiAraba, Lagos, from January 2007 to December 2012 was conducted. Data analyses included sex of affected patients, types of cleft, presence of lower lip pits and history of lower lip pits/cleft in the family. Results: A total of 11 cases were seen during the period (male = 4; female = 7). Age at presentation ranged between 1 week and 12 years, with majority (n = 10) less than 2 years of age. Bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP) was seen in six patients, isolated soft palatal cleft (n = 3) and unilateral cleft lip and alveolus (n = 1) and cleft of hard and soft palate (n = 1). Bilateral lower lips were presented in 10 out of the 11 cases. The mother of the only patient without lip pits presented with bilateral lower lip pits. No family history of cleft/lip pits was elicited in 10 other cases. Conclusion: Most of the cases of VWS presented with BCLP and lower lip pits. Non-penetrance for the lip pits was seen in one out of 11 cases. Our study emphasizes the need to screen family members in all cleft cases, especially clinically diagnosed non-syndromic cases who may be VWS with no lip pits. Future studies are required
Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, 1Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria, 2Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA Address for correspondence: Dr. W. L. Adeyemo, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria. E-mail: [email protected]
52
January-March 2014 / Vol 11 / Issue 1
to investigate the genetic causes of this syndrome in our population. Key words: Cleft lip, cleft palate, lip pits, Van der Woude syndrome
INTRODUCTION Lower lip pit(s) and cleft lip and palate form an entity known as Van der Woude syndrome (VWS).[1] The association between congenital fistulas of the lower lip and cleft lip and/or palate was first described by Anne Van der Woude in 1954.[1,2] The world-wide disease incidence ranges from 1:100,000 to 1:40,000. VWS is the most common form of syndromic orofacial clefting and individuals with this syndrome account for 2% of all cleft cases.[3-5] VWS is inherited as an autosomal dominant disease caused by a mutation in a single gene encoding interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF 6).[3,4] No significant difference between sexes is reported as regards the prevalence of the syndrome.[6] The disease has high penetrance at about 96%, but the phenotypic expression varies from lower lip pits with cleft lip and cleft palate to no visible abnormalities.[3,7] Approximately, 88% of VWS patients has been found to display lower lip pits, and in about 64% of cases lip pits are the only visible defect.[7] Other features frequently associated with VWS include hypodontia, narrow arched palate, congenital heart disease, heart murmur and cerebral abnormalities, syndactyly of the hands, polythelia, ankyloglossia and adhesions between the upper and lower gum pads.[8] VWS is an autosomal dominant condition that is highly penetrant. The risk of clefts in a family with VWS increases from 3% to 5%. Furthermore, the cleft features in VWS are phenocopies for non-syndromic clefts. Therefore, it is important to clinically evaluate individuals who appear as non-syndromic clefts for African Journal of Paediatric Surgery
James, et al.: Van der Woude syndrome
features of VWS. In addition, family history of clefts is suggestive of VWS until the features are clinically excluded. The aim of this study is to present the phenotypic characteristic of VWS seen at the cleft clinic of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH).
MATERIALS AND METHODS A review all patients with features suggestive of VWS attending the cleft lip and palate clinic of the LUTH Idi-Araba, Lagos, from January 2007 to December 2012 was done. All children and their parents were clinically examined to confirm the diagnosis of non-syndromic clefts and VWS. Data included in the analysis were: gender of patients, age at presentation in the clinic, types cleft deformity, presence or absence of lower lip pits and any other associated congenital anomalies.
RESULT A total of 400 patients presented to the cleft clinic during the study period. Age at presentation ranged between 1 week and 12 years, with majority (n = 10) less than 2 years of age [Table 1]. Eleven (2.7%) of these patients were presented with features of VWS. Table 1 shows the phenotypic expression of cleft and lower lip pits. Most of the patients (63.6%, n = 7) were females. Bilateral lower lips were presented in 10 (90.9%) out of the 11 cases. The mother of the only patient without lip pits presented with bilateral lower lip pits. No family history of cleft/ lip pits was elicited in 10 other cases. Cleft phenotypes displayed in the study population included isolated Table 1: Summary of phenotypic expression of clefts and lip pits in the affected family Sex
Age at presentation
Cleft type
Lip pits
Family history of pits
M F
15 months 1 month
− +
+ −
M F F F
2 weeks 2 weeks 1 month 12 years
+ + + +
− − − −
F F M
1 month 2 weeks 12 months
+ + +
− − −
M
12 months
+
−
F
1 week
BCLP Isolated soft palatal cleft BCLP BCLP BCLP Isolated soft palatal cleft BCLP UCL (left) Isolated soft palatal cleft Cleft of hard and soft palate BCLP
+
−
BCLP-Bilateral cleft lip and palate, UCL-Unilateral cleft lip
African Journal of Paediatric Surgery
cleft palate, complete unilateral or bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP). Six patients (54.5%) had BCLP, one patient (9.1%) had left unilateral cleft lip, one patient (9.1%) had cleft of hard and soft palate while three patients (27.3%) had isolated cleft soft palate Figures 1 and 2 show different phenotypic expression of VWS.
DISCUSSION The present study describes the clinical features of 11 individuals with VWS that presented to the LUTH. The prevalence of VWS among cleft populations has been reported in the literature to be 2% of orofacial cleft cases.[1,9-11] In the present study, we observed a prevalence of 2.7%, which is consistent with previous reports in the literature. The female preponderance of 63.6% recorded in this study is similar to the rate previously reported by Omo-Aghoja et al.[12] However, this is in contrast with earlier studies, which found no discernible difference in gender distribution of affected individuals.[1] The lip pits in VWS has been reported to be mostly bilateral and symmetrically placed on each side of the midline[1,5,13] and may sometimes be the only manifestation of this syndrome as seen in the mother of one of the presented case. All patients with lip pits in this series presented with bilateral paramedian sinuses of the lower lip, placed symmetrically on either side of the midline. Bilateral pits can also be unilaterally, medially or bilaterally asymmetrical.[13] A single median or paramedian pit has also been reported and is considered as an incomplete expression of the trait.[13] None of our patients in this series presented with unilateral lip pit. Previous studies have reported variable expression of cleft phenotypes associated with VWS. Lam et al.[1] reported that approximately two-thirds in their series present with either BCLP or unilateral cleft lip and palate. Jones et al.[14] also reported than more than 50% of cases presented with either bilateral or unilateral cleft lip and palate. In this series, approximately 55% presented with BCLP. In agreement with previous reports[1,14] expression of only cleft lip deformity is low. The overall prevalence of characteristic lower lip pits in this study cohort was 90.9%. Hence, detection of the lower lip pits is vital for the correct diagnosis of VWS in the vast majority of affected individuals. The absence of cleft in the mother and the presence of lower lip pits in the mother and absence of lower lip pits in the child support the variable phenotypic variation of VWS reported in the literature.[3,7,15] The diagnosis of VWS is primarily clinical. However, due to non-penetrance feature of the condition, genetic January-March 2014 / Vol 11 / Issue 1
53
James, et al.: Van der Woude syndrome
a
b
Figure 2: (a) A 15-month-old boy with repaired bilateral cleft lip (no lip pits). (b) The mother of the boy in Figure 2a with bilateral lower lip pits (no cleft deformity)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Figure 1: (a) A 1-year-old boy with bilateral lower lip pits in association with isolated cleft of the soft palate
investigations may be appropriate. Mutations in the IRF6 gene are diagnostic of VWS and will assist in the counselling of families with clefts. Management of VWS is majorly focused on surgical and cosmetic correction of clefts and lip pits.[1,5-8] All patients in this series had undergone surgical repair of their cleft, no cosmetic repair of the lip was done as the lip pit were essentially asymptomatic. Lower lip pit(s) and cleft lip and palate form an entity known as VWS.[1] Although, hypodontia is a frequently associated anomaly, hypodontia may not be obvious at presentation due the fact that many of the patients present during pre-eruption age. Finally, it must be stated that a clinical diagnosis of VWS requires additional examination for family members to identify other members with the syndrome due to its penetrance nature. This will also be a valuable guide for counselling since VWS is highly penetrant and family risk for clefts is increased.
CONCLUSION Most of the cases of VWS presented with BCLP and lower lip pits. Non-penetrance for the lip pits was seen in one out of 11 cases. Although rare, VWS must always be a consideration in families in which more than one individual is found with a cleft. The sample size in this study is relatively small and may not be truly representative of VWS in Nigeria. However, this is the first study of VWS conducted in Nigerian families and it provides a foundation for further research based on larger numbers of families. In addition, future studies on the genetic aetiology of VWS in the Nigerian population should be undertaken. 54
January-March 2014 / Vol 11 / Issue 1
We are grateful to the families who voluntarily participated in this study, the resident doctors and nurses who assisted with data collection. We are also grateful to the SmileTrain organisation that fund cleft repairs in Nigeria. This study was support by NIH/NIDCR grant 5K99/R00-DE022378-02 (AB) sub-award to the College of Medicine, University of Lagos (WLA).
REFERENCES 1.
Lam AK, David DJ, Townsend GC, Anderson PJ. Van der Woude syndrome: Dentofacial features and implications for clinical practice. Aust Dent J 2010;55:51-8. 2. Nagore E, Sánchez-Motilla JM, Febrer MI, Serrano G, Bonillo J, Aliaga A. Congenital lower lip pits (Van der Woude syndrome): Presentation of 10 cases. Pediatr Dermatol 1998;15:443-5. 3. Little HJ, Rorick NK, Su LI, Baldock C, Malhotra S, Jowitt T, et al. Missense mutations that cause Van der Woude syndrome and popliteal pterygium syndrome affect the DNA-binding and transcriptional activation functions of IRF6. Hum Mol Genet 2009;18:535-45. 4. Reddy RS, Ramesh T, Vijayalaxmi N, Reddy RL, Swapna LA, Singh TR. Van der Woude syndrome-A syndromic form of orofacial clefting. J Clin Exp Dent 2012;4:e125-8. 5. Ghassibé M, Revencu N, Bayet B, Gillerot Y, Vanwijck R, VerellenDumoulin C, et al. Six families with van der Woude and/or popliteal pterygium syndrome: All with a mutation in the IRF6 gene. J Med Genet 2004;41:e15. 6. Rizos M, Spyropoulos MN. Van der Woude syndrome: A review. Cardinal signs, epidemiology, associated features, differential diagnosis, expressivity, genetic counselling and treatment. Eur J Orthod 2004;26:17-24. 7. Malik S, Kakar N, Hasnain S, Ahmad J, Wilcox ER, Naz S. Epidemiology of Van der Woude syndrome from mutational analyses in affected patients from Pakistan. Clin Genet 2010;78:247-56. 8. Soni R, Vivek R, Srivastava A, Singh A, Srivastava S, Chaturvedi TP. Van der woude syndrome associated with hypodontia: A rare clinical entity. Case Rep Dent 2012;2012:283946. 9. Jobling R, Ferrier RA, McLeod R, Petrin AL, Murray JC, Thomas MA. Monozygotic twins with variable expression of Van der Woude syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2011;155A:2008-10. 10. Salahshourifar I, Wan Sulaiman WA, Halim AS, Zilfalil BA. Mutation screening of IRF6 among families with non-syndromic oral clefts and identification of two novel variants: Review of the literature. Eur J Med Genet 2012;55:389-93. 11. Rintala AE, Ranta R. Lower lip sinuses: I. Epidemiology, microforms and transverse sulci. Br J Plast Surg 1981;34:26-30. African Journal of Paediatric Surgery
James, et al.: Van der Woude syndrome 12. Omo-Aghoja VW, Omo-Aghoja LO, Ugboko VI, Obuekwe ON, Saheeb BD, Feyi-Waboso P, et al. Antenatal determinants of orofacial clefts in Southern Nigeria. Afr Health Sci 2010;10:31-9. 13. Ziai MN, Benson AG, Djalilian HR. Congenital lip pits and van der Woude syndrome. J Craniofac Surg 2005;16:930-2. 14. Jones JL, Canady JW, Brookes JT, Wehby GL, L’Heureux J, Schutte BC, et al. Wound complications after cleft repair in children with Van der Woude syndrome. J Craniofac Surg 2010;21:1350-3.
African Journal of Paediatric Surgery
15. Item CB, Turhani D, Thurnher D, Yerit K, Sinko K, Wittwer G, et al. Van Der Woude syndrome: Variable penetrance of a novel mutation (p.Arg 84Gly) of the IRF6 gene in a Turkish family. Int J Mol Med 2005;15:247-51. Cite this article as: James O, Adeyemo WL, Emeka CI, Ogunlewe MO, Ladeinde AL, Butali A. Van der Woude syndrome: A review of 11 cases seen at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital. Afr J Paediatr Surg 2014;11:52-5.
Source of Support: Nil. Conflict of Interest: Nil.
January-March 2014 / Vol 11 / Issue 1
55
Copyright of African Journal of Paediatric Surgery is the property of Medknow Publications & Media Pvt. Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.
