Journal of Dental Research http://jdr.sagepub.com/
Use of the Munsell System to Compute Color Differences in Composite Resins J.B. Moser, W.T. Wozniak, T.P. Muller and B.K. Moore J DENT RES 1978 57: 958 DOI: 10.1177/00220345780570111001 The online version of this article can be found at: http://jdr.sagepub.com/content/57/11/958
Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com
On behalf of: International and American Associations for Dental Research
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Use of the Munsell System to Compute Color Differences in Composite Resins J. B. MOSER*, W. T. WOZNIAK,** T. P. MULLER**, and B. K. MOORE"* Northwestern University School of Dentistry and American Dental Association Health Foundation, Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois 60611
Color changes resulting from immersion of four composite resins in hot distilled water, coffee and tea were measured by a tristimulus colorimeter. Changes are shown as CIE AE values and converted to Munsell AH, A V and AC values. J Dent Res 57(11-12):958-963, Nov.-Dec.1978
Introduction. There are two well-accepted international color order systems that are currently being used to communicate color data. They are the CIE (International Commission on Illumination) system and the Munsell system1. The CIE system involves the collection of reflectance data in the visible region of the spectrum, and, by means of tristimulus colorimetry, the data are converted to a set of numerical coordinates which define the color of the object being measured. The Munsell system is a visual comparison system in which colors are ordered by the principle of equal visual perception of color difference. Several studies of color changes in direct filling resins using colorimetric methods have appeared in the literature2-7. Most of these studies used visual comparison for assessment of color change, although color differences have also been reported based on measurements recorded with a Hunter color difference meter as well6 7. The Munsell system has not been employed in these earlier studies of color changes in composite resins. Recently one of the authors published a paper8 reporting color changes in four composite restorative resins. The color changes were measured with an IDL Color-Eye Colorimeter*** and given in terms of CIE tristimulus values. In the present paper these color changes are discussed in terms of
Munsell Hue, Value and Chroma. This now permits a comparison between a visual and an instrumental color system.
Materials and methods. Since the original experimental procedures have been published8, only a summary is given here. The resins studied were: Adaptic+, Prestige+, Addent 15+ and Smile++-++. The materials were mixed according to manufacturers' instructions and were condensed in a stainless steel die to make specimens of 10 mm diameter and 1 mm thickness. After polymerization, specimens were placed in distilled water and stored in the dark. Forty-two specimens of each material were prepared in this manner. Half of each set was allowed to cure against a mylar sheet§ while the other half was finished with graded silicon carbide paper down to 600 mesh.§§ Seven specimens of each product were continuously agitated in three test solutions for twelve days at 550C. These test solutions were distilled water (control), coffee and tea. Each sample was individually identified and followed throughout the measuring procedure. Measurements with the Color-Eye Colorimeter were made using CIE standard illuminant C. A white titanium oxide backing was used and a nonspecular insert was in place to avoid the incorporation of spurious reflections. The colorimeter values of X, Y, Z and X were determined
+Johnson
++Lee Pharamceuticals, South El Monte, Cali-
*Northwestern University
fornia
**American Dental Association
Minnesota
Received for publication September 7, 1977. Accepted for publication March 2, 1978. ***Kollmorgen Corporation, Attleboro, Massachusetts
& Johnson, New Brunswick, New
Jersey
+++3M Manufacturing Company,
St. Paul,
++++Kerr Manufacturing Company, Romulus, Michigan § Designated M § § Designated F
958 Downloaded from jdr.sagepub.com at COLUMBIA UNIV on November 28, 2014 For personal use only. No other uses without permission.
959
COLOR DIFFERENCES IN COMPOSITE RESINS
Vol 57No. 11-12
for each specimen before and after immersion in the test solutions. All readings of X, Y, Z and X were converted to CIE tristimulus values according to the conversion factor for a vitrolite standard tile. Total color difference values (AE) were calculated from a computer program using the Friele MacAdam Chickering equation (FMC)8-9. Prior to converting the data to the Munsell notation, the CIE tristimulus values were transformed to chromaticity coordinates x and y. The chromaticity coordinates and the luminous reflectance (Y) were then converted to Munsell Hue (H), Value (V) and Chroma (C). The conversions to Hue, Value and Chroma were performed by means of a FORTRAN program, MUNSC (developed by Keegan10). For pre-immersion samples, Hue was found to be in the range from 1.5Y to 7.OY, Chroma from 0.3 to 2.0, and Value from 5.3 to 6.3. Simple differences (post-immersion minus pre-immersion) for Hue, Value and Chroma, were calculated for all experimental data.
M F ADAPTIC
F M PRESTIGE
M
F
ADDENT
M F SMILE
COFFEE
Fig. 2. - Changes in Hue, Value and Chroma for resins immersed in coffee solution. (See column 2, Tables I-IV, for standard deviations.) 1.4
Results and discussion. Tables I-IV give the mean color differences for both the CIE and Munsell systems. These differences are shown graphically for the Munsell components in the form of bar graphs in Figures 1-3. Color changes were
T
|
07
7
I35
*
ADAPTIC
PRESTIGE
ADDENT
SMILE
TEA
Changes in Hue, Value and Chroma in tea solution. (See column 3, Tables I-IV, for standard deviations.) Fig. 3.
.0
for resins
!
4 2
49
.5
M
F
ADAPTIC
M
F
M
PRESTIGE
F
ADDENT
M
F
SMILE
$ONTROL
Fig. 1. -Changes in Hue, Value and Chroma for resins immersed in control solution. (See column 1, Tables I-IV, for standard deviations.)
-
immersed
noted for each solution, resin and surface finish. The effect of the stains is shown in Table V by the overall higher Chroma numbers (AC = +0.35) and lower Value numbers (AV = -0.23). The greatest changes were observed for samples immersed in coffee (AV = -0.36, AC = +0.58), Changes were also observed for immersion in tea and distilled water. Hue changes were essentially
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J Dent Res November-December 1 9 78
MOSER ETAL.
960
TABLE I SUMMARY OF COLOR CHANGES FOR ADAPTIC
Coffee
Control F
M
+0.30 (1.1) +0.02 (.92) -0.06 (.02) -0.02 (.01) 0.18 (.06) 0.05 (.06) 3.13 (1.03) 2.10 (0.44)
AH aV
Tea
M
F
M
F
+0.27 (.16) -0.31 (.02) 0.40 (.07) 9.75 (0.58)
+1.12 (3.1) -0.33 (.04) 0.49 (.07) 10.81 (1.22)
-0.90 (1.1) -0.20 (.01) 0.07 (.04) 5.54 (0.34)
-0.92 (.23) -0.25 (.02) 0.25 (.04) 7.65 (0.41)
AC AE* *See reference 8 for details of calculation.
Values in parentheses indicate standard deviation.
the same for tea and coffee and were slightly reveal that changes in Value or Chroma lower for the controls. Absolute values of are at least an order of magnitude more imthe Hue changes are shown, since individual portant than changes in Hue in assessing specimens within each group changed in color differences. There is relatively more scatter in the both directions; changes occurred either toward the YR or GY axis as shown in Fig- AH values than in the AC and AV components, as shown by the standard deviations ure 4. In the Munsell system the Value of any given in Tables I-IV. The significance of the color represents its lightness or darkness, color changes expressed by the Munsell and, as one proceeds to lower Value num- notation and total color difference (AE) bers, a darkening of the color is observed. calculated from the colorimetric measureThe Chroma of a material corresponds to ments can be tested by analysis of variance. the intensity of a particular Hue; higher The results of this analysis are presented in Chroma numbers then correspond to higher Table VI. Significant differences (P < intensities. For samples immersed in coffee 0.01) were found for the AE values as well as the changes in Value and Chroma. Howor tea, the changes to higher Chroma and 0.01) lower Value represent a general darkening ever, there were no significant (P of the specimens and an increase in the in- differences in the Hue changes. This lack of tensity of the color. Average Hue numbers significant change in Hue can be attributed for all samples changed very little, although to the high standard deviations in the AH individually some changes are relatively measurements (Tables I-IV). Although diflarge (Tables I-IV). At low Chromas, Hue ferences between mean AH values may appear changes that are numerically equal to Value to be large, these differences cannot be interpreted as indicating change in Hue. or Chroma changes are not as easily percepIf the Hue is changing very little, one tible1l. In fact formulas developed from the Munsell notation for overall color change, would expect the chromaticity coordinates such as the Nickerson-Balinkin formula §, x and y to be changing in a nearly linear fashion. The converse is also true. In Figure 5 a plot of the chromaticity coordinates [(2 CAH)2 + (6AV)2 + (x, y) is shown for all samples (both pre§Color difference = (40 AC)2 ] 2. See reference 12. and post-immersion). A straight line through TABLE II SUMMARY OF COLOR CHANGES FOR PRESTIGE
Control
AH aV
AC AE*
Tea
Coffee
M
F
M
F
0.00 (.40) 0.01 (.02)
-0.16 (1.3) 0.02 (.05) 0.13 (.05) 3.34 (1.38)
-1.79 (2.5) -0.29 (.06)
-0.26 (2.0) -0.40 (.06)
0.16 (.03) 2.46 (0.80)
0.77 (.44) 12.14 (1.96)
0.78 (.05) 14.50 (1.44)
M
-0.57 (.48) -0.18 (.02)
0.27 (.06) 6.70 (0.89)
F 1.13 (1.2)
-0.63 (.07)
0.43 (.15) 16.14 (1.77)
*See reference 8 for details of calculation. Values in parentheses indicate standard deviation. Downloaded from jdr.sagepub.com at COLUMBIA UNIV on November 28, 2014 For personal use only. No other uses without permission.
COLOR DIFFERENCES IN COMPOSITE RESINS
Vol. 57No. 11-12
961
TABLE III SUMMARY OF COLOR CHANGES FOR ADDENT
Control Coffee M M F F AH 0.19 (.32) -0.50 (1.5) 1.33 (2.2) -0.46 (.44) tV 0.01 (.03) -0.02 (.06) -0.17 (.04) -0.25 (.06) AC 0.15 (.05) 0.12 (.12) 0.51 (.09) 0.48 (.05) AE* 2.39 (0.73) 3.01 (1.20) 8.63 (1.37) 9.86 (1.11) *See reference 8 for details of calculation. Values in parentheses indicate standard deviation.
Color changes in various media. Samples immersed in distilled water (Figure 1) at 550C show small changes in the direction of higher Chroma and lower Value. Smile, either with a mylar or finished surface, showed the largest changes in Chroma and Value, paralleling the AE calculations using the FMC* formula (Table IV). Even though the changes in Hue appear appreciable in the figure, they are not easily detected visually and are both toward the yellow-red as well as the green-yellow. For the samples immersed in coffee (Figure 2), Prestige showed the greatest change in Chroma, while Smile showed the greatest change in Value. This result is consistent with the calculated changes using the FMC formula, in which Smile had the largest color changes with Prestige second. The Munsell data, especially for Chroma,
MacAdam-Chickering
F
-0.19 (1.3) -0.14 (.05) 0.44 (.04) 7.02 (1.60)
0.45 (.90) -0.21 (.07) 0.67 (.08) 10.97 (1.62)
indicated that the color changes for Adaptic and Addent are similar. This was also found using the FMC formula. Samples immersed in tea gave smaller changes in Munsell numbers than those immersed in coffee (Figure 3), but greater changes than the controls. Addent showed the greatest change in Chroma, with the finished surface giving a particularly high change (+0.68). The Prestige finished surface had the highest change in Value (-0.63). The results of this series appear to be affected most by the type of surface preparation. This was corroborated using the FMC formula. The highest change in AE occurred in finished Prestige, which correlates with changes in AV as seen in Table II.
these sample points gives a good fit (the correlation coefficient for x and y is 0.95). Thus, in summary, the Munsell changes for these data can be interpreted as a general darkening of the samples with little change in Hue of the materials.
*FMC: Friele
Tea M
Conclusions. Previous results8 using the FMC equation based on tristimulus values gave a composite AE which indicated differences between resins as a result of staining. These AE values are not easily interpretable in terms of normal color experience. On the other hand, the results of the present study show that the color changes in the composite resins consisted mainly in changes of Munsell Chroma and Value with little change in Hue. Thus, by using the more visual Munsell
(see refer-
ence 8 for details).
TABLE IV SUMMARY OF COLOR CHANGES FOR SMILE
Control M
AH
Coffee F
M
0.10 (.30) -0.01 (.31) -0.21 (.22) sV -0.11 (.14) -0.56 (.03) -0.16 (.04) AC 0.12 (.12) 0.27 (.05) 0.65 (.12) AE* 5.25 (1.26) 5.87 (1.17) 16.57 (1.20) *See reference 8 for details of calculation. Values in parentheses indicate standard deviation.
Tea F
-0.25 (.85) -0.55 (.04) 0.57 (.05) 15.67 (0.78)
M 0.73 (1.6) -0.32 (.05) 0.24 (.08) 9.03 (1.35)
F
-0.44 (.53) -0.38 (.05) 0.43 (.10) 11.64 (1.30)
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JDent Res November-December 1978
MOSER ETAL.
962
TABLE V
AVERAGE COLOR CHANGES FOR ALL FOUR MATERIALS Control Coffee !Hue AValue AChroma
'5G Fig. 4. Section of Munsell Hue LetterNumber system showing range of tooth colors (see Reference 1) and resin colors determined in this
0.16 -0.04
0.71 -0.36 +0.58
+0.15
Tea
All Media
0.66
0.51
-0.30 +0.33
-0.23 +0.35
system, one can separate out the relative and directional changes in Hue, Value and Chroma and therefore pinpoint more perceptually the type of color change taking place. Furthermore, one can, as was done in this study, determine the statistically significant components in a total color difference.
-
study. 0.3571
Acknowledgments. We would like to thank Dr. Fred W. Billmeyer, Jr., and Mr. Daniel Rich of the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute for the CIE-toMunsell conversion computer program.
0.349]1 0.341
.
0.332
0.324
0.316
References 1. LEMIRE, P. A.; and BURK, B.: Color in Dentistry (J. M. Ney Company, Hartford, Conn.)
.t, .
-
y
;-. ..i
I
-
(1975).
2. GROVE, D. T.: The Efficacy of a Polymerized Vinyl Matrix Inorganic Filler Complex as a Restorative Material, J. Ky. Dent. Assoc., 20: (3) 14-24 (1968). 3. GOTTFREDSON, C.: Physical Properties of a Plastic Filling Material (Addent), Acta Odontol. Scand., 27:595-615 (1969). 4. FLIM, G. J.: Polymeric Restorative Materials, Ned. Tijdschr, Tandheel Kd., 78:429-438
-
,. 0341
I
0.322
I
I
0.332
0.343
0.353
I
0364
x
Fig. 5. - Plot of chromaticity coordinates for all resin specimens both before and after immer(1971). sion in test solutions. TABLE VI ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR CIE AND MUNSELL CHANGES AE
D.F. I
M.S.S.2 F-Value 1203.47 483.90*
M.S.S. Solution (S) 2 0.10 Finish (F) 1 139.45 56.07* 0.05 3 Resin (R) 162.36 65.28* 1.24 2 SxF 67.78 27.25* 1.38 6 SxR 37.64 15.14* 5.82 FxR 3 13.17 5.30* 5.80 SxFxR 6 15.27 6.14* 3.42 Error 144 2.49 1.71 *Significant at the 1% level of confidence lDegrees of Freedom 2Mean Sum of Squares Source
-C
V
AH
F-Value
0.06 0.03 0.72 0.81 3.41 3.39 2.00
M.S.S. 1.57 0.19 0.35 0.09 0.08
F-Value M.S.S.
F-Value
5 15.05*
183.75* 21.77* 21.12* 9.82* 13.89* 0.97 1.25
62.47*
115.20* 28.63* 27.08* 19.98* 14.76*
0.06 0.05 0.003 AE = Total color difference AH = Difference in Hue AV = Difference in Value AC = Difference in Chroma
2.59 0.31 0.30 0.14 0.20 0.01 0.02 0.01
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Vol.57No. 11-12
COLOR DIFFERENTCES IN COMPOSITE RESINS
311-322 (1977). 9. HEMMENDINGER, H.: Development of Color Difference Formulas, J. Paint. Tech., 42: 132-139 (1970). 10. KEEGAN, H. J.; RHEINBOLDT, W. C.; SCHLETER, J. C.; MENARD, J. P.; and JUDD, D. B.: Digital Reduction of Spectrophotometric Data to Munsell Renotations, J. Opt. Soc. Amer., 48:863 (1958). 11. SPROULL, R. C.: Color Matching in Dentistry, Part II, J. Prosthet. Dent., 29:556-566 (1973). 12. BALINKIN, I. A.: Measurement and Designation of Small Color Difference-, Bull. Amer. Ceramic Soc., 20:392402 (1941).
5. LEE, H. L.; ORLOWSKI, J.; and A. KOBASHIGAWA, Handbook of Dental Composites (Lee Pharmaceuticals, South El Monte, Cal.)
(1973). 6. KAFALIAS, M. C.; SWARTZ, M. L.; and PHILLIPS, R. W.: Physical Properties of Selected Dental Resins Part I, J. Prosthet. Dent., 13:
1087-1107 (1963). 7. PETERSON, E. A.; PHILLIPS, R. W.; and SWARTZ, M. L.: A Comparison of the Physical Properties of Four Restorative Resins, J. Amer. Dental Assoc., 73:1324-1336 (1966). 8. GROSS, M.D.; and MOSER, J. B.: A Colonmetric Study of Coffee and Tea Staining of Four Composite Resins, J. Oral Rehab., 4:
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Use of the Munsell System to Compute Color Differences in Composite Resins J.B. Moser, W.T. Wozniak, T.P. Muller and B.K. Moore J DENT RES 1978 57: 958 DOI: 10.1177/00220345780570111001 The online version of this article can be found at: http://jdr.sagepub.com/content/57/11/958
Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com
On behalf of: International and American Associations for Dental Research
Additional services and information for Journal of Dental Research can be found at: Email Alerts: http://jdr.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://jdr.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Citations: http://jdr.sagepub.com/content/57/11/958.refs.html
>> Version of Record - Nov 1, 1978 What is This?
Downloaded from jdr.sagepub.com at COLUMBIA UNIV on November 28, 2014 For personal use only. No other uses without permission.
Use of the Munsell System to Compute Color Differences in Composite Resins J. B. MOSER*, W. T. WOZNIAK,** T. P. MULLER**, and B. K. MOORE"* Northwestern University School of Dentistry and American Dental Association Health Foundation, Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois 60611
Color changes resulting from immersion of four composite resins in hot distilled water, coffee and tea were measured by a tristimulus colorimeter. Changes are shown as CIE AE values and converted to Munsell AH, A V and AC values. J Dent Res 57(11-12):958-963, Nov.-Dec.1978
Introduction. There are two well-accepted international color order systems that are currently being used to communicate color data. They are the CIE (International Commission on Illumination) system and the Munsell system1. The CIE system involves the collection of reflectance data in the visible region of the spectrum, and, by means of tristimulus colorimetry, the data are converted to a set of numerical coordinates which define the color of the object being measured. The Munsell system is a visual comparison system in which colors are ordered by the principle of equal visual perception of color difference. Several studies of color changes in direct filling resins using colorimetric methods have appeared in the literature2-7. Most of these studies used visual comparison for assessment of color change, although color differences have also been reported based on measurements recorded with a Hunter color difference meter as well6 7. The Munsell system has not been employed in these earlier studies of color changes in composite resins. Recently one of the authors published a paper8 reporting color changes in four composite restorative resins. The color changes were measured with an IDL Color-Eye Colorimeter*** and given in terms of CIE tristimulus values. In the present paper these color changes are discussed in terms of
Munsell Hue, Value and Chroma. This now permits a comparison between a visual and an instrumental color system.
Materials and methods. Since the original experimental procedures have been published8, only a summary is given here. The resins studied were: Adaptic+, Prestige+, Addent 15+ and Smile++-++. The materials were mixed according to manufacturers' instructions and were condensed in a stainless steel die to make specimens of 10 mm diameter and 1 mm thickness. After polymerization, specimens were placed in distilled water and stored in the dark. Forty-two specimens of each material were prepared in this manner. Half of each set was allowed to cure against a mylar sheet§ while the other half was finished with graded silicon carbide paper down to 600 mesh.§§ Seven specimens of each product were continuously agitated in three test solutions for twelve days at 550C. These test solutions were distilled water (control), coffee and tea. Each sample was individually identified and followed throughout the measuring procedure. Measurements with the Color-Eye Colorimeter were made using CIE standard illuminant C. A white titanium oxide backing was used and a nonspecular insert was in place to avoid the incorporation of spurious reflections. The colorimeter values of X, Y, Z and X were determined
+Johnson
++Lee Pharamceuticals, South El Monte, Cali-
*Northwestern University
fornia
**American Dental Association
Minnesota
Received for publication September 7, 1977. Accepted for publication March 2, 1978. ***Kollmorgen Corporation, Attleboro, Massachusetts
& Johnson, New Brunswick, New
Jersey
+++3M Manufacturing Company,
St. Paul,
++++Kerr Manufacturing Company, Romulus, Michigan § Designated M § § Designated F
958 Downloaded from jdr.sagepub.com at COLUMBIA UNIV on November 28, 2014 For personal use only. No other uses without permission.
959
COLOR DIFFERENCES IN COMPOSITE RESINS
Vol 57No. 11-12
for each specimen before and after immersion in the test solutions. All readings of X, Y, Z and X were converted to CIE tristimulus values according to the conversion factor for a vitrolite standard tile. Total color difference values (AE) were calculated from a computer program using the Friele MacAdam Chickering equation (FMC)8-9. Prior to converting the data to the Munsell notation, the CIE tristimulus values were transformed to chromaticity coordinates x and y. The chromaticity coordinates and the luminous reflectance (Y) were then converted to Munsell Hue (H), Value (V) and Chroma (C). The conversions to Hue, Value and Chroma were performed by means of a FORTRAN program, MUNSC (developed by Keegan10). For pre-immersion samples, Hue was found to be in the range from 1.5Y to 7.OY, Chroma from 0.3 to 2.0, and Value from 5.3 to 6.3. Simple differences (post-immersion minus pre-immersion) for Hue, Value and Chroma, were calculated for all experimental data.
M F ADAPTIC
F M PRESTIGE
M
F
ADDENT
M F SMILE
COFFEE
Fig. 2. - Changes in Hue, Value and Chroma for resins immersed in coffee solution. (See column 2, Tables I-IV, for standard deviations.) 1.4
Results and discussion. Tables I-IV give the mean color differences for both the CIE and Munsell systems. These differences are shown graphically for the Munsell components in the form of bar graphs in Figures 1-3. Color changes were
T
|
07
7
I35
*
ADAPTIC
PRESTIGE
ADDENT
SMILE
TEA
Changes in Hue, Value and Chroma in tea solution. (See column 3, Tables I-IV, for standard deviations.) Fig. 3.
.0
for resins
!
4 2
49
.5
M
F
ADAPTIC
M
F
M
PRESTIGE
F
ADDENT
M
F
SMILE
$ONTROL
Fig. 1. -Changes in Hue, Value and Chroma for resins immersed in control solution. (See column 1, Tables I-IV, for standard deviations.)
-
immersed
noted for each solution, resin and surface finish. The effect of the stains is shown in Table V by the overall higher Chroma numbers (AC = +0.35) and lower Value numbers (AV = -0.23). The greatest changes were observed for samples immersed in coffee (AV = -0.36, AC = +0.58), Changes were also observed for immersion in tea and distilled water. Hue changes were essentially
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J Dent Res November-December 1 9 78
MOSER ETAL.
960
TABLE I SUMMARY OF COLOR CHANGES FOR ADAPTIC
Coffee
Control F
M
+0.30 (1.1) +0.02 (.92) -0.06 (.02) -0.02 (.01) 0.18 (.06) 0.05 (.06) 3.13 (1.03) 2.10 (0.44)
AH aV
Tea
M
F
M
F
+0.27 (.16) -0.31 (.02) 0.40 (.07) 9.75 (0.58)
+1.12 (3.1) -0.33 (.04) 0.49 (.07) 10.81 (1.22)
-0.90 (1.1) -0.20 (.01) 0.07 (.04) 5.54 (0.34)
-0.92 (.23) -0.25 (.02) 0.25 (.04) 7.65 (0.41)
AC AE* *See reference 8 for details of calculation.
Values in parentheses indicate standard deviation.
the same for tea and coffee and were slightly reveal that changes in Value or Chroma lower for the controls. Absolute values of are at least an order of magnitude more imthe Hue changes are shown, since individual portant than changes in Hue in assessing specimens within each group changed in color differences. There is relatively more scatter in the both directions; changes occurred either toward the YR or GY axis as shown in Fig- AH values than in the AC and AV components, as shown by the standard deviations ure 4. In the Munsell system the Value of any given in Tables I-IV. The significance of the color represents its lightness or darkness, color changes expressed by the Munsell and, as one proceeds to lower Value num- notation and total color difference (AE) bers, a darkening of the color is observed. calculated from the colorimetric measureThe Chroma of a material corresponds to ments can be tested by analysis of variance. the intensity of a particular Hue; higher The results of this analysis are presented in Chroma numbers then correspond to higher Table VI. Significant differences (P < intensities. For samples immersed in coffee 0.01) were found for the AE values as well as the changes in Value and Chroma. Howor tea, the changes to higher Chroma and 0.01) lower Value represent a general darkening ever, there were no significant (P of the specimens and an increase in the in- differences in the Hue changes. This lack of tensity of the color. Average Hue numbers significant change in Hue can be attributed for all samples changed very little, although to the high standard deviations in the AH individually some changes are relatively measurements (Tables I-IV). Although diflarge (Tables I-IV). At low Chromas, Hue ferences between mean AH values may appear changes that are numerically equal to Value to be large, these differences cannot be interpreted as indicating change in Hue. or Chroma changes are not as easily percepIf the Hue is changing very little, one tible1l. In fact formulas developed from the Munsell notation for overall color change, would expect the chromaticity coordinates such as the Nickerson-Balinkin formula §, x and y to be changing in a nearly linear fashion. The converse is also true. In Figure 5 a plot of the chromaticity coordinates [(2 CAH)2 + (6AV)2 + (x, y) is shown for all samples (both pre§Color difference = (40 AC)2 ] 2. See reference 12. and post-immersion). A straight line through TABLE II SUMMARY OF COLOR CHANGES FOR PRESTIGE
Control
AH aV
AC AE*
Tea
Coffee
M
F
M
F
0.00 (.40) 0.01 (.02)
-0.16 (1.3) 0.02 (.05) 0.13 (.05) 3.34 (1.38)
-1.79 (2.5) -0.29 (.06)
-0.26 (2.0) -0.40 (.06)
0.16 (.03) 2.46 (0.80)
0.77 (.44) 12.14 (1.96)
0.78 (.05) 14.50 (1.44)
M
-0.57 (.48) -0.18 (.02)
0.27 (.06) 6.70 (0.89)
F 1.13 (1.2)
-0.63 (.07)
0.43 (.15) 16.14 (1.77)
*See reference 8 for details of calculation. Values in parentheses indicate standard deviation. Downloaded from jdr.sagepub.com at COLUMBIA UNIV on November 28, 2014 For personal use only. No other uses without permission.
COLOR DIFFERENCES IN COMPOSITE RESINS
Vol. 57No. 11-12
961
TABLE III SUMMARY OF COLOR CHANGES FOR ADDENT
Control Coffee M M F F AH 0.19 (.32) -0.50 (1.5) 1.33 (2.2) -0.46 (.44) tV 0.01 (.03) -0.02 (.06) -0.17 (.04) -0.25 (.06) AC 0.15 (.05) 0.12 (.12) 0.51 (.09) 0.48 (.05) AE* 2.39 (0.73) 3.01 (1.20) 8.63 (1.37) 9.86 (1.11) *See reference 8 for details of calculation. Values in parentheses indicate standard deviation.
Color changes in various media. Samples immersed in distilled water (Figure 1) at 550C show small changes in the direction of higher Chroma and lower Value. Smile, either with a mylar or finished surface, showed the largest changes in Chroma and Value, paralleling the AE calculations using the FMC* formula (Table IV). Even though the changes in Hue appear appreciable in the figure, they are not easily detected visually and are both toward the yellow-red as well as the green-yellow. For the samples immersed in coffee (Figure 2), Prestige showed the greatest change in Chroma, while Smile showed the greatest change in Value. This result is consistent with the calculated changes using the FMC formula, in which Smile had the largest color changes with Prestige second. The Munsell data, especially for Chroma,
MacAdam-Chickering
F
-0.19 (1.3) -0.14 (.05) 0.44 (.04) 7.02 (1.60)
0.45 (.90) -0.21 (.07) 0.67 (.08) 10.97 (1.62)
indicated that the color changes for Adaptic and Addent are similar. This was also found using the FMC formula. Samples immersed in tea gave smaller changes in Munsell numbers than those immersed in coffee (Figure 3), but greater changes than the controls. Addent showed the greatest change in Chroma, with the finished surface giving a particularly high change (+0.68). The Prestige finished surface had the highest change in Value (-0.63). The results of this series appear to be affected most by the type of surface preparation. This was corroborated using the FMC formula. The highest change in AE occurred in finished Prestige, which correlates with changes in AV as seen in Table II.
these sample points gives a good fit (the correlation coefficient for x and y is 0.95). Thus, in summary, the Munsell changes for these data can be interpreted as a general darkening of the samples with little change in Hue of the materials.
*FMC: Friele
Tea M
Conclusions. Previous results8 using the FMC equation based on tristimulus values gave a composite AE which indicated differences between resins as a result of staining. These AE values are not easily interpretable in terms of normal color experience. On the other hand, the results of the present study show that the color changes in the composite resins consisted mainly in changes of Munsell Chroma and Value with little change in Hue. Thus, by using the more visual Munsell
(see refer-
ence 8 for details).
TABLE IV SUMMARY OF COLOR CHANGES FOR SMILE
Control M
AH
Coffee F
M
0.10 (.30) -0.01 (.31) -0.21 (.22) sV -0.11 (.14) -0.56 (.03) -0.16 (.04) AC 0.12 (.12) 0.27 (.05) 0.65 (.12) AE* 5.25 (1.26) 5.87 (1.17) 16.57 (1.20) *See reference 8 for details of calculation. Values in parentheses indicate standard deviation.
Tea F
-0.25 (.85) -0.55 (.04) 0.57 (.05) 15.67 (0.78)
M 0.73 (1.6) -0.32 (.05) 0.24 (.08) 9.03 (1.35)
F
-0.44 (.53) -0.38 (.05) 0.43 (.10) 11.64 (1.30)
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JDent Res November-December 1978
MOSER ETAL.
962
TABLE V
AVERAGE COLOR CHANGES FOR ALL FOUR MATERIALS Control Coffee !Hue AValue AChroma
'5G Fig. 4. Section of Munsell Hue LetterNumber system showing range of tooth colors (see Reference 1) and resin colors determined in this
0.16 -0.04
0.71 -0.36 +0.58
+0.15
Tea
All Media
0.66
0.51
-0.30 +0.33
-0.23 +0.35
system, one can separate out the relative and directional changes in Hue, Value and Chroma and therefore pinpoint more perceptually the type of color change taking place. Furthermore, one can, as was done in this study, determine the statistically significant components in a total color difference.
-
study. 0.3571
Acknowledgments. We would like to thank Dr. Fred W. Billmeyer, Jr., and Mr. Daniel Rich of the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute for the CIE-toMunsell conversion computer program.
0.349]1 0.341
.
0.332
0.324
0.316
References 1. LEMIRE, P. A.; and BURK, B.: Color in Dentistry (J. M. Ney Company, Hartford, Conn.)
.t, .
-
y
;-. ..i
I
-
(1975).
2. GROVE, D. T.: The Efficacy of a Polymerized Vinyl Matrix Inorganic Filler Complex as a Restorative Material, J. Ky. Dent. Assoc., 20: (3) 14-24 (1968). 3. GOTTFREDSON, C.: Physical Properties of a Plastic Filling Material (Addent), Acta Odontol. Scand., 27:595-615 (1969). 4. FLIM, G. J.: Polymeric Restorative Materials, Ned. Tijdschr, Tandheel Kd., 78:429-438
-
,. 0341
I
0.322
I
I
0.332
0.343
0.353
I
0364
x
Fig. 5. - Plot of chromaticity coordinates for all resin specimens both before and after immer(1971). sion in test solutions. TABLE VI ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR CIE AND MUNSELL CHANGES AE
D.F. I
M.S.S.2 F-Value 1203.47 483.90*
M.S.S. Solution (S) 2 0.10 Finish (F) 1 139.45 56.07* 0.05 3 Resin (R) 162.36 65.28* 1.24 2 SxF 67.78 27.25* 1.38 6 SxR 37.64 15.14* 5.82 FxR 3 13.17 5.30* 5.80 SxFxR 6 15.27 6.14* 3.42 Error 144 2.49 1.71 *Significant at the 1% level of confidence lDegrees of Freedom 2Mean Sum of Squares Source
-C
V
AH
F-Value
0.06 0.03 0.72 0.81 3.41 3.39 2.00
M.S.S. 1.57 0.19 0.35 0.09 0.08
F-Value M.S.S.
F-Value
5 15.05*
183.75* 21.77* 21.12* 9.82* 13.89* 0.97 1.25
62.47*
115.20* 28.63* 27.08* 19.98* 14.76*
0.06 0.05 0.003 AE = Total color difference AH = Difference in Hue AV = Difference in Value AC = Difference in Chroma
2.59 0.31 0.30 0.14 0.20 0.01 0.02 0.01
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Vol.57No. 11-12
COLOR DIFFERENTCES IN COMPOSITE RESINS
311-322 (1977). 9. HEMMENDINGER, H.: Development of Color Difference Formulas, J. Paint. Tech., 42: 132-139 (1970). 10. KEEGAN, H. J.; RHEINBOLDT, W. C.; SCHLETER, J. C.; MENARD, J. P.; and JUDD, D. B.: Digital Reduction of Spectrophotometric Data to Munsell Renotations, J. Opt. Soc. Amer., 48:863 (1958). 11. SPROULL, R. C.: Color Matching in Dentistry, Part II, J. Prosthet. Dent., 29:556-566 (1973). 12. BALINKIN, I. A.: Measurement and Designation of Small Color Difference-, Bull. Amer. Ceramic Soc., 20:392402 (1941).
5. LEE, H. L.; ORLOWSKI, J.; and A. KOBASHIGAWA, Handbook of Dental Composites (Lee Pharmaceuticals, South El Monte, Cal.)
(1973). 6. KAFALIAS, M. C.; SWARTZ, M. L.; and PHILLIPS, R. W.: Physical Properties of Selected Dental Resins Part I, J. Prosthet. Dent., 13:
1087-1107 (1963). 7. PETERSON, E. A.; PHILLIPS, R. W.; and SWARTZ, M. L.: A Comparison of the Physical Properties of Four Restorative Resins, J. Amer. Dental Assoc., 73:1324-1336 (1966). 8. GROSS, M.D.; and MOSER, J. B.: A Colonmetric Study of Coffee and Tea Staining of Four Composite Resins, J. Oral Rehab., 4:
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