International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 2014, 36, 471–476

doi: 10.1111/ics.12143

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from Phyllanthus emblica L. and evaluation of antioxidant activities C.-C. Tsai*, C.-H. Chou†, Y.-C. Liu‡ and C.-W. Hsieh*,‡ *Department of Medicinal Botanicals and Health Applications, Da-Yeh University, 168 University Rd, Dacun, Chang-Hua, †Morita Biotech Corporation, 11, Heping Rd., Changhua City, Changhua County and ‡ Biotechnology Research Center, Da-Yeh University, 168 University Rd, Dacun, Chang-Hua, Taiwan

Received 20 February 2014, Accepted 11 April 2014

Keywords: antioxidant activity, emblica fruit, phenolic compounds, Phyllanthus emblica L., ultrasound-assisted extraction

Synopsis OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to optimize ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from Phyllanthus emblica. METHODS: Extracts obtained by UAE were evaluated for their antioxidant activities. Extraction experiments were carried out with three factors and three levels namely extraction time (varying from 15 to 60 min), ethanol concentration (varying from 50 to 90%) and frequency (varying from 28 to 56 kHz). RESULTS: The results showed that the UAE optimal conditions of extracting total phenol components were as follows: 15 min of extraction time, 60°C of extraction temperature, 70% of ethanol concentration, 56 kHz of ultrasonic frequency and a 1: 50 solid to solvent ratio. Under optimal conditions, the leaching-out rate of phenolic compounds was up to 55.34 mg g1, and the yield of crude extract of P. emblica was up to 56.82%. The results reveal that the yield of phenolic compounds of UAE (56.82%) is higher than that of conventional solvent extraction (16.78%). Furthermore, the antioxidant activities of ethanol extracts obtained by UAE were evaluated in terms of activities of DPPH (1,1’-diphenyl2-2’-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant activity, metal chelating activity, and reducing power. P. emblica extracts obtained by UAE showed high antioxidant activity (26.00, 50.11 and 115.91 lg mL1 of IC50 values for DPPH radicals, total antioxidant ability and chelating ability of ferrous ion). CONCLUSION: The result of this study showed that UAE was a suitable method for the extraction of total phenolic compounds. Moreover, the author’s main finding in this work is the fact that phenolic compounds from P. emblica show excellent antioxidant activity in multi-test systems.  sume  Re OBJECTIF: L’objectif de cette etude etait d’ optimiser l’extraction assistee par ultrasons (EAU) des composes phenoliques de P. emblica. METHODES: Les extraits obtenus par les EAU ont ete evalues quant  leurs activites anti-oxydantes. Des experiences d’extraction ont ete a  savoir effectues avec trois facteurs et trois niveaux de temps a Correspondence: Chang-Wei Hsieh, Department of Medicinal Botanicals and Health Applications, Da-Yeh University, No. 168 University Rd, Dacun, Chang-Hua 51591, Taiwan. Tel: +886-4-8511888 ext. 1790; fax: +886-4-8511349; e-mail: [email protected]

l’extraction (variant entre 15 et 60 min), la concentration en ethanol (variant entre 50 et 90%) et la frequence (variant entre 28 et 56 kHz). RESULTATS: Les resultats ont montre que les conditions optimales d’extraction EAU des composants phenoliques totaux sont les suivantes: 15 min de temps d’extraction, 60° C de la temperature d’extraction, 70% de concentration d’ ethanol, 56 kHz de la frequence ultrasonore et un: rapport 1:50 solide/solvant. Dans des conditions optimales, le taux des composes phenoliques extrait etait de 55,34 mg / g, et le rendement de l’extrait brut de P. emblica etait a 56,82%. Les resultats revelent que le rendement en composes phenoliques de  celui de l’extraction par solvant clasl’ EAU (56,82%) est superieur a sique (16,78%). En outre, les activites antioxydantes des extraits d’ethanol obtenus par les EAU ont ete evaluees en termes d’inactivation des radicaux DPPH,d’activite antioxydante totale, d’activite de chelation de metal, et de potentiel redox. Les extraits de P. emblica obtenus par les EAU ont montre une activite antioxydante elevee (26,00 pg / ml, 50,11 pg / ml et 115,91 mg / mL (valeurs IC50 pour les radicaux DPPH, capacite antioxydante totale et la capacite de chelation des ions ferreux respectivement). CONCLUSION: Le resultat de cette etude a montre que l’Extraction Assistee par Ultrason (EAU) etait un procede approprie pour l’extraction de composes phenoliques totaux. En outre, la conclusion principale de ce travail est le fait que les composes phenoliques du P. emblica presentent une excellente activite antioxydante dans les systemes multi- test. Introduction Phyllanthus emblica L. (emblica) as an euphorbiaceous plant is widely distributed in subtropical and tropical areas of China, India, Indonesia and Malay Peninsula [1]. Emblica fruit is well accepted by consumers for its special taste and has been used widely for thousands of years in Chinese and Indian traditional medicinal systems. Emblica fruit has been reported to have several pharmacological properties, such as jaundice [2], hypolipidemic [3], and chemoprotective activities [4], diarrhoea [5], hypoglycaemic activities [6], anti-inflammatory [7] and antioxidant [8]. Previous study has reported a large amount of phenolic compounds present in P. emblica [1]. Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites of plants that have important functions in combating diseases, such as anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-tumour, anti-inflammatory, immunomodula-

© 2014 Society of Cosmetic Scientists and the Societe Francßaise de Cosmetologie

471

UAE of phenolic compounds from P. emblica

C.-C. Tsai et al.

tory, anti-cancer, and antioxidant [9–14]. Phenolic compounds have the potential to function as antioxidants by scavenging the superoxide anion, singlet oxygen and lipid peroxyl radicals involved in oxidative processes through hydrogenation with oxidizing species [15–17]. Extraction of phenolic compounds from medicinal plants can be carried out in various ways, such as solvent extraction, soxhlet extraction and microwave-assisted extraction. However, these methods have some advantages and disadvantages. The solvent extraction may remain a toxic substance or have poor extraction efficiency; microwave-assistance extraction provides very rapid and efficient extraction [18], but equipment is expensive; the soxhlet extraction solvent used can be reduced but requires a long extraction time. These disadvantages could cause the loss of active ingredients because of hydrolysis, oxidation and thermal decomposition during the high temperature extraction [19]. Ultrasoundassisted extraction (UAE) has been widely used for the extraction of nutritional materials. Compared with traditional methods, UAE can improve the extraction efficiency and extraction rate, reduce extraction temperature and increase the selection ranges of the solvents. UAE has been widely used for the extraction of nutritional material, such as lipids, flavonoids, essential oils and bioactive compounds. Previous studies have reported that UAE was used to extract oil and polyphenols from grape seeds [20], flavonoids from Prunella vulgaris [21] and geniposide from Gardenia jasminoides [22]. Many studies have shown that phenolic compounds of P. emblica can be extracted by conventional solvent extraction. However, no relevant work on UAE with P. emblica has been reported. Therefore, the objective of this study was to optimize ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from P. emblica and evaluate the antioxidant activities of extracts obtained by UAE. It would offer scientific reference for quality assay and utilization of the cosmetic resource.

Table I Extraction yield of phenolics in an orthogonal array experimental design (L9(34))

Factors

Exp

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 K1 K2 K3 R

A

1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 41.75 39.58 38.43 3.32

B

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 38.70 40.61 40.45 1.91

C

1 2 3 2 3 1 3 1 2 39.81 39.97 39.98 0.17

A, Extraction time (hour):(1) 15 min (2) 30 min (3) 60 min. B, Ethanol concentration (%):(1) 50% (2) 70% (3) 90%. C, Frequency (kHz):(1) 28 kHz (2) 40 kHz (3) 56 kHz.

472

Results Phenolic (mg g1)

39.55 41.87 43.83 39.90 39.47 39.38 36.65 40.49 38.15

        

0.79 0.62 0.85 0.21 0.96 0.89 0.31 0.09 0.89

Materials and methods Plant material The air-dried fruit of P. emblica L. at the commercially mature stage was purchased from Changhua City, Taiwan. The hulls were carefully removed from the seeds and made into a powder using a mill. Reagents DPPH (1,10 -diphenyl-2-20 -picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,20 -azinobis3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), Trolox (6 – hydroxyl – 2,5,7,8 – tetramethylchromane – 2 – carboxylic acid), gallic acid and ferrozine were purchased from the Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.). All other chemicals used were of analytical grade. Ultrasound-assisted extraction and conventional solvent extraction Ultrasound-assisted extraction was performed in an ultrasonic cleaner (Taiwan Supercritical Technology Co., Ltd., Taiwan). The P. emblica powder (1 g) was placed into a volumetric flask (50 ml), soaked with ethanol solvent (70%) and then, placed in an ultrasonic cleaning bath at 56 kHz for 15 min at 60°C. The extract was filtered and the filtrate was collected and lyophilized for determination of phenolics. The conventional solvent extraction was under the same conditions (15 min of extraction time, 60°C of extraction temperature, 70% of ethanol concentration), but it was without ultrasound (56 kHz of ultrasonic frequency). Orthogonal array experimental design (OAD) An orthogonal array experimental design (L9(34)) was performed to investigate the optimal ultrasonic-assisted extraction procedure of phenolics from P. emblica. As seen in Table I, extraction experiments were carried out with three factors and three levels, namely extraction time (Factor A), ethanol concentration (Factor B) and frequency (Factor C). The range of each factor level was based on the results of single factor tests, which were identified to have greater effects on extraction yields for phenolics. The OAD tests were performed following the method described in the extraction procedure. Determination of total phenol content The total phenol content was determined using the method of Julkunen-Tiitto [23] with minor modifications. In brief, ethanol extract solution (0.2 ml) was mixed with distilled water (1.8 ml), a FolinCiocalteu reagent (0.1 ml) and sodium carbonate (20%, 2.5 ml). The tubes were vortexed for 15 s and allowed to stand for 20 min at room temperature for colour development. Absorbance was then measured at 765 nm by spectrophotometer (Metertech SP8001, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.). Gallic acid was used to calculate the standard curve (5–25 mg ml1), and the results were expressed as mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per g of extract. DPPH radical scavenging activity The DPPH radical scavenging activities of all the samples of P. emblica were determined by the method of Shimada [24] with minor modifications. An ethanol solution of samples (1 ml) with various concentrations (5, 10, 30, 50, 100, 150, 300 lg ml1) was mixed

© 2014 Society of Cosmetic Scientists and the Societe Francßaise de Cosmetologie International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 36, 471–476

UAE of phenolic compounds from P. emblica

C.-C. Tsai et al.

with 5 ml of 0.1 mM DPPH dissolved in methanol. The mixture was incubated at room temperature in the dark for 20 min. The control contained all the reagents without the sample and was used as a blank. The DPPH radical scavenging activity was determined by measuring the absorbance at 517 nm using a spectrophotometer (Metertech SP8001). The DPPH radical scavenging activity of L-ascorbic acid was also determined for a comparison. DPPH radical scavenging activity was calculated as (1 – absorbance of sample/absorbance of control) 9100. Total antioxidant activity The total antioxidant activities of all the samples of P. emblica were determined by the method of Re et al. [25] with minor modifications. An ABTS radical cation (ABTS+) solution was prepared through the reaction of ABTS (7 mM) with potassium persulphate (2.45 mM), after incubation at room temperature in the dark for 12 h. The ABTS+ solution was then diluted with 95% ethanol to obtain an absorbance of 0.70  0.02 at 734 nm. Each sample (2 ml) or trolox standard (2 ml) was added to 2 ml of ABTS+ solution and mixed vigorously. The reaction mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature for 6 min, and the total antioxidant activity was determined by measuring the absorbance at 734 nm using a spectrophotometer (Metertech SP8001). The control contained all the reagents without the sample and was used as a blank. The total antioxidant activity of L-ascorbic acid was also determined for a comparison. The total antioxidant activity was calculated as (1 – absorbance of sample/absorbance of control) 9100. Metal chelating activity The metal chelating activities of all the samples of P. emblica were determined by the method of Decker and Welch. [26] with minor modifications. An ethanol solution of samples (1 ml) at various concentrations (5, 10, 30, 50, 100, 150, 300 lg ml1) was mixed with methanol (3.7 ml), FeCl2•4H2O (2 mM, 0.1 ml) and ferrozine (5 mM, 0.2 ml). The mixture stood in the dark for 10 min. The control contained all the reagents without the sample and was used as a blank. The metal chelating activity was determined by measuring the absorbance at 562 nm using a spectrophotometer (Metertech SP8001). The metal chelating activity of L-ascorbic acid was also determined for a comparison. The metal chelating activity

Phenolic content (mg g–1)

44 42 40

was calculated as (1 – absorbance of sample/absorbance of control) 9100. Reducing power The reducing power of all the samples of P. emblica was determined by the method of Oyaizu [27] with minor modifications. An ethanol solution of samples (0.5 ml) at various concentrations (5, 10, 30, 50, 100, 150, 300 lg ml1) was mixed with a phosphate buffer (0.02 M, pH 6.6, 0.5 ml) and potassium ferricyanide (1%, 0.5 ml). After the mixture was incubated at 50°C for 20 min, trichloroacetic acid (10%, 0.5 ml) was added, and the mixture was centrifuged at 1600 g for 10 min. The upper layer of the solution (1.5 ml) was mixed with ferric chloride (0.1%, 0.2 ml) for 10 min. The control contained all the reagents without the sample and was used as a blank. The reducing power was determined by measuring the absorbance at 700 nm using a spectrophotometer (Metertech SP8001). Increasing the absorbance of the reaction mixture indicated an increase in the reducing power. The reducing power of Lascorbic acid was also determined for comparison. The reducing power was calculated as (Absorbance of sample – Absorbance of control) 9 multiple of dilution. Results and discussion Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction for phenolics extract from Phyllanthus emblica L In the present study, an orthogonal array experimental design was performed to investigate the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction procedure for phenolic compounds from P. emblica. As seen in Table I, extraction experiments were carried out with three factors and three levels (Fig. 1), namely extraction time (varying from 15 to 60 min), ethanol concentration (varying from 50% to 90%) and frequency (varying from 28 to 56 kHz).The optimal conditions for extracting total phenol components were as follows: 15 min of extraction time, 60°C extraction temperature, 70% ethanol concentration, 56 kHz of ultrasonic frequency and 1 : 50 ratio of solid to solvent. The leaching-out rate of phenolic compounds was up to 55.34 mg g1, and the yield of phenolic components was up to 56.82%. The results indicated that an ultrasound-assisted extraction technique showed high efficiency in extraction bioactive components. Compared with the conventional solvent extraction (Table II), the yield of phenolic components of conventional solvent extraction (16.78%) is lower than that of UAE (56.82%). Previous study proved that compared with UAE with conventional extraction,

Table II The phenolic content and extraction yield of ultrasonic-assisted extraction extract and compared with conventional solvent extraction

38 36

Phenolics (mg g1)

Extraction yield (%)

55.34  0.98a 14.64  0.24b

56.82a 16.78b

0 A1

A2

A3

B1

B2

B3

C1

C2

C3

Factors

Figure 1 Effects of extraction time, ethanol concentration and frequency on orthogonal experimental design of phenolic content.A1–3: Extraction time: 5, 30, 60 min. B1–3: Ethanol concentration: 50%, 70%, 90%. C1–3: Frequency: 28, 40, 56 kHz.

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction Conventional solvent extraction

Means of replicates  standard deviation (n = 3). The means in the same column followed by different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05).

© 2014 Society of Cosmetic Scientists and the Societe Francßaise de Cosmetologie International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 36, 471–476

473

UAE of phenolic compounds from P. emblica

C.-C. Tsai et al. which was higher than that of L-ascorbic acid (90.77  1.124%) at the same concentration. The results indicate that P. emblica extracts obtained by UAE have significant DPPH radical scavenging activity. Previous study also revealed that high DPPH radical scavenging activity was detected in yellow tea extracts obtained by UAE [30]. Phenolics reduce DPPH radical by their hydrogen donating ability [31]. The result of this investigation revealed that the DPPH radical scavenging activities of P. emblica might be attributed to the hydrogen donating ability of phenolics. These results suggest that UAE is an efficient extraction method for high antioxidant compounds from different natural sources.

100

80 70 60 50 40 30 L-Ascorbic acid Phyllanthus emblica L.

20 0

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

Concentration (μg mL–1)

Total antioxidant activity

Figure 2 DPPH radical scavenging activity of Phyllanthus emblica extracts and L-ascorbic acid. P. emblica extracts isolated by 70% ethanol (sample: extraction solvent (v/v) = 1 : 50) at 60°C for 15 min. L-ascorbic acid was used as the positive control. Results are represented as percentages of control, and the data are mean  SD (n = 3).

higher amounts of polyphenols from grape seeds [20] and phenolic antioxidant from green tea [28] can be extracted by UAE. These studies suggest that UAE is more efficient than conventional solvent extraction to extract antioxidant phenolic compounds from different natural sources. UAE is more efficient and rapid to extract phenolic components, due to the strong disruption of sample tissue structure under ultrasonic acoustic cavitation. The optimal condition was chosen for extracting total phenolic components used for further antioxidant activities. DPPH radical scavenging activity

90 80 70 60 50 40 L-Ascorbic acid Phyllanthus emblica L.

30 0 0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Concentration (μg ml–1)

Figure 4 Chelating ability of ferrous ion of Phyllanthus emblica extracts and L-ascorbic acid. P. emblica extracts isolated by 70% ethanol (sample: extraction solvent (v/v) = 1 : 50) at 60°C for 15 min. L-ascorbic acid was used as the positive control. Results are represented as percentages of control, and the data are mean  SD (n = 3).

110

3.0

100

2.5

90

2.0

80 70 60 50 40 30 0

1.5 1.0 0.5

Phyllanthus emblica L. L-Ascorbic acid

0.0 0

30

60

90

120

150

180

Concentration (μg

210

240

270

300

ml–1)

L-Ascorbic acid Phyllanthus emblica L.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Concentration (μg ml–1)

Figure 3 Total antioxidant activity of Phyllanthus emblica extracts and L-ascorbic acid. P. emblica extracts isolated by 70% ethanol (sample: extraction solvent (v/v) = 1 : 50) at 60°C for 15 min. L-ascorbic acid was used as the positive control. Results are represented as percentages of control, and the data are mean  SD (n = 3).

474

100

OD700 nm

Total antioxidant capacity (%)

DPPH is a commercial oxidizing radical, which can be reduced by antioxidants. The stable DPPH can be used to study the reaction kinetics of antioxidants and to compare the free radical scavenging capacities of different antioxidants [29]. The effects of P. emblica extracts obtained by UAE on DPPH radical scavenging activity were determined, and the results are shown in Fig. 2. As can be seen from Fig. 2, the DPPH radical scavenging increased from 36.2  3.37% to 93.9  2.82%, when the concentration of the obtained extracts increased from 12.5 to 150 lg ml1. Furthermore, the DPPH radical scavenging effect of obtained extracts was observed to be 93.9  2.82% in a concentration of 100 lg ml1,

Total antioxidant activity is the antioxidant assay, which is widely used to measure the antioxidant capacities of plant extracts and determined the antioxidant activity of hydrogen donating antioxidants and of chain breaking antioxidants. Figure 3 shows the total antioxidant ability of P. emblica extracts compared with L-ascorbic acid as a control standard. It seems that the total antioxidant ability of obtained extracts was mostly related to their concentrations. The values of the total antioxidant activity ranged from 32.93  2.11%

Chelating of ferrous ion (%)

DPPH scavenging effect (%)

90

Figure 5 Reducing power of Phyllanthus emblica extracts and L-ascorbic acid. P. emblica extracts isolated by 70% ethanol (sample: extraction solvent (v/v) = 1 : 50) at 60°C for 15 min. L-ascorbic acid was used as the positive control. Results are represented as percentages of control, and the data are mean  SD (n = 3).

© 2014 Society of Cosmetic Scientists and the Societe Francßaise de Cosmetologie International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 36, 471–476

UAE of phenolic compounds from P. emblica

C.-C. Tsai et al.

to 93.18  2.91%, when the concentration of the obtain extracts varied from 30 to 300 lg ml1. The IC50 of the total antioxidant ability was 50.11 lg ml1. The obtained extracts exhibited the notable total antioxidant ability, with an efficacy slightly lower than that of L-ascorbic acid (99.89  2.45%) at the same concentration (300 lg ml1). The antioxidant activity of phenolics is mainly due to their redox properties, which allow them to act as reducing agents, hydrogen donors and singlet oxygen quenchers. They may also have a metal chelating potential [32]. It has been reported that bioactive compounds, which were extracted by solvent extraction and partitioned by ethyl acetate, showed a good DPPH radical and ABTS scavenging activity [33]. However, in previous studies, the extraction methods used to extract bioactive compounds from P. emblica were complex. In this study, the UAE is simple and has a short extraction time to extract bioactive compounds from P. emblica. Furthermore, P. emblica extracts obtained by UAE have a significant effect on the total antioxidant ability. Metal chelating activity In this assay, ferrozine can quantitatively form complexes with Fe2+ In the presence of other chelating agents or antioxidants, the complex formation is disrupted resulting in a decrease in the purple colour of the complexes. The effect of P. emblica extracts on the chelating ability of ferrous ion is shown in Fig. 4. As can be seen from Fig. 4, the chelating ability of ferrous ion increased from 32.93  2.08% to 73.21  2.58%, when the concentration of the obtain extracts increased from 50 to 300 lg ml1. Furthermore, the metal chelating activity of the obtained extracts is slightly lower than that of L-ascorbic acid (77.43  1.92%) at the same concentration (300 lg ml1). The result indicates that P. emblica extracts obtained by UAE have significant metal chelating activity, and the effects increase with the increase in the concentration of P. emblica extracts. The possible mechanism of chelating Fe 2+ by phenolics is to possess a number of hydroxyl groups and then form strong coordination oxygen ion complexes with a ferrous ion [34]. The chelating agents which form r-bonds with a metal, are effective as secondary antioxidants because they reduce the redox potential, thereby stabilizing the oxidized form of the metal ion [35].

Reducing power Reducing power is associated with antioxidant activity and may serve as a significant reflection on the antioxidant activity [36]. Compounds with reducing power indicate that they are electron donors and can reduce the oxidized intermediates of lipid peroxidation processes, so that they can act as primary and secondary antioxidants [37]. Figure 5 shows the effects of P. emblica extracts on reducing power. The O.D.700 nm of reducing power increased from 0.077  0.008 to 2.25  0.067, when the concentration of the P. emblica extract increased from 5 to 150 lg ml1. The results demonstrate that P. emblica extract obtained by UAE had marked ferric ions (Fe3+) that reduce the ability and electron donor properties for neutralizing free radicals by forming stable products. Conclusion In the present study, an optimized ultrasound-assisted extraction method of total phenolic compounds from P. emblica has been developed. This is the first report on the extraction of phenolic compounds from P. emblica by UAE. The result of this study showed that UAE was a suitable method for the extraction of total phenolic compounds. Furthermore, the author’s main finding in this work is the fact that phenolic compounds from P. emblica show excellent antioxidant activity in multitest systems. To identify the phenolic components from P. emblica and elucidate their antioxidant mechanisms, a further study is in progress. Therefore, ultrasound-assisted extraction of antioxidants from P. emblica is an environment-friendly and green process for the preparation of extracts rich in natural antioxidants aimed at using in cosmetic industry to replace synthetic antioxidants. Acknowledgements The authors are very grateful to the Morita Biotech Corporation for the financial support on the present study.

References 1. Zhang, Y.J., Tanaka, T., Iwamoto, Y., Yang, C.R. and Kouno, I. Phyllaemblic acid, a novel highly oxygenated norbisabolane from the roots of Phyllanthus emblica. Tetrahedron Lett. 41, 1781–1784 (2000). 2. Morton, J.F. The Emblica (Phyllanthus emblica L.). Econ. Bot. 14, 119–128 (1960). 3. Anila, L. and Vijayalakshmi, N.R. Beneficial effects of flavonoids from Sesamum indicum, Emblica officinalis and Momordica charantia. Phytother. Res. 14, 1–4 (2000). 4. Sabu, M.C. and Kuttan, R. Anti-diabetic activity of medicinal plants and its relationship with their antioxidant property. J. Ethnopharmacol. 81, 155–160 (2002). 5. Rani, P. and Khullar, N. Antimicrobial evaluation of some medicinal plants for their anti-enteric potential against multi-drug

resistant Salmonella typhi. J. Phytother. Res. 18, 670–673 (2004). 6. Abesundara, K.J.M., Matsui, T. and Matsumoto, K. a-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of some Sri Lanka plant extracts, one of which, Cassia auriculata, exerts a strong antihyperglycemic effect in rats comparable to the therapeutic drug acarbose. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52, 2541–2545 (2004). 7. Sultana, S., Ahmed, S., Sharma, S. and Jahangir, T. Emblica officinalis reverses thioacetamide-induced oxidative stress and early promotional events of primary hepatocarcinogenesis. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 56, 1573–1579 (2004). 8. Poltanov, E.A., Shikov, A.N., Dorman, H.J., Pozharitskaya, O.N., Makarov, V.G., Tikhonov, V.P. and Hiltunen, R. Chemical and

© 2014 Society of Cosmetic Scientists and the Societe Francßaise de Cosmetologie International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 36, 471–476

antioxidant evaluation of Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis Gaertn., syn. Phyllanthus emblica L.) supplements. Phytother. Res. 23, 1309–1315 (2009). 9. Banskota, A.H., Nagaoka, T., Sumioka, L.Y. et al. Antiproliferative activity of the Netherlands propolis and its active principles in cancer cell lines. J. Ethnopharmacol. 80, 67– 73 (2002). 10. Kimoto, T., Aga, M., Hino, K., Koya-Miyata, S., Yamamoto, Y. and Micallef, M. Apoptosis of human leukemia cells induced by artepillin C, an active ingredient of Brazilian propolis. Anticancer Res. 21, 221–228 (2001). 11. Harliansyah, Murad, N.A., Ngah, W.Z.W. and Yusof, Y.A.M. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and apoptosis effects of Zingiber offici-

475

UAE of phenolic compounds from P. emblica

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

476

nale and 6-Gingerol on HepG2 cells. Asian J. Biochem. 2, 421–426 (2007). Matito, C., Mastorakou, F., Centelles, J.J., Torres, J.L. and Cascante, M. Antiproliferative effect of antioxidant polyphenols from grape in murine Hepa- 1c1c7. Eur. J. Nutr. 42, 43–49 (2003). Zhou, J., Xue, X., Li, Y. et al. Multiresidue determination of tetracycline antibiotics in propolis by using HPLC–UV detection with ultrasonic-assisted extraction and two-step solid phase extraction. Food Chem. 115, 1074–1080 (2009). Sreeramulu, D. and Raghunath, M. Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of roots, tubers and vegetables commonly consumed in India. Food Res. Int. 43, 1017–1020 (2010). Husain, S.R., Cillard, J. and Cillard, P. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of flavonoids. Phytochemistry 26, 2489–2491 (1987). Torel, J., Chillard, J. and Chillard, P. Antioxidant activity of flavonoids and reactivity with peroxy radical. Phytochemistry 25, 383–385 (1986). Robak, J. and Gryglewski, R.J. Flavonoids are scavengers of superoxide anion. Biochem. Pharmacol. 37, 837–841 (1988). Li, Y., Skouroumounis, G.K., Elsey, G.M. and Taylor, D.K. Microwave-assistance provides very rapid and efficient extraction of grape seed polyphenols. Food Chem. 129, 570– 576 (2011). Gao, M., Song, B.Z. and Liu, C.Z. Dynamic microwave assisted extraction of flavonoids from Saussurea medusa Maxim cultured cells. Biochem. Eng. J. 32, 79–83 (2006). Porto, C.D., Porretto, E. and Decorti, D. Comparison of ultrasound-assisted extraction with conventional extraction methods of oil and polyphenols from grape (Vitis vinifera L.) seeds. Ultrason. Sonochem. 20, 1076–1080 (2013).

C.-C. Tsai et al.

21. Zhang, G., He, L. and Hu, M. Optimized ultrasonic-assisted extraction of flavonoids from Prunella vulgaris L. and evaluation of antioxidant activities in vitro. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 12, 18–25 (2011). 22. Wang, X.S., Wu, Y.F., Dai, S.L., Chen, R. and Shao, Y. Ultrasound assisted extraction of geniposide from Gardenia jasminoides. Ultrason. Sonochem. 19, 1155–1159 (2012). 23. Julkunen-Tiitto, R. Phenolic constituents in the leaves of northern willow; methods for the analysis of certain phenolics. J. Agric. Food Chem. 33, 213–217 (1985). 24. Shimada, K., Fujikawa, K., Yahara, K. and Nakamura, T. Antioxidative properties of xanthan on the autoxidation of soybean oil in cyclodextrin emulsion. J. Agric. Food Chem. 40, 945–948 (1992). 25. Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang, M. and Rice-Evans, C. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radical Biol. Med. 26, 1231–1237 (1999). 26. Decker, E.A. and Welch, B. Role of ferritin as lipid oxidation catalyst in muscle food. J. Agric. Food Chem. 38, 674–677 (1990). 27. Oyaizu, M. Studies on products of browning reaction: antioxidative activities of products of browning reaction prepared from glucosamine. Jpn. J. Nutr. Diet. 44, 307–315 (1986). 28. Lee, L.S., Lee, N., Kim, Y.H., Lee, C.H., Hong, S.P., Jeon, Y.W. and Kim, Y.E. Optimization of ultrasonic extraction of phenolic antioxidants from green tea using response surface methodology. Molecules 18, 13530– 13545 (2013). 29. Yu, L. Free radical scavenging properties of conjugated linoleic acids. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49, 3452–3456 (2001).

30. Horzic, D., Jambrak, A.R., Belscak-Cvitanovic, A., Komes, D. and Lelas, V. Comparison of conventional and ultrasound assisted extraction techniques of yellow tea and bioactive composition of obtained extracts. Food Bioprocess Technol. 5, 2858–2870 (2012). 31. Prasad, N.K., Divakar, S., Shivamurthy, G.R. and Aradhya, S.M. Isolation of a free radical scavenging antioxidant from water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk). J. Sci. Food Agric. 85, 1461–1468 (2005). 32. Rice-Evans, C.A., Miller, N.J., Bolwell, P.G., Bramley, P.M. and Pridham, J.B. The relative antioxidant activities of plant derived polyphenolic flavonoids. Free Radical Res. 22, 375–383 (1995). 33. Luo, W., Zhao, M., Yang, B., Shen, G. and Rao, G. Identification of bioactive compounds in Phyllenthus emblica L. fruit and their free radical scavenging activities. Food Chem. 114, 499–504 (2009). 34. Fernandez, M.T., Mira, M.L., Florencio, M.H. and Jennings, K.R. Iron and copper chelation by flavonoids: an electrospray mass spectrometry study. J. Inorg. Biochem. 92, 105–111 (2002). 35. Suresh-Kumar, K., Ganesan, K. and Subba Rao, P.V. Antioxidant potential of solvent extracts of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty: an edible seaweed. Food Chem. 1, 289–295 (2008). 36. Oktay, M., Gulcin, I. and Kufrevioglu, O.I. Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) seed extracts. LWT – Food Sci. Technol. 36, 263– 271 (2003). 37. Chanda, S. and Dave, R. In vitro models for antioxidant activity evaluation and some medicinal plants possessing antioxidant properties: an overview. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. 3, 981–996 (2009).

© 2014 Society of Cosmetic Scientists and the Societe Francßaise de Cosmetologie International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 36, 471–476

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from Phyllanthus emblica L. and evaluation of antioxidant activities.

The objective of this study was to optimize ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from Phyllanthus emblica...
386KB Sizes 0 Downloads 6 Views