Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎

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Research Paper

Traditional uses of medicinal plants in Elazığ (Turkey) Sukru Hayta a, Rıdvan Polat b,n, Selami Selvi c a b c

Bitlis Eren University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Environmental Engineering, Bitlis 13000, Turkey Giresun University, Espiye Vocational School, Programme of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Espiye, Giresun 28600, Turkey Balıkesir University, Altınoluk Vocational School, Programme of Medical and Aromatic Plants, Edremit, Balıkesir 10870, Turkey

art ic l e i nf o

a b s t r a c t

Article history: Received 7 January 2014 Received in revised form 14 April 2014 Accepted 15 April 2014

Ethnopharmacological relevance: This study has identified not only the wild plants collected for medical purposes by local people of Elazığ Province in the Eastern Anatolia Region, but also the uses and local names of these plants. These resources are usually regarded as part of a culture's traditional knowledge. Therefore, the aim of this study is to collect information from local population concerning the use of medicinal plants of the Elazığ region; identify the most important medicinal plants used; determine the relative importance of the species surveyed and calculate the informant consensus factor (FIC) in relation to medicinal plant use. Materials and methods: A field study had been carried out for a period of approximately 2 years (2012– 2013). A questionnaire was administered to the local people, through face-to-face interviews (Appendix A). Demographic characteristics of participants, names of the local plants, their utilized parts and preparation methods were investigated and recorded. The plant species were collected within the scope of the study; herbarium materials were prepared; and the specimens were entitled. The collected data were used to calculate the FIC and the plant use values. Results: 74 Plants were found to be used for medical purposes before in the literature analysis of the plants used in our study, while 6 plants were found to have no literature records. Our results showed that the highest use values were recorded for the species Urtica dioica L. (0.46) and Rosa canina L. (0.42), while the highest FIC was cited for skin diseases (0.60). Conclusion: Data obtained showed that in the studied area the folk use of plants is alive and still derives from daily practice. Evaluation of pharmacological activity for the promising medicinal plants is suggested. & 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Ethnobotany Medicinal plants Use value Informant consensus factor Elazığ

1. Introduction Plants and products of plants have always had meaning in many parts of human life. The use of plants as medicines predates written human history. Knowledge of plant use was widespread in ancient civilizations. Until the middle of the 19th century, plants were the main therapeutic agents used by humans, and even today their role in medicine is still relevant. One can argue forever what precise percentage of the world's population use local and traditional medicines. These herbal (or mineral or fungal or occasionally animal) medical products form systems of knowledge and practice that have been transmitted over centuries and which continuously change (Heinrich, 2010). In developing countries and rural societies, the use of medicinal plants is both a valuable

n

Corresponding author. Tel.: þ 90 505 384 60 18; fax: þ90 266 612 12 15. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (S. Hayta), [email protected] (R. Polat), [email protected] (S. Selvi).

resource and necessity, and furthermore it provides a real alternative for primary health care systems. Globally, millions of people in the developing world rely on medicinal plants for primary health care, income generation and livelihood improvement (WHO, 2002). Between 50,000 and 70,000 plant species are known to be used in traditional and modern medicinal systems throughout the world (Schippmann et al., 2006). According to WHO, the international market of herbal products is estimated to be US $62 billion which is poised to grow to US $5 trillion by the year 2050 (WHO, 2002). East Anatolia of Turkey has a rich flora, due to its variable climate and high number of ecological zones. This diversity in flora provides a rich source of medicinal plants, which has long been utilized by Anatolian cultures, and hence accounts for the accumulation of remarkable medicinal folk knowledge in the region (Özgö kçe and Özçelik, 2004). Majority of the Turkish people living in rural areas traditionally use plants. Generally, they use plants for nourishment and medical purposes (Polat et al., 2013). In recent years, traditional use of

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.04.026 0378-8741/& 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Please cite this article as: Hayta, S., et al., Traditional uses of medicinal plants in Elazığ (Turkey). Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.04.026i

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plants for medical purposes has drawn the attention of researchers in our country as well (Ertuğ, 2004; Malyer et al., 2004; Doğan and Bağcı, 2011; Polat et al., 2011; Satıl et al., 2008, 2011; Kargıoğlu et al., 2008, 2010; Erdogan et al., 2012, 2014; Akbulut and Bayramoglu, 2013). This study identified not only the wild plants collected for medical purposes by informants, of Elazığ Province in Turkey but also the uses and local names of these plants.

2. Materials and methods 2.1. Study area Elazığ (Fig. 1) is located in the South-East of Turkey. There are 81 provincial centers in Turkey. Elazığ belongs to the Iran–Turan Plant Geography Region and falls within the B7 grid square according to the Grid classification system developed by Davis. It is at the South-East of the Anatolian Diagonal, which is one of the main endemism centers in Turkey (Davis, 1965–1985). According to the data obtained from the website of Elazığ Province Administration (http://www.elazig.gov.tr/), the region has been an area of settlement since the Paleolithic age (10,000 B.C.). Beginning from Hurris (20th Century B.C.), until Ottomans (16th Century A.D.), many civilizations governed Elazığ (Harput). Urartus, Medes, Persians, Romans, Byzantium and Arabs dominated the region in different periods. In 1071, after the War of Manzikert, the region became Turkish territory. The surface area of the province is 9313 km2 and is 1067–1225 m high from sea level. It is located on the high plateaus of Eastern Anatolian Region and it is located between 401210 –381300 northern latitudes and 381170 –391110 eastern longitudes. Elazığ has 10 subprovinces and 544 villages. According to the address-based population census results conducted in 2012, (http://tuikapp.tuik.gov.tr/ adnksdagitapp/adnks.zul) total population of Elazığ is 562,703. Local languages are Turkish, Zaza and Kurdish in the region. Some floristic studies have been carried out in Elazığ Province previously (Behçet, 1999; Kurşat et al., 2005; Türkoğlu et al., 2006; Cakilcioglu and Civelek, 2011; Khatun et al., 2012; Hayta and Bağcı, 2013). A further 10.6% (15 taxa) are endemic to Turkey (Hayta and Bağcı, 2013). Study permit was obtained from the Elazığ Province Administration and Gendarmerie for the questionnaire administered to the citizens of the towns and villages affiliated to Elazığ.

2.2. Plant materials Field study was carried out over a period of approximately 2 years (2012–2013). The research was carried out in Alaca, Alatarla, Altınkuşak, Aydıncık, Cip, Coteli, Çatalharman, Dallıca, Dambüyük, Esenkent, Fatmali, Koruk, Kö rpe, Sarıçubuk, Şahinkaya and Üçtepe villages, and central Elazığ Province. The plants were pressed in the field and prepared for identification. Plants were identified using the standard text, “Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands” (Davis, 1965–1985; Davis et al., 1988). The plants collected within the scope of the study were identified by the authors, rendered herbarium materials; and the plants are being kept in Fırat University Herbarium (FUH). The names of plant families were listed in alphabetic order. Scientific names of plant species were identified according to the International Plant Name Index (IPNI: http://www.ipni.org). After the taxon names were identified, instances of endemism and risk categories (Ekim et al., 2000; IUCN, 2001) were specified. We examined whether the plants that were used in the area, have any literature records or not. Primarily the domestic studies and then foreign studies were analyzed. 2.3. Interviews with study participants A questionnaire was administered to the informants, through face-to-face interviews (Appendix A). 136 Persons above the age of 31 were interviewed. Interviews were made on the busy hours of the common areas (bazaars, gardens, hospitals, tea houses, etc.) visited by the citizens of Elazığ Province. In Elazığ, people we selected from the city centers, towns, and villages were first informed about our research and only upon their consent the interviews took place. During these interviews, only those persons who were observed to have knowledge regarding medicinal plants were invited to a survey study. In order to obtain detailed information from people who had knowledge of plants, they were visited at least two times; and one of these visits took place particularly in their houses. During the interviews, demographic characteristics of the study participants, and local names, utilized parts and preparation methods of the plants were recorded. The people who participated in the study were requested to indicate the wild plants they used. 2.4. Calculations (1) Informant consensus factor (Trotter and Logan, 1986): it was calculated according to the following formula: FIC¼Nur Nt/Nur 1,

Fig. 1. Geographical location of the study area.

Please cite this article as: Hayta, S., et al., Traditional uses of medicinal plants in Elazığ (Turkey). Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.04.026i

S. Hayta et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎

where Nur refers to the number of used citations in each category and Nt to the number of the species used. This method is to check homogeneity of the information: FIC values will be low (close to 0 value) if plants are chosen randomly or if informants do not exchange information about their use and values will be high (close to 1 value) if there is a well-defined selection criterion in the community and/or if information is given between the informants (Akerele, 1988; Kloutusos et al., 2001; Abu-Irmaileh and Afifi, 2003). In other words, the medicinal plants that are presumed to be effective in treating a certain disease have higher FIC values (Teklehaymanot and Giday, 2007). Informant consensus factor was abbreviated as “FIC” and “ICF” in the previous articles (Al-Qura'n, 2009; Cakilcioglu and Turkoglu, 2010; Rokaya et al., 2010; Upadhyay et al., 2011; Tetik et al., 2013). (2) The use value (Trotter and Logan, 1986), a quantitative method that demonstrates the relative importance of species known locally, was also calculated according to the following formula: UV¼ U/N, where UV refers to the use value of a species; U to the number of citations per species; and N to the number of informants.

3. Results and discussion 3.1. Demographic characteristics of study participants Demographic characteristics of the respondents were determined and recorded through face-to-face interviews. It was observed that 75% of men and 25% of women who participated in the survey had knowledge of the plants. Demographical characteristics of interviews' according to the results we obtained in the research are presented in Table 1. 3.2. Some medicinal plants and literature review The experiences of the study participants were recorded during the interviews. The results of this study were compared with data obtained in previous studies. Rheum ribes L. grows naturally over hillsides in Sivrice is consumed by informants, as a fruit (Cakilcioglu and Turkoglu, 2010). This plant is used in Elazığ for diabetes and kidney stones. Hypoglycemic influence of the root extract of Rheum ribes L. over healthy and diabetic mice is studied. It was found that the extract possesses a hypoglycemic effect in diabetic animals (Özbek et al., 2004). In the previous study, the antimicrobial activities of Rheum ribes L. extracts growing in Elazığ were analyzed, and were found to inhibit the growth of tested microorganisms at different rates (Kırbağ and Zengin, 2006). It was found that the amount of Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the informants' (n¼136). Demographical characteristics Age 32–40 41–50 51–60 61 and above

Number %

32 20 41 43

23.5 14.7 30.2 31.6

Demographical characteristics Educational level Illiterate Primary school Secondary school High school university

Duration of residence 10 years and less 34 11 years and above 102

Residential status 25.0 Villages 75.0 City center

Sex Male Female

78.7 21.3

107 29

Number %

5 66 15 9 41

3.7 48.5 11.0 6.6 30.2

22 114

16.2 83.8

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antioxidant vitamins in plants growing at high altitudes was higher than in plants growing at low altitudes (Munzuroğlu et al., 2000). Teucrium polium L. is traditionally used in town of Elazığ to high cholesterol, cold and flu. Teucrium polium L. extract was shown to induce hypoglycemic, antipyretic and intestinal motility activities (Autore et al., 1984; Yaniv et al., 1987; Gharaibeh et al., 1988; Suleiman et al., 1988). We recorded that residents of Değirmenö nü village used the stomach-ache and stimulant effect of Pistacia terebinthus L. decoction. Essential oils of Pistacia species were proved to have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory effects and trigger gastric and duodenal anti-ulcer activity (Al-Said et al., 1986; Magiatis et al., 1999; Giner-Larza et al., 2001; Alma et al., 2004). In Elazığ, Rhus coriaria L. is used to give a sour taste in dishes. It is also used as a antihypertensive, diabetes, and wound healing. Rhus coriaria L. extracts were reported to have strong antimicrobial effects (Dığrak et al., 2001). Endemic Thymus haussknechtii Velen. plant is traditionally used in Elazığ for the treatment of high cholesterol, cold and flu. Also, it was reported that Thymus haussknechtii Velen. is an endemic taxon of Turkey, showed antibacterial, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activity (Dikbaş et al., (2009); Celen et al., 2012). The preparations including thyme extract alleviate cough following common cold (Büechi et al., 2005) and decrease the severity and duration of bronchitis symptoms (Gruenwald et al., 2005). Urtica dioica L., Rosa canina L., Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata, Allium sativum L., Hordeum vulgare L., Allium cepa L., Morus alba L., Glycyrrhiza glabra L. refers to the plants with most use reports. Urtica dioica L. was used in bronchitis, cardiovascular disease, cough, diabetes, respiratory disease, tonsillitis. Previous studies showed that Urtica dioica L. results in analgesic and antimicrobial and antihyperglycemic activity (Bnouham et al., 2003; Gülçin et al., 2004). Rosa canina L. was used as antitussive, cold, diabetes. It was reported that Rosa canina L. showed anti-diabetic effect and antioxidant activity (Özcan, 2003; Orhan et al., 2009). Allium sativum L. was used as antihypertensive, ringworm; Hordeum vulgare L. was used as diuretic, kidnney stones; Allium cepa L. was used as cicatrizant, rheumatism; Morus alba L. was used in anemia, reducing; Glycyrrhiza glabra L. was used as digestive, high cholesterol. Hypericum scabrum L. is used in our research area for hemorrhoids, and wound healing Hypericum scabrum L. was stated to have antimicrobial activity (Kızıl et al., 2004). We recorded that residents of Hoş village used the antihypertensive effect of Tribulus terrestris L. decoction. Tribulus terrestris L. is also used in Kapıdağ Peninsula in the form of aerial parts infusion for kidney stone dropping (Uysal et al., 2010). In an ethnobotanic survey conducted in Jordan, it is reported that Tribulus terrestris L. had toxic effects (Al-Qura'n, 2005). Previous laboratory studies conducted in Elazığ and other parts of the world indicated the activity of some medicinal plants, which were also reported by the current study: Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch. (antihypertensive and hypolipidemic) (Asgary et al., 2000), Allium sativum L. (antibacterial activity) (Sokmen et al., 1999), Artemisia vulgaris L. (hepatoprotective activity (Gilani et al., 2005), Centaurea kurdica Reichardt. (antimicrobial activity) (Güven et al., 2005), Malva neglecta Wallr. (antioxidant activity and anti-ulcerogenic activity) (Gürbüz et al., 2005; Dalar et al., 2012), Plantago lanceolata L. (antioxidant activity) (Dalar et al., 2012), Satureja hortensis L. (antimicrobial activities) (Şahin et al., 2003), Tribulus terrestris L. (antibacterial and antifungal activities) (Al-Bayati and Al-Mola, 2008). If a plant is used to treat the same disease in different places across the world then its pharmacologic effect could be accepted (Cakilcioglu et al., 2011). It has been observed that those plants, which are being traditionally used in Elazığ for various diseases,

Please cite this article as: Hayta, S., et al., Traditional uses of medicinal plants in Elazığ (Turkey). Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.04.026i

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No. Family

Plant species, voucher specimen, Vernacular endemism name of Elazığ

Plant Preparationsb Utilization part methodc (s) useda

Use

1.

Allium cepa L. SH-975e

Soğan

Bul

Inf

Com, Doc

Cicatrizant, rheumatism

Sarımsak

Bul



Ext, Raw

Sirmuk

Bul, Lea



Raw

Çedene

Fru

Fac ( þ Dec)

Dpt

Sumak

Mat

Inf

Doc

Maydanoz

Lea, Roo

Dec

Dtt, Raw

Appetizer, consciousnessexpanding, stomach-ache, stimulant Antihypertensive, diabetes disease, wound healing Kidnney stones, mouth sores

Civan perçemi

Aer

Dec

Ext

Wound healing

Amaryllidaceae

e

2.

Allium sativum L. SH-976

3.

Allium scorodoprasum L. subsp. rotundum (L.) Stearn SH-1023 Pistacia terebinthus L. subsp. palaestina (Boiss.) Engler. SH1859 Rhus coriaria L. SH-2584

4.

Anacardiaceae

5. 6.

Apiaceae

7.

Asteraceae

UV

Recorded literature usesd

0.35 Asthma, cancer, diuretic, fungal infection, headache, hypertension, rheumatism (4, 8, 52) Antihypertensive, ringworm 0.38 Antiasthmtic, antihypertensive, diabetes, earache, increase blood circulation, muscle relaxation, snake bite (18, 29, 51, 74) Antihypertensive, high cholesterol 0.04 Not reported 0.09 Asthma, stomach-ache (62, 64)

0.21 Antiseptic, diarrhea (16)

Civan perçemi Papatya

Flo

Dec

Dte

Emmenagogue

Flo

Inf

Dgo

Cold and flu, stomach-ache

10.

Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nyman ex A.W. Hill. SH-950e Achillea schischkinii Sosn. SH1660 Endemic (End.) Least concern (LC.) Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch. SH2097 Cota tinctoria L. var. tinctoria SH1377 Artemisia vulgaris L. SH-992

Pelin

Aer

Dec

Doc

Gastric ulcer

11.

Bellis perennis L. SH-1097

Papatya

Cap

Dec, Inf

Dam

12.

Carduus nutans L. subsp. nutans SH-2430 Centaurea kurdica Reichardt. SH1481 End. Near Threatened (NT.) Gundelia tournefortii L. var. tournefortii L. SH-973 Taraxacum officinale Web. SH981 Alkanna megacarpa DC. SH-1598 End. LC. Anchusa azurea Mill. var. azurea SH-1405 Onosma sericeum Willd. SH-1285 Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. SH-2189

Eşek dikeni

Aer

Inf

Dap

Cold and flu, stomach-ache, strengthen hair Sedative

0.05 Amenorrhea, antiseptic, diabetes, dysmenorrhea, emmenogogue, hypocholesterolaemic, roborant (16, 53, 61) 0.22 Against migraine, antispasmodic, antitussive, cardiac disease, diabetes, hemorrhoid, hypertension, laxative, sedative (12, 20, 23, 36, 65) 0.04 Gastrointestinal disorders (62)

Papaz tacı

Cap

Dec

Ext

Wound healing

0.10 Rheumatism (51)

Kenger

Lat, Roo

Inf, Lir

Api

Diabetes disease, diarrhea

0.25 Appetizing, digestive, mumps (50, 57, 70)

Hindiba

Lea



Raw

Digestive

0.05 Arthralgia, diuretic (16)

Havacıva

Roo

Inf

Com

Eczema

0.11 Burns, vulnerary (5)

Sıgır dili

Lea

Inf

Com

Burns and wounds

0.09 Stomach-ache, vulnerary, women sterility (5, 16)

Gizer Roo Çobançantası Aer

Dec –

Ext Raw

Allergy Impotence

Gelin çiçeği

Flo

Dec

Inh

Cold

0.03 Against tuberculosis, edema, vulnerary (5, 9) 0.14 Astringent, burn wound care, costiveness and intestinal spasm, diuretic, hemostatic, intestine, kidney swelling, rheumatism, uriner disorders (2, 38, 39, 54, 56) 0.08 Antitussive (16)

Çan çiçeği

Aer

Dec

Inh

Diuretic

0.02 Not reported

Sabun otu

Lea

Dec

Ext

Antiseptic

0.04 Not reported

Sarmaşık

Aer

Inf

Doc

Hypertension

0.02 Not reported

Kızılcık İğde Dalgülü

Fru Fru Aer

– Inf Inf

Raw Dom Ext

Diabetes disease Cold, high cholesterol Cutaneous eruption

0.14 Cold and flu, urinary inflammations (51) 0.19 Diarrhea, kidney stones (49, 64) 0.08 Headache (5)

8. 9.

13. 14. 15. 16. Boraginaceae 17. 18. 19. Brassicaceae

20.

Tchihatchewia isatidea Boiss. SH3127 End. Vulnerable (VU.) 21. Campanulaceae Campanula sclerotricha Boiss. SH-2335 22. Caryophyllaceae Saponaria prostrata Willd. subsp. anatolica Hedge SH-1842 End. LC. 23. Convolvulaceae Convolvulus betonicifolius Mill. subsp. peduncularis (Boiss.) Paris SH-4010 24. Cornaceae Cornus mas L. SH-954e 25. Elaeagnaceae Elaeagnus angustifolia L. SH-1883 26. Ephedraceae Ephedra major Host SH-3045

0.13 Abdominal ache, diuretic, high cholesterol, kidney ache, uterus inflammations (41, 47, 49) 0.03 Carminative, diabetes disease (5, 62)

0.02 Blood coagulation, constipation, diabetes, hemorrhoids, hypertension, high cholesterol, kidney stones (14, 42) 0.18 Hepatic diseases, icterus, throat ache (15, 44)

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Please cite this article as: Hayta, S., et al., Traditional uses of medicinal plants in Elazığ (Turkey). Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.04.026i

Table 2 Folk medicinal plants of Elazığ (Turkey).

Euphorbiaceae

28. 29. Fabaceae

30. 31. 32. 33. 34. Fagaceae

35. Hypericaceae 36. Juglandaceae

37. Lamiaceae 38.

40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 45.

Euphorbia denticulata Lam. SH1201 Euphorbia macroclada Boiss. SH1426 Astragalus kurdicus Boiss. var. muschianus (Kotschy & Boiss.) Chamberlain SH-3234 Glycyrrhiza glabra L. SH-998 Trifolium pratense L. var. pratense SH-1887 Trifolium repens L. var. repens SH-1885 Vicia cracca L. subsp. stenophylla Vel. SH-986 Quercus infectoria Olliver subsp. boissieri (Reut.) O.Schwartz SH2128 Hypericum scabrum L. SH-2888 Juglans regia L. SH-1686e

Melissa officinalis L. SH-967 Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson subsp. typhoides (Briq.) Harley var. typhoides SH-1495 Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata SH-1421 Ocimum basilicum L. SH-957e Origanum vulgare L. SH-1418

Sütleğen

Lat

Lir

Lie

Curing warts, wound healing

0.12 Constipation, hemostatic, scorpion bites, wound healing (36, 62)

Sütleğen

Lat

Lir

Lie

Curing warts

0.28 Arthritis, wound healing (9, 14)

Geven

Roo

Dec

Doc

Diabetes disease

0.07 Not reported

Biyan

Roo

Inf

Dtt

Digestive, high cholesterol

Yonca

Aer

Dec

Doc

Diarrhea, stomach-ache

0.31 Anti-tussive, diuretic, expectorant, gastric disorders, laxative, renal disease, ulcer (6, 32, 33, 46) 0.12 Asthma (16)

Yonca

Aer

Inf

Dtt

Kidnney stones

0.09 Demulcent (16)

Yabani bakla

Fru

Inf

Dtt

Cough

0.08 Not reported

Meşe

Lea

Inf

Doc

Diabetes disease

0.05 Diabetes disease (35)

Mayasıl otu Çeviz, Goz

Who Fru

Dec, Pom –

Dtt, Com Raw

Hemorrhoids, wound healing Cardiac disorder, high cholesterol

Oğulotu Nane

Aer Lea

Dec Dec

Dce Dtt

Sedative Cold and flu, halitosis

0.15 Diarrhea, hemorrhoids, stomach-ache (59, 60) 0.26 Abdominal pain, anthelminthic, antidiabetic, antirheumatic, antiseptic, astringent, boils, digestive, goiter, hypoglycemiant, osteoporosis, prostatism, tonic, warts (10, 22, 27, 43, 58, 66, 67) 0.04 Abdominal pains, hypotensive, sedative, spasmolytic (37, 47) 0.22 Antispasmodic, constipation, common cold, fever, general weakness (16, 30)

Nane, pune

Lea

Dec

Dtt

Cold and flu, vomit

Reyhan Kekik

Lea Lea

Dec Dec

Dam Dte

Ada çayı Kekik Mayasıl otu Kekik

Aer Lea Lea Lea

Dec Inf Inf Dec

Dpt Doc Doc Dam

Stomach-ache 0.25 Against stomach-ache, anti-headache (19, 48) Antihypertensive, high cholesterol 0.13 Abdominal pain, cold and flu, intestinal pain, urinary inflammations (1, 16, 71) Cold and flu 0.17 Diabetes disease, stomachache (3, 12) Antihypertensive, cardiac disorder 0.06 Diuretic, gastric and digestive disorders, liver diseases (32) Diabetes disease, hemorrhoids 0.21 Diabetes, kidney, liver diseases, stomach and intestine pain (55) Cold and flu, high cholesterol 0.11 Hemorrhoid (13)

Yabani bamya Ebem kö meci İncir Dut

Flo

Dec

Dtt

Cold and flu

0.13 Antiinflammatory, depurative, diuretic, urinary disorders (63)

Aer

Inf

Com

Fru Fru

– Inf

Raw Doc, Raw

Abscess, hematomas, inflammations, joint pains Constipation Anemia, low sugar

0.41 Colitis, depurative, diarrhea, digestive, dyspepsia, tonsillitis (31, 34)

46. Malvaceae

Salvia multicaulis Vahl SH-1684 Satureja hortensis L. SH-2628 Teucrium polium L. SH-1986 Thymus haussknechtii Velen. SH2394 End. NT. Hibiscus trionum L. SH-2583

47.

Malva neglecta Wallr. SH-1347

48. 49. Moraceae

Ficus carica L. SH-999e Morus alba L. SH-1752e

50. Nitrariaceae 51. Papaveraceae

Nazarotu Gelincik

See Aer

Inf Dec

Dte Dpt

Antitussive, expectorant Antitussive

Gelincik Gelincik Sedir Pağa yaprağı Damarotu

Aer, Flo Aer Bra Lea Lea

Inf Dec Inf Inf Inf

Dtt Dpt Doc Com Com

Cold and flu Tranquilizer Abdominal pain Antipyretic, wound healing Burns and wounds

0.04 0.03 0.02 0.09 0.16

57. Poaceae 58. 59. Polygonaceae

Peganum harmala L. SH-3346 Glaucium corniculatum (L.) Rud. subsp. refractum (Nab.) Cullen SH-3496 Papaver dubium L. SH-1046 Papaver rhoeas L. SH-1077 Cedrus libani A. Rich SH-2636 Plantago lanceolata L. SH-1307 Plantago major L. subsp. major SH-2535 Hordeum vulgare L. SH-985e Zea mays L. SH-952e Rheum ribes L. SH-980

0.18 Constipation, laxative, promote maturation of abscesses, stomachache, urinary tract inflammations, vaginitis (7, 68, 69, 72) 0.10 Laxative, warts (28, 55) 0.34 Anemia, blood forming, dizziness, hepatitis, incontinence, insomnia, palpitations (40, 54) 0.04 Analgesic, epilepsy, headache (24) 0.06 Eye inflammation (55)

Arpa Mısır Işgın

See Sty Aer, Lea

Inf Dec Inf

Dtt Dtt Doc, Raw

Diuretic, kidnney stones Kidnney stones Diabetes disease, kidnney stones

60. 61. Portulaceae

Rumex scutatus L. SH-1225 Portulaca oleracea L. SH-3644

Kuzu kulağı Pirpirim

Aer, Lea Aer

– Inf

Raw Dpt, Raw

Diabetes disease Diabetes disease, diuretic

0.36 Kidnney stones (16) 0.13 Aphrodisiac, hypertension (11, 25) 0.17 Anthelmintic, antihemorrhoidal, diabetes, diarrhea, digestive, expectorant, stomachic, tonic, ulcer (5) 0.12 Antipyretic, diuretic, orexigenic (5) 0.20 Antihelmintic, diuretic, inflammed wound, orexigenic, stomachic, urethra infection (5)

52. 53. 54. Pinaceae 55. Plantaginaceae 56.

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Please cite this article as: Hayta, S., et al., Traditional uses of medicinal plants in Elazığ (Turkey). Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.04.026i

27.

Cold (15) Antitussive, sedative (16, 38) Peptic ulcers (59) Abscess, wounds (49) Cicatrizer, constipation, hemorrhoids, wounds (16, 21)

5

6

No. Family

Plant species, voucher specimen, Vernacular endemism name of Elazığ

Plant Preparationsb Utilization part methodc (s) useda

Use

UV

62. Pteridaceae

68.

Adiantum capillus-veneris L. SH1793 Amygdalus communis L. SH1645e Cerasus mahaleb (L.) Miller var. mahaleb SH-2423 Crateagus aronia (L.) Bosc. ex. DC. var. aronia SH-2276 Crataegus monogyna Jacq. subsp. monogyna Jacq. SH-1063 Pyrus elaeagnifolia Pall. subsp. elaeagnifolia SH-1368 Rubus sanctus Schreber SH-2272

69.

Rosa canina L. SH-1367

70. Salicaceae 71. Ulmaceae 72. Urticaceae

Salix alba L. SH-1754 Celtis tournefortii Lam. SH-1939 Urtica dioica L. SH-2445

73. Vitaceae 74. Zygophyllaceae

Vitis vinifera L. SH-962e Tribulus terrestris L. SH-1459

63. Rosaceae 64. 65. 66. 67.

a

Recorded literature usesd

Kaya maydonozu Badem

Lea

Inf

Doc

Diuretic

See



Raw

High cholesterol

0.02 Anticatarrhal, antitussive, cold, cough, diuretic, emmenagouge, expectorant, fever (17, 53, 74) 0.24 High cholesterol (16)

Mahlep

See

Inf

Doc

Diabetes disease

0.07 Diabetes disease (16)

Alıç

Flo, Lea

Dec

Dom, Raw

0.11 Cardiovascular diseases, headache (28)

Alıç

Flo, Fru

Inf

Doc

Cardiac disorder, purify blood, vasodilators Cardiac disorder, vasodilators

0.18 Arythmia, cardiotonic, diabetes, vasodilator (56)

Yaban armudu Bö ğürtlen, dirik İtburnu, Kuşburnu Sö ğüt Dardağan Isırgan

Fru



Raw

Constipation

0.09 Diarrhea (59)

Fru

Inf

Doc, Raw

Anemia, tonsillitis

0.28 Appetizer, pneumonia, prostatitis (49)

Flo, Mat

Inf

Doc, Dtt

Lea Fru Lea

Dec – Dec

Doc Raw Doc, Dtt

Fru Aer

Inf Dec

Dpt, Raw Doc

Antitussive, cold, diabetes disease 0.42 Anticatarrhal, depurative, diabetes mellitus, eye strain, kidney stone (27, 45, 73) Diabetes disease 0.06 Athlete's foot, vaginal itching (56) Constipation 0.04 Abdominal pain, cold and flu (51) Bronchitis, cardiovascular disease, 0.46 Asthma, blood sugar, diuretic, galactagogue, intestinal pains, postpartum depurative (26, 48) cough, diabetes disease, respiratory disease, tonsillitis Anemia 0.29 Anticatarrhal, burns (17, 53) Antihypertensive 0.08 Athlete's foot, eczema, gall stones, hemorrhoids, wart treatment (56)

Üzüm Demirci dikeni

Plant part(s) used: Aer, aerial parts; Bra, branches; Bul, Bulb; Cap, Capitulum; Flo, flowers; Fru, fruits; Lat, latex; Lea, leaves; Mat, matured fruits; Roo, roots; See, seeds; Sty, stylus; and Who, whole plant. Preparations: Dec, decoction; Fac, the fruits are crushed; Inf, infusion; Lir, latex is removed; and Pom, pomade. Utilization method: Api, a piece of latex is eaten; Com, compress; Dam, drink a tot after meals; Dap, drink one water glass of the plant after the meal; Dce, drink one cup of the plant in the evening; Dgo, drink one tea glass of the plant before the meal; Doc, drink one cup of the plant on an empty stomach in the morning; Dom, drink one teacup after meals; Dpt, drink one cup of the plant two times a day; Dte, drink one tea glass of the plant two times a day; Dtt, drink one tea glass of the plant three times a day; Ext, externally; Inh, inhalation; Lie, latex is used externally; and Raw, the plant is eaten raw. d Recorded literature uses: (1) Abe and Ohtani (2013); (2) Aburjai et al. (2007); (3) Akan et al. (2013); (4) Allabi et al. (2011); (5) Altundag and Ozturk (2011); (6) Alzweiri et al. (2011); (7) Al-Qura'n (2009); (8) Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu (2011); (9) Behçet and Arık (2013); (10) Benitez et al. (2010); (11) Bruschi et al. (2011); (12) Cakilcioglu and Turkoglu (2007b); (13) Cakilcioglu and Turkoglu (2007a); (14) Cakilcioglu and Turkoglu (2010); (15) Cakilcioglu et al. (2010); (16) Cakilcioglu et al. (2011); (17) Carrio and Valles (2012); (18) Chintamunnee and Mahomoodally (2012); (19) Cornara et al. (2009); (20) De Feo and Senatore (1993); (21) Di Novella et al. (2013); (22) Durmuşkahya and Öztürk (2013); (23) Eddouks et al. (2002); (24) Eissa et al. (2014); (25) Gbolade (2012); (26) Ghorbani (2005); (27) Gonzalez et al. (2010); (28) Gürdal and Kültür (2013); (29) Hajdu and Hohmann (2012); (30) Hudaib et al. (2008); (31) Idolo et al. (2010); (32) Ivancheva and Stantcheva (2000); (33) Jouad et al. (2001); (34) Karousou and Deirmentzoglou (2011); (35) Keskin and Alpınar (2002); (36) Kilic and Bagci (2013); (37) Leporatti and Ivancheva (2003); (38) Leto et al. (2013); (39) Macia et al. (2005); (40) Mathur and Joshi (2013); (41) Mootoosamy and Mahomoodally (2014); (42) Mosaddegh et al. (2012); (43) Novais et al. (2004); (44) Petkeviciute et al. (2010); (45) Pieroni (2000); (46) Pieroni et al. (2004); (47) Pieroni et al. (2005); (48) Pieroni and Quave (2005); (49) Polat and Satıl (2012); (50) Polat et al. (2012); (51) Polat et al. (2013); (52) Rehechoa et al. (2011); (53) Rigat et al. (2013); (54) Sağıroğlu et al. (2012); (55) Said et al. (2002); (56) Sargın et al. (2013); (57) Sarper et al. (2009); (58) Savo et al. (2011); (59) Sezik et al. (2001); (60) Sezik et al. (2004); (61) Srithi et al. (2012); (62) Tetik et al. (2013); (63) Tita et al. (2009); (64) Tuzlacı and Aymaz (2001); (65) Tuzlacı and Erol (1999); (66) Tuzlacı and Tolon (2000); (67) Ugulu et al. (2009); (68) Vitalini et al. (2009); (69) Vitalini et al. (2013); (70) Yapıcı et al. (2009); (71) Yeşilada et al. (1993); (72) Yeşilada et al. (1995); (73) Yeşilada et al. (1999); (74) Youssef (2013). e Abbreviations: Cultivated plant; NT: Near Threatened; LC: Least Concern; EN: Endangered; and VU: Vulnerable. b c

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Table 2 (continued )

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are also being used in various places for the healing of the same disease (Table 2). On the other hand, plant flora of Elazığ is threatened by such factors as grazing, expansion of new agricultural lands, use of herbicides, and unsustainable picking of plants for the purpose of generating income. Plant flora should be immediately included in the conservation scope. 3.3. Medicinal plants used and taxonomic identification The family, scientific name, voucher specimen, endemism, vernacular name, preparation and utilization methods, use categories of the medical plants used in Elazığ are given in Table 2. Interviews with the informants, living in Elazığ Province indicated that 74 plants were used for curative purposes in the study area. The most common families are presented in Fig. 2. The most common families are: Asteraceae (9 plants), Lamiaceae (9 plants), Rosaceae (7 plants), Boraginaceae (3 plants), Fabaceae (3 plants), Liliaceae (3 plants), Malvaceae (3 plants), and Papaveraceae (3 plants). In a study carried out in İzmir, it was seen that plants belonging to the families of Rosaceae, Asteraceae, Lamiaceae in Merzifon (Ezer and Arısan, 2006); Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae (Ugulu et al., 2009); Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Rosaceae (Tetik et al., 2013) are used commonly by the people of the regions. Achillea schischkinii Sosn., Alkanna megacarpa DC., Centaurea kurdica Reichardt., Saponaria prostrata Willd. subsp. anatolica Hedge, Thymus haussknechtii Velen., Tchihatchewia isatidea Boiss. were found to be the endemic plants used for medical purposes in Elazığ (Turkey). According to the Red Data Book of Turkish Plants and Red List Categories (Ekim et al., 2000; IUCN, 2001), Centaurea kurdica Reichardt. and Thymus haussknechtii Velen. are grouped under “near threatened” category, Tchihatchewia isatidea Boiss. is grouped under “vulnerable” category, whereas other three taxons are categorized as “least concern”. In the literature analysis of the plants used in our study, 74 plants were found already being used for medical purposes, whereas 6 plants presented no literature records. The medicinal uses of Allium scorodoprasum L. subsp. rotundum (L.) Stearn, Astragalus kurdicus Boiss. var. muschianus (Kotschy & Boiss.) Chamberlain, Campanula sclerotricha Boiss., Convolvulus betonicifolius Mill. subsp. peduncularis (Boiss.) Paris, Saponaria prostrata Willd. subsp. anatolica Hedge, and Vicia cracca L. subsp. stenophylla Vel. which were found being used in our study area were recorded for the first time. 3.4. Mode of preparation–utilization method There are various methods of preparation and application for different types of ailments and they have various preparation

Fig. 2. Most representative families.

7

Table 3 FIC values of category of ailments. No.

Ailments

Use citations

All use citations (%)

FIC

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Skin diseases Respiratory and throat diseases Diabetes Gastro-intestinal diseases Nervous system Urinary diseases Cardiovascular disease Cold Diuretic Rheumatic pain

31 21 34 35 11 20 47 24 16 14

12 8.0 13.0 13.4 4.2 7.7 18.0 9.2 6.1 5.4

0.60 0.52 0.41 0.39 0.36 0.34 0.31 0.29 0.26 0.24

forms like infusion, decoction, the fruits are crushed, latex is removed, and pomade; most common preparations were decoction and infusion. Informants, study participants used medical plants most frequently for the treatment of gastro-intestinal diseases (35 of use-reports), diabetes (34), cardiovascular disease (31), skin diseases (31), cold (24), and respiratory tract problem (21) (Table 3). 3.5. Plant part used Informants, study participants were recorded to use the aerial parts, branches, bulb, capitulum, flowers, fruits, latex, leaves, matured fruits, roots, seeds, stylus, and whole plant. It was found that informants, living in Elazığ and in its villages used these wild plants after drying. Drying enabled study participants, to use medicinal plants during all seasons of the year. 3.6. FIC and UV calculations According to the calculation made on the basis of the use-value UV (Trotter and Logan, 1986); Urtica dioica L. (0.46), Rosa canina L. (0.42), Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata (0.41), Allium sativum L. (0.38), Hordeum vulgare L. (0.36), Allium cepa L. (0.35), Morus alba L. (0.34), Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (0.31) were reported to be of the highest use value (Table 2). Knowing the use value of a kind may be useful in determining the use reliability and pharmacological features of the related plant (Cakilcioglu and Turkoglu, 2010). Conducting an activity study with these plants which are being used by study participants, and the use value of which is quite high may be beneficial (Polat et al., 2013). As calculated by the use-value UV (Trotter and Logan, 1986), Vitex agnus-castus L. (0.62), Viscum cruciatum Sieb et Boiss. (0.56), Urginea maritima Barker (0.55), Thuja occidentalis L. (0.52), Styrax officinale L. (0.49) and Laurus nobilis L. (0.46) were reported to be of the highest use value. The current use of medicinal plants as conventional and modern drugs shows that they are actively used. There may be some plants which are currently not used for medicinal purposes but which may actually have medicinal effects (Kaya, 2006). The reported ailments were grouped into 10 categories based on the information gathered from the interviewees. Table 3 indicates FIC (Informant consensus factor) values of category of ailment (Table 3). Skin diseases had the highest FIC score (0.60). Achillea schischkinii Sosn., Allium cepa L., Allium sativum L., Anchusa azurea Mill. var. azurea, Centaurea kurdica Reichardt., Ephedra major Host, Euphorbia denticulata Lam., Euphorbia macroclada Boiss., Malva neglecta Wallr., Onosma sericeum Willd., Plantago lanceolata L., Plantago major L. subsp. major etc. were reported to be among the plant remedies indicated for this use. Respiratory and throat diseases was recorded to have the second highest FIC value (0.52), diabetes was recorded to have the third highest FIC

Please cite this article as: Hayta, S., et al., Traditional uses of medicinal plants in Elazığ (Turkey). Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.04.026i

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8

value (0.41), while the fourth level of FIC values (0.39) recorded was gastrointestinal diseases category. Nervous system, were ranked as the fifth ailment with FIC value of 0.36. An FIC value of 0.34 was recorded for urinary diseases. The last citation of this ranking were reported for plants used to treat cardiovascular disease, cold, and diuretic with FIC value of 0.31, 0.29, 0.26 and 0.24. When the articles in which the informant consensus factor is calculated are examined, it is seen that, for example in the study by Mesfin et al. (2009) the category: malaria, fever and headache have the highest (0.82) FIC followed by ascariasis and diarrhea, and intestinal parasite and stomach-ache each with (0.78) FIC. In the present study, it was found that the FIC values range between 0.65 and 0.23. In the study by Akerreta et al. (2007) the FIC value was found to be 0.65. It was stated that this value was high; however, it is lower than the values obtained in the studies conducted in various areas of the Iberian Peninsula: 0.85 and 0.91 for a Portuguese and a Catalan region, respectively (Bonet and Valles, 2003; Camejo-Rodrigues et al., 2003). ICF values obtained for the reported categories indicate the degree of knowledge shared regarding the use of medicinal herbs in the treatment of the ailment. These categories recorded a lower ICF, which could be attributed to the civilization trend of the society (Al-Qura'n, 2009). 3.7. Review of local plant names As a result of the analysis in the Turkish Language Association (TLA) web page (http://tdkterim.gov.tr/bts/), the plant names used in Sivrice were found to be Turkish. As a result of the examination of the plant names in TLA's web page, it was seen that many plant names were adopted from Persian, Arabic, Greek, Zazaki and Kurdish (alıç, badem, civan, çoban, dirik, gızer, goz, dirik, dut, hindiba, kenger, mahlep, mayasıl, meşe, nane, sabun, sumac, papatya, pelin, pune, sirmuk). Most of the plant names were found to be derived from Turkish.

4. Conclusions In the research area, informants, were found to use 74 plants from 33 families for curative purposes. These plants are used in the treatment of many diseases. By drying decoctions or infusions of these plants, informants use them during all seasons of the year. The respondents of the questionnaire are Turkish citizens, with various ethnic backgrounds. In the study area, 2 different ethnic group were determinated. These ethnic group were Kurdish and majority Zazaki. Mean age of the respondents was 52 years. Most commonly used plants are Allium cepa L., Allium sativum L., Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Hordeum vulgare L., Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata, Morus alba L., Rosa canina L., and Urtica dioica L. Most commonly used parts of the plants were the leaves (21 of use-reports), aerial parts (19), fruits (12), flowers (8), roots (6), seeds (4), bulb (3), and latex (3). Many plants are used for the treatment of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, gastro-intestinal and skin diseases, cold, and respiratory tract problem etc. The medicinal uses of Allium scorodoprasum L. subsp. rotundum (L.) Stearn, Astragalus kurdicus Boiss. var. muschianus (Kotschy & Boiss.) Chamberlain, Campanula sclerotricha Boiss., Convolvulus betonicifolius Mill. subsp. peduncularis (Boiss.) Paris, Saponaria prostrata Willd. subsp. anatolica Hedge, and Vicia cracca L. subsp. stenophylla Vel. that we found were used in our study area were recorded for the first time. This result is not higher than the majority of new record plants obtained during ethnobotanical studies conducted in the vicinity of the research area. It is noteworthy that people of the region who have different ethnicities use different names for the plants. Turkish, Kurdish,

Zazaki, Persian, Greek and Arabic names are available for the plants that are used for medicinal purposes. Relative importance value of plant species and informant consensus factor (FIC) for plants were calculated. The FIC values were found to be too low in our calculations. Therefore, it can be inferred that obtained data are not reliable. Diseases with high FIC values according to reported disorders are skin, respiratory and throat diseases, diabetes and gastrointestinal diseases. Comparison of the data obtained from the plants growing in Elazığ within the scope of this study with experimental data obtained in previous laboratory studies confirmed most of the ethnobotanical usages. Literature review indicated that curative plants found in Elazığ are used in different parts of the world for the treatment of the same or similar diseases.

Appendix A (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)

Name and surname of the participant. Age and sex of the participant. Telephone and address of the participant. Educational level of the participant. Date of interview. Place of residence of the participant. Duration of residence of the participant. What is the local name of the plant used? For which diseases do you use the plant? Which parts of the plant do you use? (Flower, fruit, leaves, root, stem, whole plant etc.). How do you prepare the plant for use? How and when do you use the plant? Approximately what dose do you use? How long does the convalescence period take? Did any complication occur from the plants you used?

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Please cite this article as: Hayta, S., et al., Traditional uses of medicinal plants in Elazığ (Turkey). Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.04.026i

Traditional uses of medicinal plants in Elazığ (Turkey).

This study has identified not only the wild plants collected for medical purposes by local people of Elazığ Province in the Eastern Anatolia Region, b...
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