METHANOL-DERIVED SINGLE-CELL PROTEIN
Waldroup, P. W., and N. W. Flynn, 1975. Comparison of the nutritive value of yeasts grown on hydrocarbon feedstocks under varying processing conditions. Poultry Sci. 54: 1129-1133. Waldroup, P. W., C. M. Hillard and R. J. Mitchell, 1971. The nutritive value of yeast grown on hydrocarbon fractions for broiler chicks. Poultry Sci. 50: 1022-1029.
273
Waldroup, P. W., and J. R. Payne, 1974. Feeding value of methanol-derived single-cell protein for broiler chicks. Poultry Sci. 53: 1039-1042. Woodham, A. A., and P. S. Deans, 1973. Amino acid and protein supplementation of chick diets containing single-cell protein sources. Brit. Poultry Sci. 14: 569-578.
The Response of Turkeys to Varying Doses of Live Oral Pasteurella multocida Vaccine STEPHEN R. COATES, MARCUS M . JENSEN AND EDWARD D . BROWN
Department of Microbiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602 (Received for publication July 6, 1976)
ABSTRACT Groups of 30 turkeys were vaccinated by the drinking water route against fowl cholera with varying doses of the low virulence, CU strain, of Pasteurella multocida. One group (heavy dose) received 1.2 x 107, another (medium dose) 1.5 x 105, and a third (light dose) 1.0 X 103 bacteria per ml. of drinking water. Two (6.7%) vaccine induced cholera deaths occurred in the heavy dose group. No deaths resulted in the other groups. Maximum serum antibody titers per group were; light dose 1:32, medium dose 1:128, and heavy dose 1:256. Three weeks after vaccination all turkeys were challenged with a large dose of virulent P. multocida (P-1059). Mortalities resulting from the challenge were 100% in the light group, 23% in the medium group, 4% in the heavy group, and 100% in the unvaccinated controls. POULTRY SCIENCE 56: 273-276, 1977
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
ARIOUS regimens have been used in recent years to immunize turkeys against fowl cholera. The results with killed vaccines (Pomeroy, 1975) [bacterins] and live oral vaccines have been summarized (Derieux, 1975; Bierer and Derieux, 1975a). While the live oral vaccine using low virulence strains of Pasteurella multocida are easy to administer, they have been reported to cause mortality rates of 4.2%; however, when turkeys received prior immunization with oil-based bacterin three to four weeks before receiving the living vaccine, the mortality associated with the live vaccine was about 2.5% (Bierer and Derieux, 1972). The present study was carried out to determine if reduced doses of the live oral vaccine could be used to reduce the mortality associated with the vaccine but still induce immunological protection.
Turkeys. Ninety 10-week-old non-immunized Large White hens were obtained from a local flock. They were housed, 30 each, in three 3 x 3.5 meter isolation rooms, each with a separate negative ventilation system. The birds were held in these rooms for one week before the vaccine was administered.
V
Vaccine. The low virulence, CU strain, of P. multocida that had been maintained on bovine blood agar was grown in brain heart infusion broth. Incubation was at 37° C. for 20 hr. without agitation. The concentration of bacteria was estimated by optical density at 660 nm. using a spectrophotometer and confirmed by plate counts in dextrose starch agar. Each group of 30 birds received a different dosage level of the vaccine. High, medium and low doses containing 1.2 x 107, 1.5 x 10 5 and 1.0 x 103 bacteria respectively
274
S. R. COATES, M. M. JENSEN AND E. D. BROWN
per ml. of drinking water were administered. Water was withheld from the turkeys the night previous to vaccination and the vaccine was administered two hours after lights were turned on in the morning. Twelve liters of a given dose were administered in a stainless steel bucket to a group of 30 turkeys. Turkeys were exposed to the drinking water vaccine for five hours. Birds were monitored for three weeks after vaccination. Droppings were assayed to determine the excretion rate of the vaccine administered bacterium. Identification of the P. multocida was made by gram stain, oxidase test, catalse test, and colony and motility characteristics. Serology. The antibody responses of randomly selected birds from each group were determined by tube agglutination tests with formalin-fixed capsular antigen and HCl-extracted somatic antigens (Namioka and Murata, 1961) of the CU strain of P. multocida grown in brain heart infusion broth. The antigens were adjusted to an optical density of 0.7 at 600 nm. with a spectrophotometer. Turkey serum was diluted two-fold and 0.5 ml. of each dilution was added to 0.5 ml. of antigen. The mixture was incubated at 37° C. for 2 hr. and then at 4° C. for 16 hr. before being read.
Challenge of Immunity. Three weeks after vaccination the turkeys were exposed to virulent P. multocida (P-1059 strain) in their drinking water. The water contained about 2.0 x 107 bacteria per ml. and was administered on two consecutive days. This dose represented approximately 100 LD 5 0 under these experimental conditions. RESULTS Vaccine Associated Deaths. No mortality resulted in the groups receiving the low and medium doses of vaccine. The high dose induced two deaths of the 30 turkeys receiving the vaccine, i.e., 6.7% mortality. The first turkey became morbid four days post-vaccination and died two days later. The second turkey became morbid on the sixth day and died on the tenth day after vaccination. P. multocida was isolated from the liver and lungs of both birds. Turkeys receiving the medium and heavy doses of vaccine began excreting the P. multocida in their feces within 24 hours. Those receiving the light doses excreted the bacterium after 48 to 72 hours and then at a much lower concentration as compared to the other two groups. One week following vaccination no P. multocida were found in the feces, except the one morbid turkey.
TABLE 1.—Serologic responses of turkeys to different doses of oral vaccine Vaccine dosage with number of bacteria per ml. Light 1 x 103 Medium 1.5 x 105 Heavy 1.2 x 107
Antibody titer to somatic antigens Days post vaccination 4 14 1:8
Waldroup, P. W., and N. W. Flynn, 1975. Comparison of the nutritive value of yeasts grown on hydrocarbon feedstocks under varying processing conditions. Poultry Sci. 54: 1129-1133. Waldroup, P. W., C. M. Hillard and R. J. Mitchell, 1971. The nutritive value of yeast grown on hydrocarbon fractions for broiler chicks. Poultry Sci. 50: 1022-1029.
273
Waldroup, P. W., and J. R. Payne, 1974. Feeding value of methanol-derived single-cell protein for broiler chicks. Poultry Sci. 53: 1039-1042. Woodham, A. A., and P. S. Deans, 1973. Amino acid and protein supplementation of chick diets containing single-cell protein sources. Brit. Poultry Sci. 14: 569-578.
The Response of Turkeys to Varying Doses of Live Oral Pasteurella multocida Vaccine STEPHEN R. COATES, MARCUS M . JENSEN AND EDWARD D . BROWN
Department of Microbiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602 (Received for publication July 6, 1976)
ABSTRACT Groups of 30 turkeys were vaccinated by the drinking water route against fowl cholera with varying doses of the low virulence, CU strain, of Pasteurella multocida. One group (heavy dose) received 1.2 x 107, another (medium dose) 1.5 x 105, and a third (light dose) 1.0 X 103 bacteria per ml. of drinking water. Two (6.7%) vaccine induced cholera deaths occurred in the heavy dose group. No deaths resulted in the other groups. Maximum serum antibody titers per group were; light dose 1:32, medium dose 1:128, and heavy dose 1:256. Three weeks after vaccination all turkeys were challenged with a large dose of virulent P. multocida (P-1059). Mortalities resulting from the challenge were 100% in the light group, 23% in the medium group, 4% in the heavy group, and 100% in the unvaccinated controls. POULTRY SCIENCE 56: 273-276, 1977
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
ARIOUS regimens have been used in recent years to immunize turkeys against fowl cholera. The results with killed vaccines (Pomeroy, 1975) [bacterins] and live oral vaccines have been summarized (Derieux, 1975; Bierer and Derieux, 1975a). While the live oral vaccine using low virulence strains of Pasteurella multocida are easy to administer, they have been reported to cause mortality rates of 4.2%; however, when turkeys received prior immunization with oil-based bacterin three to four weeks before receiving the living vaccine, the mortality associated with the live vaccine was about 2.5% (Bierer and Derieux, 1972). The present study was carried out to determine if reduced doses of the live oral vaccine could be used to reduce the mortality associated with the vaccine but still induce immunological protection.
Turkeys. Ninety 10-week-old non-immunized Large White hens were obtained from a local flock. They were housed, 30 each, in three 3 x 3.5 meter isolation rooms, each with a separate negative ventilation system. The birds were held in these rooms for one week before the vaccine was administered.
V
Vaccine. The low virulence, CU strain, of P. multocida that had been maintained on bovine blood agar was grown in brain heart infusion broth. Incubation was at 37° C. for 20 hr. without agitation. The concentration of bacteria was estimated by optical density at 660 nm. using a spectrophotometer and confirmed by plate counts in dextrose starch agar. Each group of 30 birds received a different dosage level of the vaccine. High, medium and low doses containing 1.2 x 107, 1.5 x 10 5 and 1.0 x 103 bacteria respectively
274
S. R. COATES, M. M. JENSEN AND E. D. BROWN
per ml. of drinking water were administered. Water was withheld from the turkeys the night previous to vaccination and the vaccine was administered two hours after lights were turned on in the morning. Twelve liters of a given dose were administered in a stainless steel bucket to a group of 30 turkeys. Turkeys were exposed to the drinking water vaccine for five hours. Birds were monitored for three weeks after vaccination. Droppings were assayed to determine the excretion rate of the vaccine administered bacterium. Identification of the P. multocida was made by gram stain, oxidase test, catalse test, and colony and motility characteristics. Serology. The antibody responses of randomly selected birds from each group were determined by tube agglutination tests with formalin-fixed capsular antigen and HCl-extracted somatic antigens (Namioka and Murata, 1961) of the CU strain of P. multocida grown in brain heart infusion broth. The antigens were adjusted to an optical density of 0.7 at 600 nm. with a spectrophotometer. Turkey serum was diluted two-fold and 0.5 ml. of each dilution was added to 0.5 ml. of antigen. The mixture was incubated at 37° C. for 2 hr. and then at 4° C. for 16 hr. before being read.
Challenge of Immunity. Three weeks after vaccination the turkeys were exposed to virulent P. multocida (P-1059 strain) in their drinking water. The water contained about 2.0 x 107 bacteria per ml. and was administered on two consecutive days. This dose represented approximately 100 LD 5 0 under these experimental conditions. RESULTS Vaccine Associated Deaths. No mortality resulted in the groups receiving the low and medium doses of vaccine. The high dose induced two deaths of the 30 turkeys receiving the vaccine, i.e., 6.7% mortality. The first turkey became morbid four days post-vaccination and died two days later. The second turkey became morbid on the sixth day and died on the tenth day after vaccination. P. multocida was isolated from the liver and lungs of both birds. Turkeys receiving the medium and heavy doses of vaccine began excreting the P. multocida in their feces within 24 hours. Those receiving the light doses excreted the bacterium after 48 to 72 hours and then at a much lower concentration as compared to the other two groups. One week following vaccination no P. multocida were found in the feces, except the one morbid turkey.
TABLE 1.—Serologic responses of turkeys to different doses of oral vaccine Vaccine dosage with number of bacteria per ml. Light 1 x 103 Medium 1.5 x 105 Heavy 1.2 x 107
Antibody titer to somatic antigens Days post vaccination 4 14 1:8
