International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis

ISSN: 0020-7144 (Print) 1744-5183 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/nhyp20

The Relationship Between Absorption, Openness to Experience, Anhedonia, and Susceptibility H. Lorraine Radtke & Henderikus J. Stam To cite this article: H. Lorraine Radtke & Henderikus J. Stam (1991) The Relationship Between Absorption, Openness to Experience, Anhedonia, and Susceptibility, International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 39:1, 39-56, DOI: 10.1080/00207149108409617 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207149108409617

Published online: 31 Jan 2008.

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The IntemotiunalJutirnal of Clinical and Erperimental Hqpnoalr 1981. Vol. S . . . I.Y. No. 1. 39-56

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ABSORPTION, OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE, ANHEDONIA, AND SUSCEPTIBILITY' H. LORRAINE RADTKE AND HENDERIKUS J. STAM2'3 Downloaded by [Monash University Library] at 18:38 18 November 2015

University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Abstract: Examination of the absorption (Tellegen Absorption Scale [TAS] of Tellegen & Atkinson, 1974), openness to experience (OTE Inventory of Costa & McCrae, 1978), and anhedonia (ANH Scales of L. J. Chapman, J. P. Chapman, & Raulin, 1976) scales suggested that they might be conceptually related. Given the reliable relationship between TAS and hypnotic susceptibility, the authors were interested in studying OTE and ANH as possible personality correlates of hypnotic susceptibility. 2 studies, 1 involving a community sample and the other a sample of university students, were conducted to assess the relationships between the TAS, OTE, and ANH scales and hypnotic susceptibility. As predicted, in Study 1(community sample) the TAS and OTE inventories were positively correlated with one another and both were negatively correlated with the ANH scale. This pattern of correlatims was replicated in Study 2 (university sample), but only TAS correlated significantly with hypnotic susceptibility. Factor analyses further confirmed these findings. It was concluded that the conceptual relationship among the TAS and the OTE and ANH scales resides in some dimension other than hypnotic susceptibility.

Numerous investigations have focused on the relationship between traditional personality traits (e.g., introversion/extraversion, neuroticism) and susceptibility to hypnosis. The majority of these studies, however, have indicated that such measures are poor predictors of response to hypnotic suggestion (see reviews by Barber, 1964, 1969; E. R. Hilgard, 1965; J. R. Hilgard, 1979). Indeed, reviewers of this literature have consistently concluded that, due to the mixed results, stable relationships between traditional personality variables and hypnotic susceptibility have yet to be demonstrated. An exception to this general conclusion has been the line of research that has focused on the relationship between hypnotic susceptibility and the personality attribute of absorption (as measured by the Tellegen Absorption Scale [TAS] of Tellegen & Atkinson, 1974; see review by Manuscript submitted April 12. 1989; final revision received February 27, 1990. 'This research was partly funded by research grant number 410-87-0278 from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. ?he authors thank Mary Tkachyk for her contributions to the project. 'Reprint requests should be addressed to H: Lorraine Radtke, Ph.D., Department of Psychology. University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, N . 1 . . Calgary. AlbertaT2N lN4, Canada.

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de Groh, 1989). Absorption is defined as an openness to involving and self-alteringexperiences; “a disposition for having episodes of ‘total’attention that fully engage one’s representational (i.e., perceptual, enactive, imaginative and ideational) resources [Tellegen & Atkinson, 1974, p. 2681.” More recently, Tellegen (1981)has viewed absorption as the adoption of an experiential set, that is, “a state of receptivity or openness to experiencing in the sense of readiness to undergo whatever experiential events, sensory or imaginal, that may occur, with a tendency to dwell on, rather than go beyond, the experiences themselves and the objects they represent [p. 2221.” Most studies have found significant, although modest, correlations between TAS and hypnotic susceptibility (Council, Kirsch, Vickery, & Carlson, 1983; Crawford, 1982; Farthing, Venturino, & Brown, 1983;Finke & Macdonald, 1978;Hoyt, Nadon, Register, Chorny Fleeson, Grigorian, Otto, & Kihlstrom, 1989;Kihlstrom, Register, Hoyt, Albright, Grigorian, Heindel, & Morrison, 1989;Nadon, Laurence. & Perry, 1987;Rhue & Lynn, 1989;Roberts, Schuler, Bacon, Zimmerman, & Patterson, 1975; Spanos, Brett, Menary, & Cross, 1987; Spanos & McPeake, 1975a;Spanos, Radtke, Hodgins, Bertrand, Stam, & Moretti, 1983; Spanos, Rivers, & Gottlieb, 1978; Spanos, Steggles, RadtkeBodorik, & Rivers, 1979;Tellegen, 1979;Yanchar & Johnson, 1981). In only two cases were nonsignificant correlations reported (Chiofalo & Coe, 1982;Spanos, McPeake, & Churchill, 1976). Moreover, when another scale (the Swanson scale; Swanson, 1978)was used to measure absorption, a positive correlation with hypnotic susceptibility was also found (Finke & Macdonald, 1978).Thus, there is a considerable level of consistency and stability in the research findings4 ‘Recently. Council, Kirsch, and Hafner (1986) suggested that the relationship between TAS and hypnotic susceptibility is mediated by expectancy. They found that TAS was correlated with hypnotic susceptibility, expectancy, and hypnotic depth when TAS was administered in a context involving hypnosis. When TAS was administered in a nonhypnotic context, however, these correlations were not statistically significant. A recent replication and extension by de Groot. Cwynn, and Spanos (1988)obtained consistent results for female but not for male Ss. They found that, for female Ss, TAS correlated significantly with hypnotic susceptibility when these Ss were informed that hypnotic susceptibility would be assessed. Half of the informed female Ss completed TAS prior to being informed about the hypnotic susceptibility test (told after condition)and the other half completed it after being informed (told before condition). This manipulation had no effect on the size or the statistical significance of the correlations, suggesting that in the told-after condition, So may have modified their hypnotic performance based on their TAS responses, whereas in the toldbefore condition, they may have m&ed either their TAS responses or their hypnotic responses. The pattern of correlations obtained in these two studies lends itself to several alternative interpretations, and further research i s necessary to determine the most likely explanation as well as the stability of the gender differences obtained by de Groot et al. (1988). Moreover, Nadon, Hoyt, Register, and Kihlstrom (in press) failed to find evidence for a context effect mediating the relationship between absorption and hypnotic susceptibility.A number of other conceptual questions about the relationship between imaginative involvement and hypnotic susceptibility have been raised elsewhere (cf. Barber & Cdverley. 1965; Buckner & Coe. 1977; Zamansky t Clark, 1986).

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Factor analytic investigations of TAS suggest that it taps a unique personality dimension (O’Grady, 1980; Tellegen & Atkinson, 1974). When the scale was first developed, Tellegen and Atkinson (1974) reported that it was not related to measures of stability-neuroticism and introversionextraversion. Later, O’Grady (1980) examined the relationship between TAS and several other personality measures, including measures of repression-sensitization, authoritarianism, state and trait anxiety, locus of control, and social desirability. The TAS was largely unrelated to the other measures and loaded on a factor by itself, again suggesting that absorption is a unique person variable. More recent psychometric research with TAS has confirmed the independence of absorption from variables other than hypnotic susceptibility (Tellegen, 1981). A number of other studies have provided evidence for the predictive validity of TAS (Kumar & Pekala, 1988; Pekala, Wenger, & Levine, 1985; Qualls & Sheehan, 1979, 1981a, b). In a series of studies, Qualls and Sheehan (1979, 1981a, b) compared the electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback performance of research participants scoring high and low on TAS. High-absorption participants were less successful in reducing frontalis EMG following biofeedback than were low-absorption participants, and this difference was attributed to an interference effect in the biofeedback condition (Qualls & Sheehan, 1979, 1981b). In the case of the highabsorption participants, the biofeedback signal presumably led to an external attentional focus which interfered with the use of imaginal strategies. When the participants were explicitly instructed to use imaginal strategies (i.e.,an experiential set was encouraged), however, there was no interference with the biofeedback performance of the high-absorption participants (Qualls & Sheehan, 1981a). Thus, scores on TAS were predictive of performance on a task involving focused attention. Pekala et al. (1985)compared high- and low-absorption research participants on a self-report questionnaire of phenomenological experience obtained after participants sat quietly for 4 minutes with eyes open or with eyes closed. Compared to low-absorption participants, those scoring high on TAS reported more imagery of greater vividness; more positive affect; greater alterations in self-awareness, meaning, perception, time sense’and body image; and increased absorption. These differences, however, did not appear consistently across the two stimulus conditions (eyes open and closed). In a follow-up study, the participants were assessed following sitting quietly with eyes closed and following hypnotic susceptibility testing (Kumar & Pekala, 1988). Compared to low-absorption participants, high-absorption participants reported greater alterations in awareness, body image, perception, and meaning and decreased volitional control. These results suggest that absorption is predictive of subjective experiences in other contexts. Other evidence for the validity of TAS is reported in Lynn and Rhue (1986). They pre-selected research participants on the basis of fantasy-

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proneness and then assessed their levels of absorption and hypnotic susceptibility. Those participants identified as high on fantasy-proneness scored significantly higher on TAS and hypnotic susceptibility compared to medium and low fantasy-prone participants. In fact, they reported a correlation of -75between TAS and their measure of fantasy-proneness. Despite the absence of strong relationships between TAS and traditional personality characteristics (e.g., introversion-extraversion),there may be other personality variables that are related to both absorption and hypnotic susceptibility. Specifically,Openness to Experience (OTE; Costa & McCrae, 1978) and Social and Physical Anhedonia (ANH; L. J. Chapman, J. P. Chapman, & Raulin, 1976) appear to be conceptually related to absorption. The OTE inventory measures “a broad dimension of personality manifested in a rich fantasy life, aesthetic sensitivity, awareness of inner feelings, need for variety in actions, intellectual curiosity, and liberal value systems (McCrae & Costa, 1984, p. 1451.” Although OTE is not identical to absorption, both Tellegen and Atkinson (1974) and Costa and McCrae (1978) aruged that their respective constructs constituted a third major dimension of personality in addition to the two traditional higher order constructs of extraversion-introversion and neuroticism-stability. It is surprising, therefore, that only one study has related these two constructs to one another and there are no previous published reports assessing their relationship with hypnotic susceptibility. McCrae and Costa (1984) correlated their measure with scores on TAS but only in a small sample (N = 48) of volunteers participating in a study of behavioral reductions in blood pressure. The correlation between the two scales wu .56 (p < .001). One purpose of the present study was to collect data on a large sample and to relate scores on the two scales (OTE and TAS) to each other and to hypnotic susceptibility. The ANH scales measure lowered ability to experience pleasure and, according to some theorists (cf. L. J. Chapman et al., 1976; Mishlove & L. J. Chapman, 1985), nonpsychotic anhedonics are at high risk for schizophrenia. Given the literature on correlates of hypnotic susceptibility, it is unlikely that a construct such as this one would be correlated with hypnotic susceptibility. Moreover, there is some evidence that schizophrenics generally obtain hypnotizability scores lower than the normative data (e.g., Lavoie, Sabourin, & Langlois, 1973), although the interpretation of these findings remains controversial (for a review, see Pettinati, 1982). Nevertheless, many of the ANH items (e.g., “the beauty of sunsets is greatly overrated’) appear to be the reverse of those on TAS; those scale items which are reverse-scored (e.g., “when I have walked by a bakery, the smell of fresh bread has often made me hungry”) may also be directly related to absorption. Thus, in terms of item content, there is reason to suspect that these scales will be negatively correlated with TAS and the OTE inventory.

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Two studies were conducted to test the present authors’ predictions. Study 1 was concerned with the relationships among TAS and the OTE and ANH scales, using an adult sample from the community to establish the generalizability of the correlations. Study 2 assessed the relationships between hypnotic susceptibility and these three scales in university students. STUDY 1 The purpose of this study was to test the present hypothesis concerning the relationship between TAS and each of the ANH and OTE scales. A positive correlation between TAS and the OTE inventory and a negative correlation between TAS and the ANH scale was expected. Moreover, assuming that these scales represent unique dimensions of personality, the correlations were expected to fall in the low-to-moderate range. In addition, the correlations between TAS and the subscales of the OTE and ANH scales were examined. An examination of the subscales’ content suggested that some subscales were more likely to be related to TAS than were others. Specifically, the OTE inventory consists of six subscales: Fantasy, Aesthetics, Feelings, Actions, Ideas, and Values. Items on the Fantasy and Aesthetics subscales seem to bear the most similarity to items on TAS, since they deal with daydreaming, fantasizing, and the appreciation of music and poetry. For example, the Fantasy OTE subscale includes items such as, “I try to keep all my thoughts directed along realistic lines and avoid flights of fancy” and “I can daydream for long periods of time and completely forget where I am.” On the Aesthetics subscale, there are items such as, “I am often completely absorbed in music I am listening to” and “Poetry has little effect on me.” By contrast, the other four subscales deal with (a) a person’s openness to experiencing a variety of emotions, including anger; (b) their willingness to try new foods, meet new people, visit new places, and so on; (c) their interest in entertaining new ideas and solving puzzles; and (6) their openness to different values and to changing values. The ANH scale is comprised of 88 items and includes two subscales, Physical and Social ANH (L. J. Chapman et al., 1976). Items on the Physical subscale reflect the ability to experience physical pleasures related to eating, touching, smell, and so on. Those on the Social subscale refer to pleasures associated with interpersonal interaction such as simply being in the presence of others, talking with others, and so on. A number of items on the Physical subscale, including “The beauty of sunsets is greatly overrated and “I don’t know why some people are so interested in music,” bear some resemblance (albeit in the reverse direction) to items on TAS. The Social subscale, on the other hand, contains essentially no similar items. Thus, based on the present authors’ survey of item content, stronger relationships for TAS with the Fantasy and Aesthetics subscales of OTE and with the Physical ANH subscale than for TAS with the other subscales were predicted.

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TABLE 1 STUDY 1: CORRELATIONS AMONG TAS, UTE. AND ANH’

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Variable

TAS

Total OTE Fantasy Aesthetics Feelings Actions Ideas Values Total ANH Physical ANH Social ANH Note.

TotnlANH

- .52*** - %*** .§7*** - a*** a*** - %*** - .42*** .32*** - 301.. .37*** - .32*** .32*** - .42*** -____ -.a*** m*** - m*** w*** .62***

m***

PhysicalANH

- .52*** - .41*** - a*** - %*** - %*** - Zg*** - m*** I -

.---

SocidANH

- .42*** - .24** - N*** - .29***

- .39*** - %*** - %***

-. ----

.57***

- Redundant correlationsare omitted.

VAS = Tellepn Absorption Scale; OTE = Openness to Experience; and ANH = Anhedonia. **p < .01. ***p < ,001.

METHOD Research Participants The participants were 186 individuals recruited from the community through University of Calgary students registered in an undergraduate experimental methods course. Ninety-tyo males and 94 females participated, with ages ranging from 18 to 67 (X = 28.1, S.D.= 11.33). Procedure The research participants were recruited for a study of personality and completed the three questionnaires (TAS, OTE, and ANH) in a single session lasting approximately 30 minutes. They were informed that the purpose of the study was to test various aspects of personality, that all data would be kept confidential, and that the results were for research purposes only. Following completion of the questionnaires, the participants were thanked and debriefed.

RESULTS Pearson product-moment correlations confirmed the present authors’ predictions. A significant positive correlation was found between TAS and the OTE inventory, and significant negative correlations were found between the ANH scale and both TAS and the OTE inventory (see Table 1).This pattern was obtained consistently for the total scores as well as the subscale scores. In addition, the correlation between TAS and the Fantasy subscale of the OTE inventory was significantly larger than the correlations between TAS and the other four subscales (t’s = 3.98,4.12, 3.54,and 4.29, df = 183, p < .01, for the Feelings, Actions, Ideas, and Values subscales,

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TABLE 2 STUDY1: FACTORLOADINGS

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Variable' TAS

FI .70

OTE Subscales Fantasy Aesthetics Feelings Actions Ideas Values

.64 .69 .47 .59 .59 .59

ANH Subscales Physical ANH Social AN H

- .66 - .53

Eigenvalue

3.36 ~~

TAS = Tellegen Absorption Scale; OTE = Openness to Experience; and ANH = Anhedonia.

respectively). Similar differences were found between the correlation of TAS with the Aesthetics subscale and the correlations of TAS with the other four subscales (t's = 3.43, 3.67, 3.08, and 3.94, df = 183, p < .01, for the Feelings, Actions, Ideas and Values subscales, respectively). In addition, the correlations of TAS with the Physical and Social ANH subscales differed significantly (t = 3.37, df = 183, p < .01). In order to further explore the nature of the relationships among the three scales, a principal factor analysis was conducted on TAS and the subscales of the OTE and ANH measures. A single, general factor with an eigenvalue greater than 1.00 and accounting for 37% of the variance was extracted, reflecting a considerable amount of unique variance not accounted for by the factor. The squared multiple correlation of this factor with the nine variables was .85, indicating that the factor was well defined by the variables. The factor loadings (see Table 2) for all nine variables were fair to very good (Comrey, 1973). DISCUSSION

Although absorption has been considered a unique person variable, the present results suggest that it shares some variance with other dimensions of personality, specifically ANH and OTE. In general, the findings were consistent with those of McCrae and Costa (1984); TAS was positively correlated with the total OTE score and with the OTE subscale scores. McCrae and Costa (1984), however, only found statistically significant correlations between TAS and three of the subscales. In the present study, on the other hand, significant correlations with all six scales were found. In addition, factor analysis revealed one general factor reflecting the common variance shared by the scales. Thus, it would appear that an

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openness to everyday imaginative activities is related to openness in other realms of experience as well. Moreover, both types of openness are negatively related to the decreased ability to experience physical and social pleasure that is measured by the ANH scale. The predictions concerning relationships between TAS and the subscales of the OTE and ANH measures were also tested. Consistent with these predictions, the Fantasy and Aesthetics subscales of the OTE and the Physical ANH subscale were more strongly correlated with TAS than were the other subscales. These results suggest that item similarity among TAS, the Fantasy and Aesthetics subscales of the OTE, and the Physical ANH subscale may be responsible for the strong correlations (Nicholls, Licht, & Pearl, 1982). Nonetheless, the remaining subscales also correlated with TAS to a statistically significant degree, indicating conceptual similarity among TAS and the OTE and ANH scales. Given these relationships, then, the present authors were interested in determining whether the OTE and ANH scales would correlate with hypnotic susceptibility. This was the purpose of Study 2. STUDY 2 In Study 1, strong correlations between TAS and the ANH and OTE measures were found. Because TAS is a significant predictor of hypnotic susceptibility (at least when it is administered within the hypnotic context), ANH and OTE may also be correlates of hypnotic susceptibility. Thus, it was of interest to examine further these potential personality correlates of hypnotic responding. In addition, the discriminant validity of TAS was assessed by administering the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire ((EPQ) of H. J. Eysenck and S. B. G. Eysenck (1975). In earlier studies, extraversion-introversion and neuroticism-stability have not correlated with TAS or with hypnotic susceptibility (e.g., Spanos, Nightingale, Radtke, & Stam, 1980; Spanos, Stam, Rivers, & Radtke, 1980; Tellegen & Atkinson, 1974). Therefore, nonsignificant correlations were expected in the present study as well.

METHOD Research Participants The participants were 69 University of Calgary undergraduates who were recruited for a study involving hypnosis. Twenty-seven-males and 42 females participated, with ages ranging from 17 to 52 years (X = 20.62, S.D.= 4.71). They were paid $3.00 for their participation. Procedure The participants were tested over two l-hour sessions; individually in Session 1and in a small group in Session 2. They first completed TAS and the OTE, ANH, and EPQ questionnaires and were then administered a tape-recorded, lo-minute hypnotic induction procedure (Spanos & Bodorik, 1977) and 12 hypnotic suggestions. These suggestions were adapted from the Carleton University Responsiveness to Suggestion Scale (CURSS) of Spanos, Radtke, Hodgins. Stam, and Bertrand (1983);the

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Barber Suggestibility Scale (Barber, 1969); and the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form B (Weitzenhoffer & E. R. Hilgard, 1959).They included suggestions for (a) arm levitation, (b) hand lock, (c) arm rigidity, (6) thirst hallucination, (e) verbal inhibition, (f) body immobility, (g) foot immobilization. (h) arms repelled, ( i ) mosquitoe hallucination, 6) music hallucination, (k)visual hallucination (kitten), and ( I ) eye catalepsy. Next, they completed a test of recall for their hypnotic experiences and were administered a posthypnotic amnesia suggestion and two additional recall tests, one following the suggestion and one following cancellation of the 3 suggestion. Following this phase of the session, the participants were given a questionnaire assessing their subjective experiences. Using a 4-point scale, they indicated to what degree (“not at all” to “a great degree”) they experienced each of the suggestions. This was referred to as their subjective experience score (SUB; maximum possibie score = 36). In addition, they indicated to what degree (“not at all” to “a great degree”) their responses to each suggestion were experienced as involuntary, again on a 4-point scale. An objective score was obtained by adding up the number of suggestions to which a participant responded positively, as judged by E (OBJ; maximum possible score = 12). As with CURSS (Spanos et a]., 1983), an objective-involuntariness score (0-1; maximum possible score = 12) was determined by adding up the number of suggestions where a participant responded positively to the suggestion and reported that the response was experienced as moderately involuntary or involuntary to a great degree. In Session 2, the participants were administered the Harvard Croup Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A (HGSHS:A) of Shor and E. Orne (1962).6 RESULTS The data were first analyzed with Pearson product-moment correlations. Contrary to expectation, the OTE and ANH measures did not correlate strongly with the four hypnotic susceptibility scores (see Table 3).’ Moreover, only two of the subscales emerged as statistically ’Performance on this task did not enter into the hypnotic susceptibility scores. ‘Correlations between HGSHS:A and the scale used during the first session of this study .56 (SUB), and .57 (0-1)(p C ,001). were .61 (OBJ), ‘A minimum p value of .10 was adopted for the analysis of replicated relations. As a consequence, we are willing to accept a 10% chance that we err in rejecting the null hypothesis under conditions where we are replicating previously reported findings. The convention of a fixed level of significance set at .05 has a long and somewhat controversial history within psychology. Nonetheless, it has been argued that when the purpose of hypothesis testing is to make inferences concerning the evidence against the null hypothesis, a fixed significance level is not desirable (e.p.. Edgington, 1970; Oakes, 1986). A logical implication of this argument is that one weighs the evidence and concludes that it is convincing or not based on a subjective assessment of the associated p value. Hence, the present authors are not inclined to ignore “marginally” significant findings that are theoretically important and constitute replications of previous research. The reader, of course. may choose to do otherwise.

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TABLE 3 STuw 2: CORRELATIONSOF TAS, OTE, AND THE EPQ W r R i

HYPNOTIC ~USCEPriBILITY'

Objective Involuntariness

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Variable

Objective Score

Subjective Score

score

TAS

.!23*

%**

.B**

Total OTE Fantasy Aesthetics Feelings Actions Ideas Values

.05

.14 .17 .20 -.15 -.15

.15 .12 .22* .17 .04

.14 .15 .18 .19 .001 .04

Total ANH Physical ANH Social ANH

- .23* - .03

In troversiod Extraversion EPQ Neuroticism EPQ

- .05

.05

- .08 -.13

.22*

- .01 - .02 - .05

.04 .02 .03 - .07

- .12

-.lo

- .06

- .04 -.I1 .02

- .M

-.14 .003

- .08

- .06

-.11

- .09

- .09

HGSHS:A

-.lo .04

- .09

- .22*

TAS = Tellegen Absorption S d e ; OTE = Openness to Experience; ANH = Anhedonia; EPQ = Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. * p c .lo. * * p c .05. TABLE 4 STUDY 2 CORRELATIONS AMONG TAS, OTE, ANH Variable Total OTE Fantasy Aesthetics Feelings Actions Ideas Values

Introversion/ Extraversion EPQ Neuroticism EPQ

TAS 42**** %***

.39*** .29** .24** .07 .13

.18

.m

Total ANH - .27**

- .22 - .10 - .30**

AND THE

Phvsical ANH

- .29** - .24*

- .08

-.19 - .24* - .36*** - .01 -.11

- w**.

- 39****

- 44***8 .02

.19

.26**

EPQ' Social ANH

- .20** -.17 - .01 - .29** - 41**** .04

- .05

- a**** .ll

Note. - Redundant correlations are omitted. ?AS = Tellegen Absorption Sde; OTE = Openness to Experience; and ANH = Anhedonia; EPQ = Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. * p < .lo. **p < .05. ***p < .01. ****p< .001.

significant by conventional criteria. The TAS, however, correlated positively with all four measures of hypnotic susceptibility and the OTE and ANH measures correlated with TAS (see Table 4). Four of the six OTE

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subscales and both of the ANH subscales also correlated with TAS. As expected, the two subscales of EPQ failed to correlate significantly with hypnotic susceptibility or with TAS at conventional levels of statistical significance. Although the correlations among TAS and the OTE and ANH scales were consistently statistically significant across the two studies, the correlations obtained in Study 2 appeared to be smaller than those obtained in Study 1. Tests of the difference between correlations confirmed that the correlation between TAS and total OTE scores was significantly smaller in Study 2 compared to Study 1 ( z = 2.10, p < .05). A similar result was obtained for the correlation between the OTE and ANH scales (z = 2.08, p < .05). Only the correlations between TAS and the ANH scale were not significantly different across studies. As in Study 1, the size of the correlations between TAS and Fantasy, Aesthetics, and Physical ANH were compared with those between TAS and the other subscales. The correlation with the Fantasy subscale failed to differ significantly from those obtained with the Feelings, Actions, Ideas, and Values subscales ( t s = .70, 1.35, 1.96, and 1.97, respectively, d ! = 66, p = ns). Two differences emerged for the Aesthetics subscale, however: Ideas and Values (t’s = 2.32 and 2.26, respectively, (If = 66, p < .05). The other two comparisons were nonsignificant (t’s = .68 and 1.10 for Feelings and Actions, respectively, d ! = 66). as was the test of the difference involving the two ANH subscales (t = - .18, df = 66). In order to examine the possibility that a restricted range within the sample for Study 2 attenuated the correlations somewhat, the means and standard deviations for the two samples were compared (see Table 5). Study 2’s university sample scored significantly higher on TAS and total OTE and significantly lower on total ANH than Study 1’s community sample. These differences were also apparent on the subscales, where consistent statistically significant differences emerged on all subscales except Aesthetics. The sample in Study 2 had significantly less variability than the sample in Study 1 on TAS; total OTE; total ANH; and the Actions, Values, and Social ANH subscales. As in Study 1, a principal factor analysis was conducted to explore the variance shared among the scales. On the basis of a preliminary principal components analysis, three factors with eigenvalues greater than 1.00 and accounting for 46.01% of the variance were extracted. Varimax rotation was applied. All three factors were well defined by the 15 variables with squared multiple correlations of .92, .86, and .73 for F,, Fp, and Fa, respectively. Again, however, with a few exceptions (i.e., Social ANH, OBJ,SUB,and 0-1) the communalities were small (see Table 6). Inspection of the factor loadings indicated that F, could be labelled Hypnotic Susceptibility since the loadings of all four susceptibility variables were very strong to excellent and the loading for TAS was marginal (.28). FP was labelled Introversion because Feelings, Actions, and IntroversionExtraversion all loaded negatively, while Physical and Social AN H loaded

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COMPARISON OF

MEANS AND

TABLE 5 STANDARDDI~VIATIONS FROM STUDIES 1 AND 2

variable' TAS Total OTE

Study1

Study2

-

(N = 186)

(N = 69)

X SD.

26.90 7.29

30.45

X

163.02 22.51 24.62 6.43 25.80 6.29 28.69 4.15 29.41 4.64 25.51 5.60 29.00 5.33

173.30 17.56 27.43 6.07 27.13 5.54 30.42 3.88 30.70 3.46 27.33 5.75 30.29 3.73

17.78 9.84 7.46 4.33 10.33 6.72

12.83 7.99 5.41 3.73 7.42 5.25

-

SAD. Downloaded by [Monash University Library] at 18:38 18 November 2015

Fantasy

X

SAD. Aesthetics

X

SAD. Feelings

X

SAD. Actions

X

SAD. Idea

X

SAD. Values

X

S.D. Total ANH

X

SAD. Physical

X

SAD. Social

X

S.D.

F

t -4.55.'

4.73

2.37** -3.83..

1.64. -3.15. 1.12 -1.55 1.29 -3.01** 1.15 -2.10. 1.80'. -2.30* 1.05

-2.18* 2.05** 4.12.. 1.52* 3.58.. 1.35 3.6321 1.64*

Note. - F is a test of homogeneity of variance. T A S = Tellegen Absorption Scale; OTE = Openness to Experience; and ANH = Anhedonia. * p < .05. * * p < .01.

positively. The zero-order correlations among these five variables confirmed that they constituted a cluster of related variables. Finally, F3 was labelled Openness to Experience as TAS and all six subscales of the OTE inventory loaded on this factor.

GENEFWLDISCUSSION Overall, the present results offer at least tentative support for the notion that some unique aspect of absorption is related to hypnotic susceptibility. Although TAS was correlated with the ANH and OTE measures in both studies, in Study 2 TAS alone was significantly correlated with h notic susceptibility and loaded on the Hypnotic Susceptibility factor. Thus,

P

'Further support for this conclusion was found in an analysis of partial correlations between the hypnotic susceptibility scores and absorption with the effects of OTE and ANH removed. These correlations were significant at p < .Wfor HGSHS:A scores (pr = .26, t = 2.06, df = 65) and 0-1scores (pr = .26. t ~2.16.df = 65)and marginally significant at p < .I0 for SUB scores (pr = .22. t = 1.84. df = 65) and OBJ scores (pr = .22, t = 1.18. df = 65).

ABSORPTION, OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE, ANHEDONIA, AND SUSCEPTIBILITY

51

TABLE 6 STUDY2: FACTORLOADINGSAND COMMUNALITIES

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Variable'

F,

HCSHS:A

.a

Objective Score Subjective Score Objective-Involuntariness Score

.86

F2

FJ

.oo

- .05

- .04

.03

h' .43

.88

.oo

.12

.74 .79

.90

.01

.I1

.83

TAS

.28

- .25

.42

.32

Fantasy OTE Aesthetics OTE Ideas OTE Values OTE Feelings OTE Actions OTE

.10 .13

.57 .67

.36

-.16 .14 - .07

-.15 - .01 - .01 - .01

.35 .63 .35 .37

.46 .13 .43 .24 .36

Physical ANH Social AN H

-.17 .01

.62

.88

-.18 - .02

.44 .78

In troversionl Extraversion EPQ Neuroticism EPQ

- .09

- .75

- .01

.ll

.09

.56 .03

2.39 11.25

1.31 11.95

Eigenvdues %I of Variance

- .05

-.13

3.20 19.81

- .32 - .47

'TAS = Tellegen Absorption Scale; OTE = Openness to Experience; ANH = Anhedonia: and EPQ = Eysenck Personality Questionnaire.

while there is a significant overlap in variability between TAS and the other person variables, the variance shared between TAS and hypnotic susceptibility is unique to those two measures. Further research is needed to determine the role of expectancies in contributing to this pattern of findings and the extent to which item overlap may be responsible for the observed correlations (Nicholls et al., 1982). Inspection of the items included in the three scales (i.e., TAS and the ANH and OTE scales) indicated that only TAS assesses involvement in experiences; items on the ANH and OTE instruments focus on interest or willingness to engage in various experiences. It is generally recognized that imaginative involvement is an important component of hypnotic responding (e.g., J. R. Hilgard, 1979; Spanos & Barber, 1974). and hence from this perspective it is not surprising that absorption alone is related to hypnotic susceptibility. Notably, the correlations between TAS and the two subjective indices of hypnotic susceptibility, SUB and 0-1, were slightly stronger than the correlations between TAS and the two indices reflecting overt behavior (OBJ and HGSHS:A scores). This pattern of relationships is consistent with recent arguments that objective indices alone do not fully capture the hypnotic experience (e.g., Spanos et al., 1983). Interestingly, the correlations among the three personality scales tended to be stronger in Study 1where a community sample was assessed

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in a nonhypnotic context than in Study 2 where a sample of university undergraduates was assessed in a hypnotic context. The two samples differed significantly on all three scales both in terms of mean level and variability, indicating possible ceiling effects and restricted range problems in the university sample. Given that almost all of the research on hypnotic susceptibilityand its correlates has been conducted on university students, these findings point to the utility of obtaining research participants from a greater cross-section of the population. The two-factor analyses revealed mainly consistent findings. In Study 1, it was found that TAS and the OTE and ANH subscales shared a substantial amount of variance while maintaining a relatively large component of unique variance. In Study 2, on the other hand, TAS loaded on a Factor with the OTE subscales, while Physical and Social ANH fell on a factor representing Introversion. The TAS also loaded on a factor defined by the four susceptibility measures. Clearly, then, an openness to imaginative experiences (absorption) is related to an openness to other sorts of experiences (OTE) and to a lesser extent to performance on standard measures of hypnotic performance. Of particular importance, these results indicate that the relationships among TAS and the OTE and ANH scales do not depend upon the hypnotic context and are not the product of expectancies generated by the anticipation of being hypnotized. Nevertheless, the conceptual relationship among the three scales resides in some dimension that is unrelated to hypnotic susceptibility. At this point, we can only speculate as to what this dimension might be. One possibility is that TAS and the OTE and ANH scales reflect an openness to various experiences; what absorption and hypnotic susceptibility uniquely share is the willingness to become involved in imaginal and sensory experiences.

REFERENCES BARBER,T. X. Hypnotizability,suggestibility, and personality:A critical review of research findings. Psychol. Rep., 1964,14,299-320. BARBER,T. X. Hypnosis: A scientific oppwach. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1969. BARBER, T. X., & CALVERLEY, D. S. Hypnotizability, suggestibility and personality: 11. Assessment of previous imaginative-fantasy experiences by the h.Barber-Glass. and Shor questionnaires.I. clfn. Psychol.. 1Q65,21,sI-58. BUCKNER,L. G., & COE. W. C. Imaginative skill, wording of suggestions, and hypnotic susceptibility. Int. I . clin. exp. Hypnosis. lfV7,25,27-36. CHAPMAN, L. J.. CHAPMAN, j. P., & RAULIN, M. L. Sdesforphysidandsocialanhedonia. I. abnorm. Psychol, 1976,BJ. 374-382. CHIOFALO. L., & COE,W.C. A failure to support the relationships of selected traits and hypnotic responsiveness in drama students. Amer.I.clin. Hypnosis. 1982,24, u)o-u)3. COM~U% A. L. A first mum infector analyda. New York: Academic Press, 1973. COSTA,P. T.. JR., & McC~ue.R. R. Objective personality assessment. In M. Storandt, I. C. Siegler. & M.F. E l i s (Eds.). T~clinicolpsychologyofoging. New York: Plenum, 1978. Pp. 119-143.

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COUNCIL,J. R., KIRSCH, I., & HAFNER.L. P. Expectancy versus absorption in the prediction of hypnotic responding. J . Pers. soc. Psychol., 1986.50. 182-189. COUNCIL, J. R.. KIRSCH,I., VICKERY.A. R.. h CARLSON. D."Trance" versus "skill" hypnotic inductions: The effects of credibility, expectancy and experimenter modeling. 1.consult. clin . Psychof ., 1983,51,432r4.u). CRAWFORD, H. J. Hypnotizability. daydreaming styles, imagery vividness, and absorption: A multidimensional study. J . Pers. SOC. Psychol., 1982, 42. 915-926. DECROH.M. Correlates of hypnotic susceptibility. In N. P. Spanos & J. F. Chaves (Eds.), Hypnosis: The cognitiue-behauioral perspectiue. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus, 1989. Pp. 32-63. DEGROOT.H. P.. CWYNN,M. I., & SPANOS,N. P. The effects of contextual information and gender on the prediction of hypnotic susceptibility. J . Pers. soc. Psychol.. 1988. 54,1049-1053.

EDGINGTON. E. S. Hypothesis testing without fixed levels of significance.J . Psychol.. 1970, 76. 109-115.

EYSENCK. H. J.. & EYSENCK, S. B. C.Manual of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. San Diego. CA: EdITS, 1975. FARTHING. C. W.. VENTURINO, M.. & BROWN, S. W. Relationship between two different types of imagery vividness questionnaire items and three hypnotic susceptibility scale factors: A brief communication. Int. J . d i n . erp. Hypnosis. 1983. 31. 8-13. FINKE.R. A.. & MACDONALD, H . Two personality measures relating hypnotic susceptibility to absorption. fnt. J. d i n . erp. Hypnosis, 1978.26. 178-183. HILCARD. E. R. Hypnotic susceptibility. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1965. HILCARD,J. R. Per.sonality and hypnosis: A study of imaginatise incokement. (2nd ed.). Chicago: Univer. of Chicago Press. 1979. HOYT, I. P.. NADON, R., REGISTER. P. A.. CHORNY. J., FLEESON.W., CRICORIAN, E. M . , OTTO. L.. & KIHLSTROM. J. F. Daydreaming. absorption and hypnotizability. Int. J . d i n . exp. Hypnosis, 1989.37.332-342. KIHLSTROM, J. F., REGISTER, P. A.. HOYT. I. P., ALBRICHT. J. S.. CRICORIAN. E. M., HEINDEL.W. C.. & MORRISON,C. R. Dispositional correlates of hypnosis: A phenomenological approach. I n t . J . din. erp. Hypnosis. 1989, 37. 249-263. KUMAR. V. K., & PEKALA.R. J. Hypnotizability. absorption, and individual differences in phenomenological experience. Int. J. d i n . exp. Hypnosis. 1988,36,8048. LAVOIE,C . , SABOURIN, M., & LANCLOIS,L. Hypnotic susceptibility, amnesia and IQ in chronic schizophrenia. Int. J . din. exp. Hypnosis, 1973. 21. 157-168. LYNN,S. J.. & RHUE. J. W.The fantasy-prone person: Hypnosis, imagination, and creativity. I . Pers. soc. Psychol., 1986.51, 4ae408. MCCRAE,R. R., h COSTA,P. T., JR. Openness to experience. Perspect. Pers., 1984, 1 . 145-172.

MISHLOVE, M.. & CHAPMAN, L. J. Social anhedonia in the prediction of psychosis proneness. J . abnorm. Psychol.. 1985. 94,384396. NAWN, R.. HOYT, I. P., REGISTER. P.A., C KIHLSTROM. J. F. Absorption and hypnotizability: Context effects re-examined. J . Pers. soc. Psychol.. in press, NADON, R., LAURENCE, J.-R., & PERRY.C. Multiple predictors of hypnotic susceptibility. J . P e n . SOC. Psychol.. 1987.53.948-960. NICHOLLS. J. G . , LICHT, B. C., & PEARL. R. A. Some dangers of using personality questionnaires to study personality. Psychol. Bull.. 1982. 92. 572580. OAKES,M. Statistical inference: A commentary for the social and behauwural sciences. Chichester, Great Britain: Wiley, 1986. OGRADY.K. E. The absorption scale: A Factor-analyticassessment. Int.]. din. exp. H y p n o sis. 1980. 28. 281-288.

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PEW, R. J.. WGER. C. F.. & LEWNE,R. L. Individual differences in phenomenological experience: States of consciousness as a function of absorption. /. Pen. soc. Psychol.. 1QE5,48. 12S132. PEITINATI. H. M. Measuring hypnotizability in psychoticpatients. 1nt.J.clin. exp. Hypnosis, 1982.30,404-416. QUALLS, P. J., & SHEEHAN.P. W. Capacity for absorption and relaxation during electromyograph biofeedback and no-feedback conditions. I . obnorm. Psychol ., 1979.88.652-662. QUALLS, P. J., & SHEEHAN, P. W. Imagery encouragement, absorption capacity, and relaxation during electromyograph biofeedback. /. Pera. aoc. Psychol.. 1981.41,37&379.(a) QUALLS,P. J., & SHEEHAN.P. W. Role of the feedback signal in electromyograph biofeedback: The relevance of attention. I . exp. Psychol.:a n . , 1981. 110. 204-216.(b) RHUE. J. W.. & LYNN,S. J. Fantasy proneness, hypnotizability, and absorption A reexamination:A brief communication. Int.1. clin. a p . Hypnosis. 1989.37, 100-106. ROBERTS. A. H.. SCHULER.J.. BACON, J. C.. ZIMMERMAN, R. L., & PARERSON, R. Individual differences and autonomic control: Absorption, hypnotic susceptibility. and the unilateral control of skin temperature. 1.obnorm. Psychol., 1975,84.272-279. SHOR,R. E., & ORNE.E. C. The Haruard Croup Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility. Form A . Palo Alto, CA:Consulting Psychologists Press, 1962. SPANOS,N. P., & BARBER,T. X. Toward a convergence in hypnosis research. Atner. Psychologist, 1974.29.500511. SPANOS.N. P., dr BOWRIK.H. L. Suggested amnesia and disorganized reull in hypnotic and task-motivated subjects. /. obnorm. Psychol., 1977.86,.-z SPANOS.N. P., BRETT, P. J.. MENARY.E. P.. & CROSS,W. P. A measure of attitudes towards hypnosis: Relationships with absorption and hypnotic susceptibility. Atner. j . clin. Hypnosis. 1987. 30,139-150. SPANOS,N. I?. dr MCPEAKE.J. D.The interaction of attitudes toward hypnosis and involvement in everyday imaginative activities on hypnoticsuggestibility.A1ner.J. clin. Hypnosis, 1975, 18, 247-252.(a) SPANOS.N. P., & MCPEAKE.J. D. Involvement in everyday imaginativeactivities, attitudes toward hypnosis. and hypnotic suggestibility. /. Pers. soc. Psychol., 1975, 31. 59&598.(b) SPANOS,N. P., MCPEAKE,J. D.. & CHURCHILL.N. Relationships between imaginative ability variables and the Barber Suggestibility Scale. Amer.]. clin. Hypnosis. 1976.19. 39-46, SPANOS.N. P., NIGHTINGALE, M. E., RAMKE, H. L., & STAM,H. J. The stuff hypnotic “dreams”are made of. I . ment. Imug., 1980.4,99-110. SPANOS, N. P., RADTKE. H. L., HODGINS.D. C.. BERTRAND,L. D., STAM. H. J., t MORETTI. P. The Carleton University Responsiveness to Suggestion Scale: Relationships with other measures of susceptibility, expectancies, and absorption. Psychol. Rep., 1983,53.723-734. SPANOS,N. P.. UMKE, H. L.. HODCINS.D. C., STAM, H. J.. & BERTRAND.L. D. The Carleton University Responsiveness to Suggestion Scale: Normative data and psychometric properties. Psychl. Rep., 1983, 53.523535. SPANOS,N. P.. RIVERS. S. M., & GOTILIEB, J. Hypnotic responsivity, meditation, and laterality of eye movements. /. obnorm. Psychol., 1978, 87, 566-569. SPANOS.N. P.. STAM. H. J., RIVERS. S. M.. dr €Lwnc~,’H. L. Meditation, expectation and performance on indices of nonanalytic attending. 1nt.J. clin. exp. H y p n o d s . 1980, 28,

-

244-251. SPANOS. N. P., STEGGLES.

S.. ~DTKE-BODORIK.H. L.. & RIVERS, S. M. Nonanalytic attending, hypnotic susceptibility, and psychological well-being in trained meditators and nonmeditntors. 1.abnorm. Psychol.. 1979.’88.W 7 . SWANSON.G. E. Travels through inner space: Family structure and openness to absorbing and self-altering experiences. Atner. j . Socwl., 197H. 83. 890-919.

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~LLECEN A. , On measures and conceptions of hypnosis. Ainer. I . clin. Hypnosis, 1979, 21, 219-2.36. ~ L L E C E N .A. Practicing the two disciplines for relaxation and enlightenment: Comment on “Role of the feedback signal in electromyograph biofeedback: The relevance of attention” by Qualls and Sheehan. /. exp. Psychol.: Gen.. 1981,110, 217-226. BLLECEN,A., t ATKINSON. G . Openness to absorbing and self-altering experiences (“absorption”). a trait related to hypnotic susceptibility. I . abnorm. &chol., 1974,.83.

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268-277. WEITZENHOFFER. A. M.,h HILCARD, E. R. Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scales. F o r m A and B . Palo Alto. CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1959. YANCHAR. R. J.. & JOHNSON,H. J. Absorption and attitudes toward hypnosis: A moderator analysis. Int. I . d i n . exp. Hypnosis, 1981, 29,375382. ZAMANSKY. H. S.. C CLARK,L. E. Cognitive competition and hypnotic behavior: Whither absorption? Int.1. clin. exp. Hypnosis, 1986.34,205-214. Die Beziehung zwischen Absorption, Bereitsamkeit fur Erfahrung, Anhedonie und Hypnotisierbarkeit H. Lorraine Radtke und Henderikus J. Stam Abstmkt: Eine Untersuchung der Skalen fur Absorption ([TAS] Tellegen Absorptionsskala von Tellegen und Atkinson, 19741, Bereitsamkeit fur Erfahrung (OTE, Inventar von Costa and McCrae, 1978) und Anhedonie (ANH, Skalen von L. J. Chapman, J. P. Chapman, und Raulin, 1976) deutete darauf hin, dall sie mbglicherweise konzeptionell verwandt sind. Da die verlallliche Beziehung zwischen TAS und Suszeptibilitiit bekannt ist, waren die Autoren daran interessiert, OTE und ANH als mogliche Personlichkeitskorrelate der Suszeptibilitat zu studieren. 2 Studien, 1 in dem ein Cemeindemuster verwickelt war und das andere, ein Muster von Universitiitsstudenten, wurden durchgefuhrt, um die Beziehung zwischen den TAS-, OTE- und ANH-Skalen und Suszeptibilitat zu bewerten. Wie vorhergesehen standen im Studium 1 (Cemeindemuster) die TAS- und OTE-Inventare positiv in Wechselbeziehung zu einander, und beide bezogen sich wechselseitig in negativem M a h auf die ANH-Skala. Dieses Muster der Korrelationen wurde in Studium 2 (Universitatsmuster) wiederholt, doch stand nur TAS in bedeutender Wechselbeziehung mit Suszeptibilitat. Faktorenanalysen bestatigten weiterhin diese Befunde. Es wurde beschlossen, dd die konzeptionelle Beziehung unter den TAS- und den OTE- und ANHSkalen einigen andern Dimensionen als Suszeptibilitat innewohnt. Relation entre I’absorption, la permbabilitb expbrientielle, I’anhbdonisme et I’hypnotisabilitb H. Lorraine Radtke et Henderikus J. Stam Rbsumt: L‘examen des bchelles d’absorption (Tellegen Absorption Scale [TAS] of Tellegen C Atkinson, 1974)d’ouverture exp6rientielle (OTE inventory of Costa C McCrae, 1978) et d’anhbdonisme (ANH Scales of L. J. Chapman, J. P. Chapman, & Raulin, 1976)suggb

rent que ces bchelles partageraient une certaine parentbe conceptuelle. La relation existant dbjB entre la TAS et I’hypnotisabilitb a amen6 les auteurs B r’intbresser A I’OTEet P I’ANH comme caractbristiques de personnalitb pouvant &re relites B I’hypnotisabilitb. Les relations entre la TAS, l’OTE,I’ANH et I’hypnotisabilitb ont btb mesurles dans d e w btudes: la premiere dans un bchantillon de la population et la seconde dans un bchantillon d’etudiants universitaires. En a m r d avec ce qui btait prbvu, I’btude 1 montra que la TAS et I’OTE sont positivement corrbltes entre elles mais toutes les deux. nbgativement, avec I’ANH. Ces resultats ont btb retrouvbs dans la seconde btude mais seule, la TAS est en correlation positive avec I’hypnotisabilitb. Une analyse factorielle confirme aussi ces rbsultats. II est conch que la relation conceptuelle entre la TAS, I’OTE et I’ANH reside dans une dimension autre que I’hypnotisabilitb.

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RADTKE AND STAM

Relnci6n entre absord6n, npertura a la experiencia, anhedonia y sugestibilidad hipn6tica

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H.Lorraine Radtke y H e n d e r i h J. Stam Resumen: El examen de las escalas de absorci6n (TAS, Tellegen Absorption Scale de Tellegen y Atkinson, 1974), apertura de la experiencia (OTE, Inventory de Costa y McCrae, 1978) y anhedonin (ANH Scaler de L. J. Chapman, J. P. Chapman y Raulin, 1976), sugiri6 que poddan estar conceptualmenterelacionadas. Dada la relacidn confiable entre TAS y sugertibdidad hypdtica, los autorer estaban intererados en ertudiar OTE y ANH como posibles correlator de la personalidad en la sugesti6n hypdtica. Se realiiron 2 estudior, uno incluy6 una muestra de una comunidad y otro una muestra de estudiantes universitarios, dichos estudios estaban destinndos a eveluar las relaciones entre las escalas TAS, OTE y ANH y In rugestibilidad. Tal.como se predijo, en el estudio 1 (muestra comunitaria) 10s inventarios de la TAS y de la OTE estaban positivamente correlacionados uno con otro y ambos estaban neptivamente correlacionados con la escaln ANH. Este patr6n de mrrelaciones fue replicado en el estudio 2 (muestra universitaria), per0 s610 la TAS se correlacion6 significativamente con la sugestibilidad. Analisis posteriores mnfirmaron estos hallazgos. Se conchy6 que la relaci6n conceptual entre Ins escalas TAS, OTE y ANH reside en una dimensi6n distinta que no tiene que ver con la sugestibilidad hipndtica.