S ept embe it 1,
18S0.]-
THE OPIUM
QUESTtON".?BY
ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS. \
THE OPIUM
QUESTION. Surgeon-Genenal W. J. Moore,
By Deputy
The consideration of the question of the opium trade with the Chinese, and the effects of opium on the human
constitution, may with propriety be preceded l>y some remarks on the characteristics of the Chinese people, as both the questions of morality, and of effects, hinge, to a considerable degree, on the peculiar habits, temperament, charac eristics, constitution and idiosyncracy of
the natives of the Celestial Empire. A recent author* thus describes the Chinese : '' There is not a nation yet known to exist on the earth whose inhabitants are so habitually and systematically profligate as the Chinese ; vice of the most
revolting
kind
in without shame
or
l>eing openly practised and indulged
punishment.
Chastity
is unknown
women, and is only preserved higher by rigorous seclusion and want of
among the lower orders of among
the
The degradation of women in China is absolute and complete Gain is the limit of a Chinaman s ambition, and he regards not the means by which wealth is obtained, being deficient of probity in thought,
opportunity.
word and deed.
Cunning and jealous beyond measure, servilely abject to their superiors, they exhibit tyranny and injustice to all below them ; in fact there are no judges who administer laws impartially and justly. All classes, from the highest to the lowest, are addicted to gambling, cheating, and fraud, and the dexterity of Chinese thieves is proverbial." Monsieur Hue,who lived long among the Chinese, states: Manilla, the law forbids a Chinaman to marry a native woman until he has become a Christian. When the Chinese wish to marry, therefore, they receive baptism just as they would go through any other ceremony that was tequired. But if. even after the lapse of many .years, the fancy takes them to return to their own conntry, they leave the wife and religion behind and go back The Chinese is so completely absorbed as they came in temporal interests, that his whole life is only materialism put in action. Lucre is the sole object on which "
Fortune* also tells
At
his eyes are constantly fixed : a burning thirst to realize some profit, great or small, absorbs all his faculties?the whole energy of his being. He never pursues anything with ardour but riches and material enjoyment." Sherrard Osbornef states : " I believe the picture drawn by Hue, to be a perfect photograph of the race." Surgeon-General Gordon^ writes : "Personal cruelty is distilled into their nature from their infancy and this author details how by-standers joked at the sufferings of those submitted to operation at the hospital established for the Chinese. He also tells us, that the men objected to women occupying space in the hospita^ saying, ''any place good enough for women !"
Captain
Eden. China and the Corea, 1S77. t OsVorne. British relations in China. ? Goidou. Chini from a medical point of *
have
are
large families,
us:
or
sometimes made the
subject
of
jest
even
by
their
mothers.'' "
disease to which human be found prevalent in and most terrific form and this he attributes in a great degree to the utter absence of any form of sanitation, and even of cleanli-
Sirrj*
states :
There is not
a
subject, that may not China, and frequently in its worst
nature is
ness.
Sirr also informs us, that when the Emperor could obtain metal to make coin, Buddhist temples were despoiled of their images. not
Notwithstanding the boasted civilization of past ages, intelligence of the bulk of: the Chinese people is not even now of a very high order, and their ignorance of many matters is amazing. For instance ; when as recently as 1875 it was proposed to introduce railways the
into the Celestial Empire, a vigorous native protest was fulminated against them, in which among other things scarcely less astounding, it wa alleged, that in all countries where railways exist, they are considered a very dangerous mode of locomotion, and beyond those who have very urgent business to transact, no one thinks of
using them. Legal tortures and punishments are divided into inferior and superior. Among the former, are the icoodeii collar, which prevents the wearer reaching his mouth with his fingers ; squeezing the fingers and ankles ; and imprisonment in most filthy jails. Among the latter, are cutting into small pieces, and strangulation. But jailers and magistrates frequently resort to other modes of punishment, such as hanging by one leg and arm ; hanging by the armpit ; standing on tiptoe, with the head through the top of a cage, whereby the greater part of the weight of the body is supported by the bulk of the head and chin ; the iron shirt, an apparatus so made that pieces of skin or flesh protrude through apertures, which pieces are then cut or rasped off ; the hot water snalce, a hollow snake of porcelain placed round the body, or
the
and then filled with
arm,'
scalding
water ; the
whip of lioohs, and kneeling on sharp bits of crockery. The history of the trading intercourse between European nations and the Chinese, while not free from grave faults on the part of the former, abounds in instances of the most barbarous cruelty and breach of faith on the part of the latter. The ill treatment of Sir Henry Parkes and the murder of his attendants under a flag of truce was an episode not to be surpassed in deceit and cruelty, in the annals of any other nation, ancient In 1839, a native opium dealer was publicly or modern. before the foreign factories, whereCanton at strangled hauled down. In 1870, upon all the European flags were at
Tien-tsin, *
view.
225
"When mothers are poor, observe any indication of an illness likely to be troublesome or expensive, they cast the ittle creatures away without regret." " Surgeon-General Gordon also states : Children when seized with illness, are cruelly treated, and their sufferings or
/
DY. SURG.-GENERAL W.J. MOORE.
the
rose
against foreigners,
China and the Chinese. China and the Chinese.
Fortune.
t Sirr.
populace
and
THE INDIAN MEDICAL GAZETTE.
226
barbarously murdered the French Consul, the interpreter and his wife, a Catholic pri
18S0.]-
THE OPIUM
QUESTtON".?BY
ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS. \
THE OPIUM
QUESTION. Surgeon-Genenal W. J. Moore,
By Deputy
The consideration of the question of the opium trade with the Chinese, and the effects of opium on the human
constitution, may with propriety be preceded l>y some remarks on the characteristics of the Chinese people, as both the questions of morality, and of effects, hinge, to a considerable degree, on the peculiar habits, temperament, charac eristics, constitution and idiosyncracy of
the natives of the Celestial Empire. A recent author* thus describes the Chinese : '' There is not a nation yet known to exist on the earth whose inhabitants are so habitually and systematically profligate as the Chinese ; vice of the most
revolting
kind
in without shame
or
l>eing openly practised and indulged
punishment.
Chastity
is unknown
women, and is only preserved higher by rigorous seclusion and want of
among the lower orders of among
the
The degradation of women in China is absolute and complete Gain is the limit of a Chinaman s ambition, and he regards not the means by which wealth is obtained, being deficient of probity in thought,
opportunity.
word and deed.
Cunning and jealous beyond measure, servilely abject to their superiors, they exhibit tyranny and injustice to all below them ; in fact there are no judges who administer laws impartially and justly. All classes, from the highest to the lowest, are addicted to gambling, cheating, and fraud, and the dexterity of Chinese thieves is proverbial." Monsieur Hue,who lived long among the Chinese, states: Manilla, the law forbids a Chinaman to marry a native woman until he has become a Christian. When the Chinese wish to marry, therefore, they receive baptism just as they would go through any other ceremony that was tequired. But if. even after the lapse of many .years, the fancy takes them to return to their own conntry, they leave the wife and religion behind and go back The Chinese is so completely absorbed as they came in temporal interests, that his whole life is only materialism put in action. Lucre is the sole object on which "
Fortune* also tells
At
his eyes are constantly fixed : a burning thirst to realize some profit, great or small, absorbs all his faculties?the whole energy of his being. He never pursues anything with ardour but riches and material enjoyment." Sherrard Osbornef states : " I believe the picture drawn by Hue, to be a perfect photograph of the race." Surgeon-General Gordon^ writes : "Personal cruelty is distilled into their nature from their infancy and this author details how by-standers joked at the sufferings of those submitted to operation at the hospital established for the Chinese. He also tells us, that the men objected to women occupying space in the hospita^ saying, ''any place good enough for women !"
Captain
Eden. China and the Corea, 1S77. t OsVorne. British relations in China. ? Goidou. Chini from a medical point of *
have
are
large families,
us:
or
sometimes made the
subject
of
jest
even
by
their
mothers.'' "
disease to which human be found prevalent in and most terrific form and this he attributes in a great degree to the utter absence of any form of sanitation, and even of cleanli-
Sirrj*
states :
There is not
a
subject, that may not China, and frequently in its worst
nature is
ness.
Sirr also informs us, that when the Emperor could obtain metal to make coin, Buddhist temples were despoiled of their images. not
Notwithstanding the boasted civilization of past ages, intelligence of the bulk of: the Chinese people is not even now of a very high order, and their ignorance of many matters is amazing. For instance ; when as recently as 1875 it was proposed to introduce railways the
into the Celestial Empire, a vigorous native protest was fulminated against them, in which among other things scarcely less astounding, it wa alleged, that in all countries where railways exist, they are considered a very dangerous mode of locomotion, and beyond those who have very urgent business to transact, no one thinks of
using them. Legal tortures and punishments are divided into inferior and superior. Among the former, are the icoodeii collar, which prevents the wearer reaching his mouth with his fingers ; squeezing the fingers and ankles ; and imprisonment in most filthy jails. Among the latter, are cutting into small pieces, and strangulation. But jailers and magistrates frequently resort to other modes of punishment, such as hanging by one leg and arm ; hanging by the armpit ; standing on tiptoe, with the head through the top of a cage, whereby the greater part of the weight of the body is supported by the bulk of the head and chin ; the iron shirt, an apparatus so made that pieces of skin or flesh protrude through apertures, which pieces are then cut or rasped off ; the hot water snalce, a hollow snake of porcelain placed round the body, or
the
and then filled with
arm,'
scalding
water ; the
whip of lioohs, and kneeling on sharp bits of crockery. The history of the trading intercourse between European nations and the Chinese, while not free from grave faults on the part of the former, abounds in instances of the most barbarous cruelty and breach of faith on the part of the latter. The ill treatment of Sir Henry Parkes and the murder of his attendants under a flag of truce was an episode not to be surpassed in deceit and cruelty, in the annals of any other nation, ancient In 1839, a native opium dealer was publicly or modern. before the foreign factories, whereCanton at strangled hauled down. In 1870, upon all the European flags were at
Tien-tsin, *
view.
225
"When mothers are poor, observe any indication of an illness likely to be troublesome or expensive, they cast the ittle creatures away without regret." " Surgeon-General Gordon also states : Children when seized with illness, are cruelly treated, and their sufferings or
/
DY. SURG.-GENERAL W.J. MOORE.
the
rose
against foreigners,
China and the Chinese. China and the Chinese.
Fortune.
t Sirr.
populace
and
THE INDIAN MEDICAL GAZETTE.
226
barbarously murdered the French Consul, the interpreter and his wife, a Catholic pri
