The Nozoe Autograph Books: why sign them? Why publish them? Why read them? Why treasure them? Personal and professional reflections.

Essay DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201400006

THE CHEMICAL RECORD

The Nozoe Autograph Books: Why Sign Them? Why Publish Them? Why Read Them? Why Treasure Them? Personal and Professional Reflections Eva E. Wille Wiley-VCH Verlag Boschstr. 12 69469 Weinheim(Germany) E-mail: [email protected]

Note from the Editor: The Nozoe Autograph Books project involves the publication of the entire 1179 pages of Tetsuo Nozoe’s autograph books in 15 consecutive issues of The Chemical Record. In the design of this project, three of us—Eva Wille, Brian Johnson and I—had a vision of bringing a wide range of experiences to our communities of readers. We also had an eye to the archival future. The final design included, with each of these issues of The Chemical Record, an essay that would provide context, novel content and especially enjoyable reading, to round out the project. In the 10 issues published to date, and in the others that will follow, the essays range from personal stories to perspectives in the areas of chemistry near and dear to the heart of Tetsuo Nozoe. Eva Wille’s essay is particularly special. The daughter of a professor of chemistry of Nozoe’s generation at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (Franz Wille, 1909—1986), Wille is a Ph.D. chemist herself, and for many years, has been and is a major figure in the world of scientific publishing. Thus, she has a unique perspective to share. Indeed, all of the authors of these essays have shared their very personal and professional perspectives, and we are thankful for all of them—and for Tetsuo Nozoe and the thousands of our friends and colleagues who signed his books. —Jeffrey I. Seeman Guest Editor University of Richmond Richmond, Virginia 23173, USA E-mail: [email protected]

1. Reflection: Is the World of Being a Scientist Different Today? Summer 2013: A group of early-career, “under 40”, chemistry professors meet in Kloster Seeon, Germany, for the “3rd Transatlantic Frontiers of Chemistry Symposium”(TFOC).[1] The organizers, three of the largest chemical societies, American Chemical Society (ACS), Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker (GDCh) and Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), felt it was time to bring in and connect with Brazilian chemists and invited the Chemical Society of Brazil, SBQ, to nominate

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young professors to participate, exchange ideas and explore transdisciplinary collaboration. Mirinda Wu, the 8th female president of the ACS, stated in her welcome address: “Our commitment to international collaboration is in line with the ACS’ mission: ‘To advance the broader chemistry enterprise and its practitioners for the benefit of Earth and people.’ We believe that chemistry’s contributions toward global concerns, such as

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© 2014 The Chemical Society of Japan and Wiley-VCH, Weinheim

N o zo e Au t o g r a p h B o o k s : Pe r s o n a l a n d Pro f e s s i o n a l Re f l e c t i o n s

Fig. 1. 3rd Transatlantic Frontiers of Chemistry Symposium—organizers and special guests, main speakers, Kloster Seeon 2013.

education, environment, and health and safety must be prominent.”[2] All speakers and guests (see Figure 1)—perhaps with the exception of the Brazilians—are modern chemistry nomads. Many have two or even three passports. Most have studied in several countries and now do their research and teaching on a continent other than that of their birth. About 30 percent are women. For most this symposium is an extended weekend trip—they are quickly heading back home as many have to manage the challenges of what one calls today a “dual career”. The world of science is excitingly flat. Summer 1953—60 years ago: In July 1953, Tetsuo Nozoe, by then 51, arrived in Germany for the first time in his life. The journey ahead of him would take more than 160 days, ca. 40 times longer than the Seeon Symposium trips.[3–5] Tetsuo Nozoe initiated the trip on his own, realizing finally a dream. He wrote in advance to many chemists who made plans, mostly without connecting with him before he arrived. According to notes from Feodor Lynen, a German biochemist (1911–1979; Nobel Prize 1964), a flight between Japan and Germany took about three days in 1957 because of several necessary stop overs.[6] No e-mails, no WiFi, no PowerPoint presentations, only black-and-white hand-drawn slides and blackboard presentations, no reading e-articles on the plane, no bloggers commenting on experiments just published, no tweets to follow, even phoning and sending telegrams wasn’t easy.

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Back to summer 2013: Much has changed—but the principles of driving chemical research by formal publication, reading and foremost the importance of personal face-to-face meetings and discussions have remained constant, even increased during the passage of six decades. Browsing through the CV’s of the young professors in Seeon: Many have spent their chemical education with chemists who have signed Tetsuo Nozoe’s Autograph Books themselves like Andrew Holmes, Harry Kroto, Steve Ley, Richard Schrock, Craig Hawker, Ken N. Houk, George Whitesides or one finds names of advisors who had studied as PhD students with the signers like Thomas Carell (who did his PhD with Heinz A. Staab). The second, third and fourth generation of chemists after Tetsuo Nozoe gathering in Seeon enjoy the ample opportunities of travelling around the globe [meanwhile the percentage of women in chemistry has increased from nearly zero to perhaps 30–40%]. Constant travelling has become an inbuilt ongoing part of doing research. As travelling has become less expensive, many scientists benefit from their frequent traveller status, many travel with their spouses sometimes, even with their families, and everything has become much easier and faster. For scientists travelling around the globe has become a must to build their career and reputation. It isn’t fancy anymore as even international telephone calls were in the 1950s. But the ease and decreased expense of travelling has had an ironic contraeffect. Travelling has even become a burden again, an adventure turned troublesome, robbing precious time away from the laboratory and research.


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It is “healthy” to reflect on all these and more changes when reading the publication of Tetsuo Nozoe’s Autograph Books.

2. A Unique Way to Reconnect Japan’s Chemistry after World War II When browsing the Nozoe Autograph Books[7, 8] it is stunning to follow what one chemist can achieve beyond his exceptional research. There was no official supporting program calling, no governmental push, no strategy of a national chemical society behind Tetsuo Nozoe’s travelling in 1953 and on later trips. He simply was curious, he had excellent results from his research to present, which he wished to share, and he was eager to bring new friendships into his life—and because of this he was invited to a conference in Northern Europe. He was not afraid to learn and speak English and try other languages like German—quite a challenge for a man aged 51 especially one who had not yet been outside of Asia. He wanted to leave his isolation behind and to meet those chemists whom he had heard of and whose papers he had read. He wanted to be an active part of an international community. This desire led him his way—step by step. First he followed the path of his scientific teacher and advisor in Japan, Riko Majima (1874–1962).[9–11] Majima had spent time in labs in Kiel (1901/1902) with Carl Dietrich Harries and in Zürich with the eminent German Nobelist Richard Wilstätter (1872–1942; Nobel Prize 1915), leaving for Germany by assignment by the Japanese Ministry of Education in 1907 and returning to Japan in 1911. Heinrich Wieland (1877–1957; Nobel Prize 1927, together with Willstätter leading Chemistry at Munich) hosted not less than 14 coworkers from Japan in his labs, among them Munio Kotake (1894–1976), who spent 1924/1925 with him and returned many times.[12] Tetsuo Nozoe contacted chemists from the Wieland school, and in parallel he reached out to chemists working in his field, like Richard H. Erdtman. Tetsuo Nozoe’s curiosity infected and stimulated those he visited, in turn they became curious to learn about chemistry in Japan. Japan was a nation rising in scientific prowess and commitment, perhaps like Brazil today. This development can be followed throughout the 1179 pages of the Nozoe Autograph Books. In parallel, official government-supported programs and institutions like the Fulbright Scholar Program, the Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung, the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft participated to support and further encourage exchange and cooperation between Japan and the Western hemisphere. And as important as going abroad himself was, the fact that Tetsuo Nozoe realized instinctively and immediately: He invited his


hosts to visit him in Japan! Which they did![3,13,14] Early in 1955 the Nobel Laureates Linus Pauling and Adolf Butenandt (the first entry of a German visitor in the Autograph Books) took the opportunity of travel and adventure and visited Japan. The Nozoe Autograph Books document Tetsuo Nozoe’s unique way and role model. They allow for a better understanding of today’s relationship between Japanese scientists and scientists from around the world as well as today’s relationship between Japan and the Western world. In addition they encourage us to search for all sorts of parallels 60 years later. I am excited to take this investigative journey and share my thoughts and observations with you in this Essay.

3. A Unique Document of the Special Relationship between Germany and Japan During the 1860s, right after Japan’s opening to the Western world, a very special relationship between Japan and Germany began. Japan, for instance, chose the Prussian Constitution and its legal system as its role model and many Japanese came to Germany, mainly to Berlin, to study German administration. (Of course, Germany also possessed one of the most sophisticated chemistry research programs of that time.) In this respect I would like to quote Carl Duisberg (1861– 1934).[15] He was one of the most influential German Industry leaders (Bayer/IG-Farben) at this time. In the appendix of his autobiography he wrote at the end of his report of his last big journey 1928–1929, having visited many Asian countries: “Die Japaner sind eben unter den asiatischen Völkern die Preußen des Ostens.”—”The Japanese simply are the Prussians of the East.”

Many Japanese scientists began studying in German Universities, foremost Berlin and Munich, but also for instance Karlsruhe, Kiel or Zürich in Switzerland. The Alexander von Humboldt (AvH)-Stiftung, originally founded in 1860, supported the exchange of scholars between Japan and Germany, especially between 1925 and 1945 and restarted its activities together with the Max-Planck-Society (succeeding the Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft, KWG) as well as other German organizations in the second half of the 1950s. It needs to be mentioned that Germany and Japan had been allies in World War II. This also must have influenced the reconnection of science after World War II. No surprise that in 2011, the Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker (GDCh, German Chemical Society) with participation and support from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation as well as the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), the Chemical Society of Japan (CSJ) celebrated 150 years of German-Japanese Friendship with a Symposium in Tokyo (Figure 2). It was a nice coincidence that this was also the

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Fig. 2. Promoting 150 years of German Japanese Friendship through the 50 years of Angewandte Chemie International Edition Symposium in Tokyo Summer 2011.

year of the publication of the 50th volume of Angewandte Chemie International Edition. As already mentioned in previous essays published with the Nozoe Autograph Book project,[8] the first entry in the Autograph Books is from Charlotte Schöpf (Figure 3), signed

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also by her husband Clemens Schöpf (1899–1970), who was at the time leading the Organic Chemistry Department at the Technische Hochschule (TH) Darmstadt (today TU Darmstadt). Clemens Schöpf did his habilitation with Heinrich Wieland (1877–1957; Nobel Prize 1927; studying in Munich,



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Table 1. Signatures in the Nozoe Autograph Books by Editors and Editorial Board members of the chemistry journals published by the GDCh and Verlag Helvetica Chimica Acta. Editorial role and journal Editors of Chemische Berichte (ca. 1953–1994)

Fig. 3. The first signee: Charlotte Schöpf (courtesy of Erwin Schöpf ).

working in Berlin, Freiburg, back to Munich again). The TH Darmstadt was and is located about 20 km South of Frankfurt International Airport, Germany’s major air turnstile. Clemens Schöpf, whose chemistry focused on natural products, especially alkaloids, was at that time also the leading editor of the German Chemical Society’s (GDCh) Chemische Berichte, a world leading general chemistry journal at the time. Today the Clemens Schöpf building on the Campus honors this fine scientist and reminds current and future generations of his merits and of his spirit. No surprise that the editor of Chemische Berichte led Tetsuo Nozoe’s way to other, and not only, organic chemistry departments especially in Germany, as well as also to research group leaders in the chemical industry, some of which in very close neighborhood: like Darmstadt (Merck), Heidelberg (Karl Freudenberg), Tübingen (Walter Hückel, Georg Wittig, Friedrich Weygand, Egon Müller), Hamburg, Kiel and from there to the Scandinavian countries (Denmark, Sweden, attending the Natural Products Conference upon invitation of Richard H. Erdtman) and back to Germany, Münster (Wilhelm Klemm), Leverkusen (Bayer), Bonn, again Heidelberg, Ludwigshafen (BASF, Werner Reppe), Tübingen (MPI), from there to Switzerland and onto France, The Netherlands, UK, and the US. In Switzerland, Nozoe visited Zürich (Leopold Ruzicka, Paul Karrer, Vladimir Prelog, Edgar Heilbronner, Albert Eschenmoser and many more) and Basel (HoffmannLaRoche, Ciba, Theodor Reichstein, Arthur Stoll, Cyril Grob). In Strasbourg amongst others Tetsuo Nozoe met Guy Ourisson, in Paris he visited the famous Institut du Radium, in the Netherlands, he visited chemists in Utrecht and Amsterdam (it is impossible to note all whom he met—have a look yourself, dear reader), in the UK he met Derek H. Barton, Michael J. S. Dewar, Alexander R. Todd, and so on, in the US, Mary and Louis Fieser, Robert B. Woodward, Frank Westheimer, Roger Adams, and countless more eminent chemists. Thus the special


Editorial Board members of Angewandte Chemie (ca. 1953–1994)

Editors of Liebigs Annalen (ca. 1953–1994)

Editors of Helvetica Chimica Acta (checked only 1965–1994)

Signees C. Schöpf, R. Criegee, R. Greve, A. Lüttringhaus, W. Treibs, R. Huisgen, H. Musso, U. Hofmann, G. Spiteller, W. Kirmse, J. Sauer, W. Steglich, K. Hafner, E. Winterfeld, H. Hopf, H. Budzikiewicz, K. Müllen, R. Gleiter, H. Schwarz, W. Tochtermann, G. Erker R. Pummerer, W. Klemm, R. Kuhn, F. Lynen, A. Eschenmoser, G. Wilke, J. Schaffhausen, H. Schildknecht, A. Steinhofer, E. Vogel, J. M. Lehn, H. Schäfer, K. Weissermel, B. Frank, L. Rieckert, J. Thesing, O. Smrekar (Editor), C. Rüchardt, D. Seebach, E.-L. Winnacker, H. Paulsen R. Kuhn, K. Freudenberg, G. Wittig, K. Ziegler, H. A. Staab, Th. Wieland, G. Wittig, K. Hafner, G. Kresze, H. Schildknecht, G. Wilke, G. Hesse, K. Schaffner, H. Musso, H. Paulsen, H. Hopf E. Heilbronner, P. Karrer,L. Ruzicka, A. Dreiding, J. D. Dunitz, C. Grob, A. Eschenmoser, D. Arigoni, C. Tamm, K. Müller, W. Oppolzer, D. Seebach, H. Heimgartner, F. Gerson, H. Kessler, J.-M. Lehn, P. Vogel, V. Kisakürek

German-Japanese relationship was immediately part of a much wider relationship: the reconnection of Germany & Japan with Northern Europe and above all the UK and the US, the leading chemistry research centers after World War II. Tables 1 and 2 list the signatures of editors of the chemistry journals published by GDCh (later also ChemPubSoc Europe)/Verlag Chemie/VCH Verlagsgesellschaft/Wiley-VCH/Verlag Helvetica Chimica Acta during Nozoe’s travel period 1953–1994. With his first journey, Tetsuo Nozoe broke the ground in many ways. When one browses over the entries after 1953, e.g. the “other 95%” of the document one becomes an eye-witness of evolving lifelong friendships among chemists including their professional and private families. Figure 4 documents one example: Christiane Vogel, wife of the late Emanuel Vogel, has opened her private picture collection and shows moments from 1970 to 2009.

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Table 2. Examples of signatures in the Nozoe Autograph Books by more Board members of GDCh’s/ChemPubSoc Europe’s/Wiley-VCH’s journals. Journal Angewandte Chemie International Edition European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry Chemistry—A European Journal CHEMKON, Chemie in unserer Zeit The Chemical Record

Signees R. Hoffmann, R. Grubbs, J. F. Stoddart, C. Hawker J. de Mendoza J. Bäckvall S. Kabuß, R. Kreher, H.-J. Altenbach, R. Ohloff T. Mukaiyama, K. Nakanishi, H. Yamamoto

The nature, the style of the entries change gradually over the years: From polite more formal courtesies, typically containing only an autograph, to more personal ones, referring to other meetings, and the inclusion of chemical structures, reactions, challenges, riddles, even poems and cartoons. These unique documents give us insight into the lives and personalities of chemists: In which restaurants did one meet—even the seating arrangements, who hosted at home? Figure 5 shows how chemists from the Organic Institute, Ludwig-MaximiliansUniversität München, met privately in the 1950s. Such information is complemented by the presentation of some of the chemical challenges and disputes (see Erich Hückel’s letter 1974 to Nozoe on pages 522–523 of the Nozoe Autograph Books (Figure 6); Erich Hückel,[16] 1896–1980) in those days. And all this simply needs to be made publicly accessible, opened up for historically interested chemists and also to science historians. Summer 1957: Almost exactly four years later after his first world tour, Tetsuo Nozoe started his second journey around the world. Again in Germany, again with a lecture hosted by Clemens Schöpf at TH Darmstadt, who this time wrote the first entry in Nozoe’s Autograph Book himself, followed by an entry of his wife documenting Tetsuo Nozoe’s second visit at their home together with other chemists from academia and industry in Darmstadt. He then travelled to Frankfurt (Günter Seidel (Hoechst), Theodor Wieland, Heinrich Wieland’s son) and Heidelberg (here the first entry of a German female chemist and the first female Rektor of a German University, Margot BeckeGöhring (1914–2009), and of the Nobelist Richard Kuhn); Hans Lettré remarks that this is already Tetsuo Nozoe’s third visit to the chemistry department at the University of Heidelberg. Tetsuo Nozoe visits BASF again (Horst Pommer), travels via Strasbourg, then to Tübingen as well as for the first time to Munich where Rolf Huisgen[17] invites him to stay next time for a whole week; Adolf Butenandt, now director of the newly

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founded MPI of Biochemistry, and Ernst Biekert (1924–2013; later at Knoll/BASF Ludwigshafen, president and treasurer of GDCh and chair of VCH’s Publishing Board 1990–1996) sign his book. From there Tetsuo Nozoe heads off again to Basel (academia and industry) and Zürich and on to Paris, to attend as plenary lecturer the “big” International IUPAC Congress where he asks for instance Arthur Stoll, Sandoz and by then the IUPAC President, to sign again. As Gundhild Aulin-Erdtman (wife of Richard H. Erdtman) notes, Tetsuo Nozoe enjoys a dinner with chemists from seven nations—Klaus Hafner signs here for the first time, only with his name and affiliation (then Marburg University). Hafner signs many times thereafter, typically including his favorite chemistry of the day as well as his family. Only a month later, Nozoe visits Hafner at his home in Marburg and the chemistry department—a proof of which is Karl Dimroth’s signature, at that time director of the organic chemistry department of Marburg University. From then on Hafner and Nozoe meet yearly. Nozoe visited Germany ten times, including every decade until his death in 1996: 1953, 1957, 1966, 1972, 1974, 1979, 1981 (twice), 1985, and 1995. The German professors Klaus Hafner (1927) (Marburg, Munich, Darmstadt, there then Clemens Schöpf’s successor from 1965 to 1996, editor of Liebigs Annalen, later also Chemische Berichte and guiding with Henning Hopf the formation of their European successors European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry and European Journal of Organic Chemistry) and Emanuel Vogel (Karlsruhe, Cologne) seem to have visited Japan a similarly large number of times and clearly belonged to Tetsuo Nozoe’s core group of friends from Germany. Clemens Schöpf visited Japan in 1958, Herbert Budziekiewicz (later Cologne) for instance in 1963, Hans-H. Muxfeldt (Freiburg) in 1964—and of course signed the books. In 1966, during his third visit to Germany, Nozoe started at the MPI Mülheim (Günther Wilke, Herbert Köster, Gerhard Schomburg, Karl Ziegler; 1898–1973, Nobel Prize 1963) then he saw again Klaus Hafner, Clemens Schöpf, Wilhelm Treibs, Heinz A. Staab, Reinhard W. Hoffmann, Hans Plieniger, Werner Tochtermann, Ernst Bayer, Walter Hückel, and many more who all signed. In 1972, Nozoe started in Cologne (Emanuel Vogel hosting him), then Stuttgart, Freiburg (Gottfried Schill, Hans Heinrich Muxfeldt, Siegfried Kabuß, Horst Prinzbach, Gerd Kaupp, Karl Wallenfels (MPI), Alfred Lüttringhaus), Heidelberg (again Karl Freudenberg, Adolf Krebs, Theodor Wieland, Wilhelm Treibs, Dieter Hellwinkel, Heinz A. Staab), Darmstadt (Richard Kreher, Klaus Hafner, Frieder W. Lichtenthaler, Hans Neunhoeffer, Jan Thesing), Munich (Rudolf Gompper, Rolf Huisgen) then to Zürich (Heinrich Zollinger, Jack Dunitz, Rolf Gleiter, Günther Ohloff) and many more chemists wrote entries and signed.



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Fig. 4. Private snapshots from Christiane Vogel documenting how German Japanese chemical (and beyond) friendships evolve and carried on by the next generations (1970–2009): 1. Emanuel Vogel, Christiane Vogel and Tetsuo Nozoe during ISNA-1 (International Symposium on Nonbenzenoid Aromatic Compounds) in Sendai, visiting Hakone National Park, 1970. 2. Celebrating Friendship, Kyoko Nozoe and Christiane Vogel in the Hakone National Park, 1983. 3. Tetsuo and Kyoko Nozoe with Klaus Müllen in Köln at Vogel’s house, 1985. 4. Masazumi Nakagawa and Emanuel Vogel during ISNA-6 in Osaka, 1989. 5. Emanuel Vogel with Tetsuo Nozoe in Japan, 1990. 6. Nozoe’s daughter Takako Masumune with Klaus Hafner and Emanuel Vogel, Nozoe Memorial Symposium, 1997. 7. Nozoe’s wife and all her Children: Takako, Shigeo, Kyoko, Yoko and Yuriko at the Nozoe Memorial Symposium, 1997. 8. Ronald Breslow, Christiane Vogel, Emanuel Vogel, Nozoe Memorial Symposium, 1997. 9. Noriko Murata and Christiane Vogel, Nozoe Memorial Symposium, 1997. 10. Tohonobu Asao, Christiane Vogel, Emanuel Vogel and Tsutomu Miyashi visiting the archives of Tohoku University in Sendai, 2002. 11. On their way to ISNA-13 in Luxembourg: Emanuel Vogel, Atsuhiro Osuka and Silviu Balaban, 2009.

A few examples of Germans visiting Japan until Tetsuo Nozoe came back again: Hans Bock (1974), Siegfried Hünig (1975), and Dieter Seebach (1977). Tetsuo Nozoe is the father of the ISNA conferences.[18] Initially, the ISNA referred to International Symposium on the


Chemistry of Nonbenzenoid Aromatic Compounds but with time, advances in the field demanded a slight name change.[18] ISNA remained but now it represents the International Symposium on Novel Aromatic Compounds.[18] The first ISNA symposium was held in Japan in 1970 in Sendai, organized by

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Fig. 5. Chemistry professors meet and host visitors at their home in the 1950s: Herrmann Stetter, Elisabeth Dane, Alfed Bertho, Gunda Wille, Friedrich Klages, Rita Klages, Franz Wille and Elisabeth Stetter at the home of the Stetters (courtesy of G. Wille).

Tetsuo Nozoe and Shô Itô and the 2nd one was in Lindau in 1974—a further proof for the special relationship between Japan and Germany. This was the occasion for Tetsuo Nozoe’s 5th visit to Germany. In 1979 Tetsuo Nozoe visited once again Darmstadt (Klaus Hafner, Richard Kreher, Bernd Giese), Hoechst in Frankfurt (Klaus Weissermel), Karlsruhe (Hans Musso), and of course Heidelberg and Cologne. 1981 marked a special year for Tetsuo Nozoe’s relationship to Germany: two visits in one year! The first in February: Mülheim, Cologne, Darmstadt, Regensburg (a first, hosted by Jürgen Sauer from the Huisgen school), then via Basel and Zürich (Wolfgang von Philipsborn, Manfred Hesse) to Munich, from there to his first visit to Israel and then back to Hamburg where he attended as a guest of honor the 19. GDCh-Hauptversammlung (19th General Assembly, literally “main gathering”, of the GDCh; Figure 7); there he was awarded with the August-Wilhelm-von-Hofmann-Denkmünze for his exceptional merits (Figure 8). He was the first Japanese chemist, and up to 2010, when C. N. R. Rao, Bangalore received the award, the only Asian chemist to receive this honor. Günther Wilke was the GDCh president at that time. Figure 9 and Figure 10 show the certificate and Tetsuo Nozoe’s partly-inGerman “Thank You” address. On this occasion Tetsuo Nozoe collected entries of many German chemists from all disciplines (Figure 11). Afterwards Tetsuo Nozoe visited Frankfurt, before returning home. 1985 marked the 9th visit to Germany: Darmstadt, Heidelberg, Mülheim, Cologne, and Düsseldorf, which by then had become the “Japanese hub” in Germany.

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In 1989 ISNA-6 in Osaka propelled many friends of Tetsuo Nozoe, and among them many Germans, to Japan (Emanuel Vogel, Klaus Hafner, Siegfried Hünig, Richard Neidlein, Klaus Müllen, Hans Bock—many accompanied by their spouses), some attendees note their 35+ years of acquaintance like Virgil Bockelheide and Guy Ourisson. In 1992 at the ISNA-7 in Canada Heinz A. Staab (Heidelberg, Director at Max-Planck-Institute and President of the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft) wrote below a sketch of a molecule: “To Professor Nozoe, the founding father of ISNA, with my best wishes and ‘Auf Wiedersehen’ at ISNA-8 in Germany”. Indeed then, at the age of 93(!) Tetsuo Nozoe made it once again to Germany to attend ISNA-8 in Braunschweig in 1995. His Autograph Books stop in 1994 though. The last entry is from Zvi Rappoport, of the Hebrew University, Jerusalem (16. Oct. 1994). A few days before (11. Oct. 1994) Rolf Gleiter and Rolf Huisgen penciled in their chemistry with best wishes for Tetsuo Nozoe’s future accomplishments and the one page entry before is written by Emanuel Vogel. Professor Vogel reported that he was looking forward to reading more of Tetsuo Nozoe’s scientific publications. These are only some examples picked from this truly moving document of enthusiastic human chemical exchange during second half of the 20th century. All this deserves to be published to provide chemists with an opportunity to reflect about the way they communicate with whom today. Tracing back helps one also to better understand the past and the present. This document shows a different and much more interdisciplinary connectivity than the official reference listings and quotations in books and journals. It opens up the



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Fig. 6. Top) Erich Hückel’s critical letter to Nozoe in 1974 (p. 522–523 in Nozoe Autograph Books). Bottom) Covers of books published by the physicist Erich Hückel with Verlag Chemie in 1940 and 1975. E. Hückel was one of the founders of theoretical chemistry (Debeye-Hückel Law and HMO Theory, the Hückel Molecular Orbital Theory). His brother Walter Hückel (1895–1973) also signed the Nozoe Autograph Books several times when Nozoe visited Tübingen University and also published with Verlag Chemie (“Theoretische Grundlagen der Organischen Chemie” 1953 as part of the FIAT-Review Series).


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Fig. 7. Program of the GDCh-Festsitzung 15. Sept. 1981 at the 19. GDCh-Hauptversammlung (19th General Assembly, literally “main gethering”, of the GDCh) and remembering the 100. Anniversary of Herrmann Staudinger (courtesy of GDCh).

human side of sometimes by nature quite inaccessible and reserved chemistry professors in Germany and Japan. Another very special example is that of Bernhard Witkop (1917–2010),[12] Jewish on his mother’s side. Witkop studied with Heinrich Wieland in Munich, whom Witkop credited for saving his life from the Nazis, then went to Harvard (Robert B. Woodward), then NIH. He belonged also to the core group of signers and displayed many times his in-depth knowledge of Japanese by writing his entries in that language. I thought it is useful to unravel these parts of GermanJapanese and beyond chemical friendship for the public. To show how these have evolved over the past 60 years on the shoulders of those chemists who had lived at the beginning of the 20th century like Riko Majima. Meanwhile many German chemists spent their postdoc times and more in Japan and became fans of Japanese culture (and cuisine).

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Armin de Meijere (Hamburg, Göttingen), another German signee, for instance established a series of German Japanese Organic Chemistry Symposia, and Feodor Lynen[6] established similar relationships among biochemists. He was honored for this in 1978 (by then President of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation) by the Emperor of Japan.[6] An afterthought: If Tetsuo Nozoe would start his journey again today, he for sure would want to visit the many universities in what was then East Germany like those in Leipzig, Halle, Magdeburg, Jena, Dresden, and especially in Berlin. Due to political constraints, this was inaccessible territory on Nozoe’s travel map, to the detriment of both Nozoe and scientists of those eminent academic institutions. This shows how scientific communication and collaboration was influenced by politics during the cold war.



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Fig. 8. Carbon Copy of the official information regarding the invitation of “Verleihung der August-Wilhelm-vonHofmann-Denkmünze” to Tetsuo Nozoe signed by Wolfgang Fritsche (Managing Director of GDCh, courtesy of GDCh).


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Fig. 9. Official certificate (courtesy of GDCh). Translation: The GDCh awards during its festive ceremony at the 19th General Assembly in Hamburg on September 13th 1981 Professor Dr. Tetsuo Nozoe, Professor Emeritus of Organic Chemistry, Tohoku University, Sendai (Japan) with the August Wilhelm Hoffmann Commemorative Medal (August Wilhelm Hoffmann Denkmünze). In recognition and appreciation for his outstanding investigations about tropolones, terpenes, other terpenoid compounds, and azulenes through which he made crucial and “pointing ahead” contributions to the chemistry of nonbenzenoid aromatic compounds demonstrating their close relationship to natural products chemistry as well as for his longstanding successful efforts about the commencement and deepening of scientific and human relationships between chemists from Japan and Germany.

4. Reflection: Some More Personal Reasons Why to Publish It was during the ACS 2006 Spring Meeting at the Wiley booth in New Orleans when, out of the blue, at least for me, I was approached by Jeff Seeman, who held a green thick book in his hand. I had heard and read of him but hadn’t met him, and the same was true for him. He said he wanted to show me something. I sat down (Figure 12) and started turning the pages. I was thrilled immediately: So many handwritten signatures from so many chemists I either knew in person or from the literature or I had heard of during my private and professional life. Simply stunning and a bit overwhelming! And all of a sudden a myriad of memories popped up in my mind. Many old and new connections emerged. At once I thought I would

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like to ignite more chemists and other scientists to also travel through these Autograph Books. Therefore I share my personal inroads. First there is a very personal one: My father Franz Wille (1909–1986) was a chemist in Munich during the time the chemical institutes of the two Munich Universities, LudwigMaximilians-Universität München (LMU) and Technische Hochschule München (TU München), were located next to each other in Munich’s center. He did his PhD and habilitation with Heinrich Wieland,[12] moved on to theoretical chemistry, wrote as well as translated books and enjoyed teaching a lot;[19] above all he rebuilt and headed the chemical library of the chemical institutes of LMU München for more than three decades after World War II. He liked books, and our home was always rich of opened and closed books.



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Fig. 10. Manuscript of Tetsuo Nozoe’s “Thank you Address” (courtesy of GDCh). Translation of the German language: Although my German isn’t very good, I wish to say thank you in your own language to the GDCh for the honorable recognition with the August-Wilhelm Hoffmann commemorative medal. Be assured that I perceive this award as an encouragement to further support and strengthen the friendly relationships between German and Japanese chemists. May I thank you once again from the heart, dear Mr. President, and wish the GDCh all the best for its future.

No wonder I immediately recognized and was so delighted to see many signatures from his fellow colleagues and former students in Munich, for example, Rudolf Hüttel, Hans Beringer, Gernot Stache, Rudolf Grashey, Hans Bock, Adolf Butenandt, Feodor Lynen, Jürgen Sauer, Bernd Witkop, Friedrich Weygand, Armin Weiss, Karl Freudenberg, Theodor Wieland, Christian Rüchardt, Ivar Ugi, Klaus Hafner, Siegfried Hünig, to name only a few. Michael Dewar, John D. Roberts, Edgar Heilbronner, Aksel A. Bothner-By, Oskar Polanski, Heinz A. Staab, were names I had heard my father speaking of frequently at home. In Figure 13 a snapshot shows my father just sitting down to attend the ceremony of Rolf Huisgen, then Rektor, awarding John D. Roberts the honorary doctorate from LMU in 1962. That my father was always interested in many areas of chemistry and the love he had in buying, reading, translating,[19] and writing books surely had inspired me. That is also why many signatures from these places ring a bell with me, resonate with me.


Our home was in Obermenzing (Western part of Munich) where other chemistry professors of the faculty like Adolf Butenandt, Rudolf Gompper, Armin Weiss lived with their families. One of Butenandt’s daughters was my art teacher, Weiss’ children I met at the school bus station. Figure 14 shows my father at the library with me, then a high-school girl. Looking back it is not surprising, perhaps, that my future life would involve both chemistry and literature. From 1974 to 1983 I myself studied chemistry at the Ludwig-MaximiliansUniversität München—and not surprising I found signatures of my teachers and my PhD advisor (Günter Szeimies, Gernot Boche, Klaus Gollnick, Rolf Huisgen, Rudolf Knorr, Rudolf Gompper, Johann Mulzer, Werner Schmidt, and Gerhard Binsch, for instance). This is the second part of my personal inroad. In addition I found names of my textbook authors as well as postdoc advisors of my teachers like Mary and Louis Fieser, Elias J. Corey, Andrew Streitwieser, Clayton H. Heathcock,

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Fig. 11. From the Nozoe Autograph Books, pages 840–843: Signatures at the award dinner and during the 19. GDCh-Hauptversammlung, Hamburg 1981 (19th General Assembly, literally “main gathering”, of the GDCh).

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Fig. 12. 232nd ACS National Spring Meeting, San Francisco 2006: The moment Eva E. Wille got intrigued by the Nozoe Autograph Books. (Photograph courtesy of Jeffrey I. Seeman.)

John D. Roberts, Louis P. Hammett, George Büchi, Edgar Heilbronner, Linus Pauling, Geoffrey Wilkinson, F. Albert Cotton, Marjorie Caserio, Roald Hoffmann, Robert B. Woodward, and Kurt Mislow . . . Munich was visited by many foreign professors, and thus I had ample opportunities to see and listen to many lectures of famous chemists. Tetsuo Nozoe was among them. I remember hearing Nozoe lecture in 1981 at a time when I worked on my PhD thesis. My research field had been physical organic chemistry and in particular NMR spectroscopy (LMU, TU Berlin).[20] In the beginning of 1985 I started my professional career at then Verlag Chemie in Weinheim, the publishing house then owned by the GDCh. I became head of the Communication PR Department. This leads to my third inroad: Weinheim is very close to many universities and chemical companies in Heidelberg, Darmstadt, Frankfurt and Ludwigshafen, Karlsruhe, and not that far from Strasbourg and Switzerland. In my spare time working already at the publishing house I edited and translated some additional special projects for the book department and for journal editorial offices especially Angewandte Chemie in my field: With Horst Friebolin/John D. Roberts a German and English[21] NMR textbook, with Wolfgang v. Philipsborn[22] an Angewandte review—all their signatures can be found as well as those of many, many more NMR spectroscopists. With a smile I discovered the entry of Jeremy Saunders, Cambridge, explaining 2D NMR to Tetsuo Nozoe (page 776, Figure 15). Gerd Giesler, Joachim Rudolph, Barbara Schröder, Robert Temme, Helmuth Grünewald and last but not least Peter Gölitz taught me the skills of scientific publishing and introduced me further to the chemical community. My


“professional private” partnership with Peter Gölitz, Editor of Angewandte Chemie since 1981, catalyzed many projects. These synergies formed a solid basis for many publishing adventures and experiments together with a growing group of highly dedicated chemistry editors from all over the world joining up in the Weinheim editorial offices, as well as many other colleagues in marketing, production and other departments. In 1988 I had become responsible for the newly founded journal division of VCH Verlagsgesellschaft (as Verlag Chemie had been renamed in 1985), and in 1992 head of its Physical Science Program (books, journals, data). I had to present to, work on, discuss and manage the development of Germany’s chemistry journals (like Angewandte Chemie, Chemische Berichte, Liebigs Annalen, Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft, Chemie in unserer Zeit to name but a few) with board members and society representatives. At the same time VCH’s publishing program became also more and more international (books as well as journals). We travelled to the USA, to Spain, to France, Italy, and Switzerland. I met, worked and hosted more and more chemists from around the world. I remember very well some of the earlier book projects with Heinrich Zollinger, Jean-Marie Lehn, Robert Grubbs, K. C. Nicolaou, Peter Vollhardt, Roald Hoffmann—all signees. Figure 16 and Figure 17 show books published by signees and Figures 19 and 20 show journals edited by signees throughout Nozoe’s travelling period—all published by Verlag Chemie, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Wiley-VCH and Verlag Helvetica Chimica Acta. We started the “blue & white” brand for the highest quality books out of Weinheim at the end of the 1980s. In 1995 I attended ISNA-8 in Braunschweig, organized by Henning Hopf and Klaus Müllen, and saw for the second time Tetsuo Nozoe briefly in person—knowing nothing yet about the Autograph Books. A further chapter of my career—and another inroad— opened up in 2003 and in the following years. I had the opportunity to visit Japan regularly from then on and to work closely with Japanese scientists as well as the Chemical Society of Japan (CSJ). Zen’ichi Yoshida, Kyoto, with the invitation to “his” legendary IKCOC-9 meeting in 2003 opened Japan for me and Peter Gölitz, now my husband. Ryoji Noyori, Eiichi Nakamura, Shun-Ichi Murahashi, have been my first Japanese hosts. From now on I could echo the many entries in the Nozoe Autograph Books that praise Japanese hospitality, having personally experienced this hospitality many times over many years by many friends and colleagues. Finally Teruto Ohta, Managing Director of the CSJ, organized for me and colleagues to see the originals of the Nozoe Autograph Books in 2006 (Figure 18). Last but not least, it is simply nice and rewarding to follow the careers of signees, to watch them change places and positions, to advance in their careers, to become book authors and

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Fig. 13. John D. Roberts’ honorary degree ceremony at Liebig Hörsaal, chemistry department of LudwigMaximilians-Universität München (LMU) in 1962. First row, left to right: John D. Roberts, Rolf Huisgen (Dean of the science faculty of LMU), Trudl Huisgen, Edith Roberts. Second row, left to right: Ludwig Klages, Elisabeth Dane, Ernst Otto Fischer (later Nobel Laureate). Third row, starting behind E. Dane: Herbert Zimmermann, Franz Wille. (Photo courtesy of Franz Wille.)

join editorial boards, to receive awards, to take on president roles of chemical societies, to become Nobel laureates.

5. Reflection: On the Difference between Informal Communication and Formal Publishing

Fig. 14. Eva E. Wille and Franz Wille ca. 1972 in the main library of the Chemical Institutes of Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Meiserstraße 1. Photograph courtesy of Franz Wille.

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There are huge differences between formal and informal information exchange. Then and now—have a look at letters, Twitter, chemical blogs and Facebook! The publication of Tetsuo Nozoe’s Autograph Books provides also a unique opportunity to reflect upon leaving one’s mark in a written form but also in a form that implies some degree of longevity—in this instance, perhaps far longer than Nozoe and his signatories had anticipated and in a much more visible fashion! Research chemists always have wanted to publish—but today there is much more “publish or perish” than ever before. Tetsuo Nozoe’s chemistry was not measured by impact factors, Science Citation indices, Hirsch factors or Eigen factors or by Likes via Facebook and other now tested counts (Altmetrics). His group and his universities were not ranked at the time in any numerical sense. Bibliometry and Scientometry were unknown disciplines, and Eugene Garfield (founder of the Impact Factor) had just started his work. Today global rankings are well known and much used despite all concerns about the



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Fig. 15. Entry of Jeremy Saunders, Cambridge (UK), explaining 2D NMR to Tetsuo Nozoe on page 776 of the Autograph Books.

peculiarities of the factoring of so-called key indicators, like papers published in Nature and Science, the number of Nobel laureates at a faculty, and so on. It is interesting to see that many of Tetsuo Nozoe’s first German hosts had been very active and prominent journal editors, members of editorial boards (see Tables 1 and 2) and of course referees although a standard formal peer review system was only rather lately established for the German journals Angewandte Chemie, Chemische Berichte and Liebigs Annalen— far away from today’s standard international refereeing systems of leading journals and the new experiments. Tables 1 and 2 show signatures I was able to decipher and to align with editors/editorial boards of the leading German language journals published by Verlag Chemie—now WileyVCH—and Verlag Helvetica Chimica Acta during Tetsuo Nozoe’s travel period. From this it becomes very obvious that Tetsuo Nozoe immediately had luckily entered the Germanpublication network. Figure 19 and Figure 20 are collages of typical chemistry journals publishing organic chemistry and published by


Verlag Chemie, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft and Verlag Helvetica Chimica Acta. Together with Figures 16 and 17 they show the evolution of the publishing program in Weinheim during Tetsuo Nozoe’s travelling time. With Tetsuo Nozoe travels and international interactions a clear indicator of the opening of Japanese science to the Western world, it takes some years until true and efficient collaborations bear fruit: George Büchi writes in the Autograph Books only in 1964: “Many thanks for three first rate co-workers.” And despite the beginning of frequent travelling and increasing international informal communication in 1953, all this had little to no effect on journal publishing tradition. German, Japanese, UK and US journals stayed nationalfocused in the 1950s and only US and UK journals saw first infrequent and later quickly growing publications from Japanese authors. Not vice versa. The formal boards of chemical society journals opened up for members from other nations only much later, in the 1990s. Formal citations bring scientific results from scientists from other nations into play—although sometimes only to a limited extend. Despite good quality of the

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Fig. 16. Selection of books authored by signees published by Verlag Chemie during 1954–1976 (Wiley-VCH Archive).

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Fig. 17. Selection of books authored by signees published by Verlag Chemie, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Wiley-VCH, Verlag Helvetica Chimica Acta during 1974–2001 (Wiley-VCH Archive).


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Fig. 18. Carina Kniep (Wiley-VCH), Masayo Kobayashi (Wiley Tokyo) and Teruto Ohta exploring the originals at the Tokyo office of the Chemical Society of Japan. (Photographs courtesy of Eva E. Wille.)

research published by the national journals of Germany (and other European countries) and those of Japan, they lost ground in their significance, during the period of 1960–1995. For international recognition, the places to publish became primarily American Chemical Society journals and Pergamon journals (Tetrahedron and Tetrahedron Letters for organic chemists). During that time the place to go for advanced research experience for the ambitious Asian students was chemistry departments in the US followed by departments in the United Kingdom. Despite many efforts, it took almost 50 years before the formal publication system really started to change and follow the informal global communication patterns and processes. It was a slow and sometimes cumbersome process for traditional and established national European and Japanese chemistry journals to switch to English and leave German, Italian,

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French, Japanese etc. behind, especially for society journals. This transition, discussed in more detail in a recent paper by Gal and Seeman,[23] was due to the pressing desire to have one’s research accessible—and read!—by the most members of the international community. English was becoming the international language of chemistry if not of science, in general. Milestones were the start of the society-independent publication of Tetrahedron in 1957 and Tetrahedron Letters in 1959 and of the international edition of Angewandte Chemie by the GDCh/Verlag Chemie in 1962 as well as the launch of Chemistry—A European Journal by GDCh/VCH in 1995 followed by the merging of continental Europe’s chemical society journals during the second half of the 1990s and forming ChemPubSoc Europe. In 2013 Chemistry—A European Journal published more than 18,000 pages in 52 issues and publishes its 20th volume in 2014.[24]



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Fig. 19. Title pages and Covers of Angewandte Chemie, Chemische Berichte, Justus Liebigs Annalen, European Journal of Organic Chemistry and European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry edited by signees of the Nozoe Autograph Books (1953–1994) published by Verlag Chemie, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft and Wiley-VCH.


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Fig. 20. Title pages and Covers of Chemie in unserer Zeit, CHEMKON, The Chemical Record, Chemistry—An Asian Journal, Chemistry—A European Journal and Helvetica Chimica Acta edited by signees of the Nozoe Autograph Books (1953–1994) published by Verlag Chemie, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft and Wiley-VCH.

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6. A Unique Record that Deserves to Be Made Public Globally

Fig. 21. Peter Gölitz, Fee Gölitz, Eva E. Wille at the Welcome Reception of the 15th Asian Chemical Congress, Singapore 2013.

Only in 2000 the Chemical Society of Japan (CSJ) as well as many other Japanese societies started with Wiley the international review journal The Chemical Record (in which this article appears). In 2005 upon the initiative of Peter Gölitz supported by Wiley-VCH and the GDCh and the encouragement of Ryoji Noyori, the Chemical Society of Japan formed together with the Chinese Chemical Society, the Chemical Research Society of India, and the Korean Chemical Society the Asian Chemical Editorial Society (ACES) which successfully publishes today Chemistry—An Asian Journal (start 2006) and the Asian Journal of Organic Chemistry (start 2012). To co-lead this pioneering work was extremely rewarding for me. Figure 21 shows Peter Gölitz, Fee Gölitz and myself at the Welcome Reception of the 15th Asian Chemical Congress in August 2013. Books in general seem to follow journal publishing patterns. It was as late as in the early 1990s that VCH published its first English language books written and edited by Japanese chemists (see Figure 17), for instance Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis edited by Iwao Ojima. Obviously it was much harder to change the formal national publication structures and traditions than to visit and organize international conferences, and write about these events informally in one’s mother tongue. Just have a look at the entries in Tetsuo Nozoe’s Autograph Books written without hesitation in so many different languages, catalysed by tea, coffee, wine, beer, sake, . . . Today Tetsuo Nozoe’s grandchildren and great-grandchildren live in a world of ample instant e-communication, a world partly driven by informal blogs. And still, I am happy to report that I know chemists who think about starting their personal autograph notebooks—to document and above all to help to memorize better all their personal and professional “racôntres“ in this sometimes “flying circus”—and the essence of their informal communications.


Tetsuo Nozoe’s Autograph Books clearly would have been worth an entry in the Guinness Book of Records already at the time when Tetsuo Nozoe closed the books in 1994. It took almost 20 years to get them published. It was not easy to find a sustainable way to have them published, e.g. made public and accessible to the chemical community of all generations.[25] A simple printed book publication wouldn’t have served this purpose. It was worth waiting, as only today, in the world of e-publishing, it is possible to make them accessible and commentable in principle for everybody. Jeff Seeman had put Ko¯ji Nakanishi’s gift volume—one of five commemorative collective volumes of the Nozoe Autograph Books—into my hands in Spring 2006. Jeff and I pondered together quite a while with input of colleagues how best to publish these treasures. It is quite fitting that Tetsuo Nozoe’s record finally became available to the community as a special section of The Chemical Record—today a joint Japanese (CSJ) and German (Wiley-VCH) venture—in autumn 2012. Late 2008 I had become responsible for The Chemical Record and soon after proposed to Brian Johnson and Jeff Seeman to publish the Nozoe Autograph Books as a commented sequel. Jeff agreed to act as the editor of the project. Hisashi Yamamoto and Brian Johnson, the current Editor-inChief and Managing Editor of The Chemical Record, respectively, gave fast and continuing support. Last but not least: Documents like the Nozoe Autograph Books have to be made readily available to scholars and perusers, to provide evidence for what the saying “every future has a history” stands for. Unconventional publications and other special documents like the Nozoe Autograph Books provide opportunities for amateurs and professionals alike to think about questions like: Why did Tetsuo Nozoe travel this way? Why were the centers of chemical research in the countries, at the places he visited? What about other disciplines? Simply: How come? There are complex political and very human explanations for most of this. Clearly democracy, free speech, unfettered imagination, and societal support of knowledge and learning are the biggest and sustainable supporters of science. And scientists, chemists have to continue to take care of their freedom—freedom of research, of exchange and collaboration, of travelling.

Acknowledgements With pleasure I acknowledge and thank my family (especially my late father, Franz Wille; Fee Gölitz; and Peter Gölitz) as well as Jeffrey I. Seeman, Brian Johnson, Erwin Schöpf, Klaus

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Hafner, Christine Vogel, H. U. Wagner, Teruto Ohta, Ko¯ji Nakanishi, the GDCh, Axel Eberhard, Peter Biel, Melanie Anselment, Heidrun Sigmund, Marion Fricke, and Susanne Pauker. All and more have supported me in my efforts to distill the information from Jeff/Ko¯ji’s green gift volume, bringing together all the material and writing of this article. And I hope to have ignited others.

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C. Duisberg in Meine Lebenserinnerungen (Ed.: J. v. Putkamer), Philipp Reclam jun., Leipzig, 1933, p. 194. A. Karachalios, Erich Hückel (1896–1980). From Physics to Quantum Chemistry in Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science, Springer, New York/Heidelberg, 2010. J. I. Seeman, Helv. Chim. Acta. 2005, 88, 1145–1153. L. T. Scott, Chem. Rec. 2013, 13, 603–617. Examples: a) E. Dane, F. Wille, Kleines Chemisches Praktikum, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 1960; b) C. A. Coulson, Valence, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1951; German translation: C. A. Coulson, Die Chemische Bindung, translation F. Wille, S. Hirzel-Verlag, Stuttgart, 1969; c) J. D. Roberts, Notes on Molecular Orbital Calculations, S. Hirzel-Verlag, Stuttgart, 1966; German translation: J. D. Roberts, Kurze Anleitung zur Berechnung von π-Elektronensystemen, translation F. Wille, S. Hirzel-Verlag, Stuttgart, 1969. PhD and Habilitation work of F. Wille: d) F. Wille, Dissertation, Über den Mechanismus der Oxidationsvorgänge. Zur aeroben Dehydrierung von Alkohol durch Hefe, LudwigMaximilians-Universität München, 1935; see: H. Wieland, F. Wille, Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1933, 503, 70; e) F. Wille, Habilitation, Die Synthese der 1,4-Diketoadipinsäure und ihre biologische Bedeutung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 1939; see: F. Wille, Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1939, 538, 237. a) E. E. Wille, Dissertation, Mechanistische 19F-NMR-Studien der Korrelierten Rotationen in Pyramidalen Triarylmodellverbindungen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 1983; b) E. E. Wille, D. S. Stephenson, P. Capriel, G. Binsch, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, 405–415; c) H. Armitage, U. Blömer, I. Genge, A. Khuen, E. E. Wille, D. Ziessow, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 1987, 91, 1115–1123. a) H. Friebolin, Basic One- and Two-Dimensional NMR Spectroscopy, VCH-Verlag, Weinheim, 1991; b) H. Friebolin, Ein-und zweidimensionale NMR-Spektroskopie: Eine Einführung, VCH-Verlag, Weinheim, 1988. For review see: W. v. Philipsborn, R. Müller, Angew. Chem. 1986, 98, 381–482; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1986, 25, 383– 486. J. Gal, J. I. Seeman, Bull. Hist. Chem. 2014, 39, in print. N. Compton, Chem. Eur. J. 2014, 20, 5–15. B. Johnson, J. I. Seeman, Chem. Rec. 2012, 12, 532–535.



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