Occup. Med. 1992; 42: 115-117
Editorial The Fifth Business
Downloaded from http://occmed.oxfordjournals.org/ at D H Hill Library - Acquis S on March 18, 2015
The free market economy touches every corner of our society including those ivory towers, the research laboratories of the wise academic. The Universities, like everyone else, are being compelled to take a stall in the marketplace, to market their courses, research interests, facilities etc, to attract consumers and offer only those 'products' that the market will bear. Has the operation of the free market economy reached such heights that research value is now measured solely by the income it brings into the university department? How much is research still viewed as an ivory tower activity? Is it right to measure the worth of a research project on the level of outside funding, it has attracted? Physicians select themselves for the profession, because of an underlying interest in diagnosis and treatment. If the cause of a condition is unclear, most physicians would have a natural tendency to gravitate towards established knowledge and thus we are a very conservative profession. Too often, research is perceived as an esoteric activity and the independent clinician marginalized, often ignored, discouraged and demoralized. Yet, clinical research is a means of achieving one of the two great underlying . principles of medical ethics: that of beneficence. The idea that medicine must be to the ultimate good of patients is as applicable to occupational medicine as it is to general clinical medicine. Research brings new findings and new knowledge to the workforce in accordance with that principle. Occupational medical staff are supplied rarely in so much abundance that clinical research is easy whilst providing a service to one's employers. General practitioners are almost never idle and yet they manage to conduct their own very relevant and highly organized research projects. Both specialties share common characteristics which have considerable research potential. The enduring relationships developed either with patients or workforce provide opportunity and perspective necessary for longitudinal studies. Other research activities common to both include case reports, chart audits and collaborative research, though the latter is less common in occupational medicine. Practice-based research is likely to produce the most practical and relevant findings on disease and delivery of care. Such research is therefore a crucial step in the development of occupational medicine, a fundamental part of one's responsibilities and not merely a hobby for the idle or underemployed. The cumulative effect of practice-based studies can be impressive. Consistency among several well designed studies could preclude the need for larger, more expensive investigation of the same sort of questions. Real savings can therefore be derived apart from advancing the specialty's own corpus of research. Conversely, discrepancies amongst several studies by individual practitioners may highlight the need for specific large-scale studies in other areas and thus facilitate a more appropriate study design and an effective outcome. There are two principal barriers to clinical research in occupational medicine each requiring a solution. First, most occupational physicians suffer from a grave lack of time to undertake research activities. Second, many have limited research skills and experience of undertaking projects. A self-help group is a creative way of overcoming these problems, common to all of us. A possible solution therefore is the formation of a collaborative research groups of occupational physicians. One model might be to specifically design joint studies, sharing the burden of instrument design,
116
Occup. Med. 1992, Vol. 42, No 3
Downloaded from http://occmed.oxfordjournals.org/ at D H Hill Library - Acquis S on March 18, 2015
data collection and writing. The group might also organize training for its members. Another potentially helpful strategy might be to include formal training in research methods as a part of post-graduate education for new entrants into the specialty. Practising occupational physicians who wish to combine a busy commitment with clinical research activities need a variety of skills. Project management skills are essential for directing even small projects. Specific technical skills are also necessary including study design, data anlysis etc, as is the need to seek appropriate consultation when necessary. A creative approach to training with guided private study, distance learning packages or more conventionally, seminars or workshops are all positive steps towards the encouragement of individual clinical research projects. Research networks already exist on an informal and indeed increasingly formal basis. They vary in size and in the amount of involvement by individual practitioners. Some networks simply offer advice to its members. Others set up a register of established research projects to facilitate the exchange of information between investigators. Others provide information about their patients in a standardized format for central analysis. Networking is a common but effective means of communicating between individuals with a common interest. Research clubs are a well established means of technology transfer in industrial research and development especially for high risk, 'blue skies' research. The idea has yet to take root in occupational medicine research as collaborative projects are not as common as they might be. Perhaps, one barrier to such developments is the spectre of competition amongst employers. The skills necessary for effective participation in networks vary according to the complexity of the research in progress and the extent of involvement of individual physicians in designing and planning of the studies. Ensuring ownership of the study by all participants is an essential strategy for a successful outcome, but a very definite obstacle to a speedy conclusion of the investigation. Difficulties surface repeatedly in networks with communication and data collection. Communication problems arising for example, from the use of differing definitions, may result from a lack of understanding of basic research concepts and from different communication styles. Data collection problems such as incomplete data collection forms may reflect a lack of training on the part of the participants. Network organizations may need to sponsor specific training in these and other areas for its participants. Research networks offer great potential for the study of disease and its interaction in the workplace. Networks provide access to large enough samples to make possible the study of uncommon disease and interventions which may have subtle differences in effectiveness. They also provide individual practitioners with research support, a critical element of overcoming the problems of insufficient time and training that block many practitioners from doing their own research. University departments also benefit through access to patient populations to study and the opportunity to stay in touch with issues relevant to practitioners in the workplace. Whether or not occupational physicians initiate their research activities is in one sense irrelevant as many will continue to have a role as consumrers of research, keeping abreast of advances in occupational medicine as much as to update their medical knowledge and skills. The role of consumer of research overlaps that of the individual investigator, but nonetheless may remain the primary reasearch role for the majority of occupational physicians today from toxicological appraisal, risk assessment to new and impending legislation. Staying abreast of current research findings and implementing
Editorial
It is with great sadness that we record here the recent untimely death of Dr Carol Bishop, a long-serving member of the Editorial Panel of Occupational Medicine. She joined the Panel in December 1981. For over ten years as a member, she championed the case report as a form of publication when others would see its demise. She supported the relaunch of the journal and indeed, it was a fitting tribute that her last publication was carried in the relaunch edition of Occupational Medicine. Denis D'Auria Honorary Editor
Downloaded from http://occmed.oxfordjournals.org/ at D H Hill Library - Acquis S on March 18, 2015
them where appropriate, should result in improved occupational health care. It is also important as a defensive strategy in an era of increasing litigation and is likely to be made easier with approaching strict liability for service provision. To become informed consumers of research will require an occupational physician of discernment; able to distinguish the good from the mediocre and bad, the relevant from the irrelevant. In short, critical appraisal skills are crucial to such a role. They might include judging the appropriateness of the design of a project, evaluating the measurement of the variables in the study, criticizing the statistical analysis used and determining if the conclusions and recommendations presented by the authors follow logically from the results. These skills are not simple or quickly learned. They are developed by perusing the literature or regularly reading research. Specific skills in research design, measurement and statistical analysis need to be integrated into postgraduate training and indeed are an excellent means of learning and testing epidemiological and statistical expertise. Research is a fundamental component of occupational medicine practice. Without it, the health and vitality of the specialty must be suspect. Research must be facilitated, stimulated and protected irrespective of whether it is a low-cost study of an educational intervention or a massively expensive long-term cohort study conducted by a large team of investigators. Research skills cannot be left to chance and a determined effort is needed to integrate them into postgraduate training and to provide other educational initiatives aimed at fostering their development. The role of university departments is crucial in their provision. Without communication of findings to ones colleagues, research becomes a meaningless ritual. Occupational Medicine remains committed to the publication of practice-oriented research of high quality and relevance to the problems encountered in the workplace by today's occupational physician. The role of research in the development of the specialty should not be underestimated. It remains the driving force that compels occupational medicine to move forward. We ignore it at our peril.
117
NOTES FOR AUTHORS Occupational Medicine is ah international peer-reviewed journal that exists to enhance the standards and quality of the practice of occupational medicine and encourage critical appraisal. Contributions are welcomed from practising occupational health physicians and research workers in related fields and should fall into the following categories: Paper; Review; Viewpoint; Balance of Opinion; Old Trade/New Trades; Case Reports; Letters to the Editor and Book Reviews. Submission Communications on all editorial matters should be addressed to the Editor, Occupational Medicine c/o The Society of Occupational Medicine, 6 St Andrew's Place, Regent's Park, London NW1 4LB, UK. Publications become the property of the Society and permission to reproduce an article or any part thereof should be obtained from the Editor. The covering letter with the typescript should include the following information:
Submissions which do not conform to these Notes for Authors will be returned for amendment. Papers should conform to the U n i f o r m Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals according to the Vancouver style (available from the British Medical Journal, London WC1H 9JR, U K ) . On acceptance for publication papers are subject to editorial amendment. Authors are solely responsible for the factual accuracy of their papers. Prior and duplicate publication The journal will not consider for publication a paper on work that has already been reported in a published paper or is described in a paper submitted or accepted for publication elsewhere. This does not preclude a paper that has been rejected by another journal or a full report that follows publication of a preliminary report, usually in the form of an abstract. Authors should always make a full statement to the Editor about all submissions and previous reports that might be regarded as prior or duplicate publication of the same or very similar work. Copies of such material should be included with the submitted paper to help the Editor decide how to deal with the matter. Authors Multiple authorship is discouraged. Authors should have participated sufficiently in the work to take public responsibility for the content. Typescript Four copies should be submitted, typed on one side of A4 paper in double spacing with a margin of at least 25 mm all round. These will be acknowledged on receipt at the Editorial Office. The first page should include the title of the paper and names and addresses of all authors. The abstract (up to 150 words) and main text should continue on the following page. Illustrations Diagrams should be drawn in black on white paper or drawing film to either 168 or 345 mm wide for 50% reduction; the maximum depth is 500 mm. Authors should use the minimum amount of descriptive matter on graphs and refer to curves or points by symbols denned in the caption. Photocopies of diagrams, half-tone photographs, radiographs or transparencies are not acceptable for reproduction. Photographs should be black and white, glossy and of good contrast. They should be supplied unmounted and labelled on the back with the author's name and figure number and the orientation should be shown. To indicate magnification a scale bar should be marked on the photograph, rather than a magnification factor being given in the caption.
Tables Tables should be typed on separate sheets of paper with a suitable caption at the top of each table. Column headings should be as brief as possible and give units of measure in parentheses. Vertical lines are not needed. Figures and tables should be constructed and labelled in such a way that they may be understood without reference to the text. References References should be indicated in the text by consecutive superscripts: 1, 2 or 1-3. References cited only in tables or figures should be numbered in sequence according to the first mention of the illustration in the text. Periodicals should be abbreviated as in Index Medicus; if the journal is not listed by the Index give the full title. Up to six authors should be listed; if there are more quote the first three followed by et al. The sequence for a journal article is: author(s), title, journal, year, volume, first and last page numbers, e.g. Teasdale EL, Rackham M, McHattie GV. Derivation of occupational exposure limits in the pharmaceutical industry. Occup Med 1990; 41: 11-9. The sequence for a book chapter or a book is: author(s), book title (or chapter title, editor(s), book title), edition, place of publication, publisher, year, first and last pages e.g. Loan LD, Winslow FH. Thermal degradation and stabilization. In: Lincoln Hawkins W, ed. Polymer Stabilization. New York: Wiley Interscience, 1972: 457-72. Footnotes Footnotes should not be used in the text. Footnotes to tables should be placed at the bottom of the table to which they refer. Units and Abbreviations SI units should be used except for measurement of blood pressure (mmHg). Abbreviations and acronyms should only be used if absolutely necessary and must be denned on first use. Guidance on use and presentation of statistical analyses is available in Statistical Guidelines for Contributions to Medical Journals (available from the British Medical Journal, London WC1H 9JR, U K ) . Copyright Authors are required to transfer the copyright of their papers to Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd in accordance with the US Copyright Act 1978. If papers include tables or illustrations that have been published previously, the author must obtain permission to reproduce from the first publisher (and author if necessary) before the paper can be accepted for publication in Occupational Medicine. Proofs Authors are reminded that all parts of the typescript should be checked thoroughly before submission as corrections after typesetting are expensive. Two sets of proofs will be sent to the corresponding author before publication, one of which must be returned promptly. The publishers reserve the right to charge for changes made at the proof stage, other than the correction of misprints. Offprints and Reprints The corresponding author will be sent 50 free offprints and a complimentary copy of the journal. Additional offprints can be ordered before publication at prices shown on the form sent with the proofs. Reprints of all papers in this journal may be purchased from the publishers. Occupational Medicine is an international journal published by Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd, Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK.
Downloaded from http://occmed.oxfordjournals.org/ at D H Hill Library - Acquis S on March 18, 2015
1. Relevant details of prior or duplicate publication 2. A statement that the paper has been read and approved by all authors 3. Full details for contacting the corresponding author.
Three copies of each illustration are required, which may be one original and two copies. Figure captions should be listed on a separate sheet of paper and numbered consecutively using Arabic numerals.
Editorial The Fifth Business
Downloaded from http://occmed.oxfordjournals.org/ at D H Hill Library - Acquis S on March 18, 2015
The free market economy touches every corner of our society including those ivory towers, the research laboratories of the wise academic. The Universities, like everyone else, are being compelled to take a stall in the marketplace, to market their courses, research interests, facilities etc, to attract consumers and offer only those 'products' that the market will bear. Has the operation of the free market economy reached such heights that research value is now measured solely by the income it brings into the university department? How much is research still viewed as an ivory tower activity? Is it right to measure the worth of a research project on the level of outside funding, it has attracted? Physicians select themselves for the profession, because of an underlying interest in diagnosis and treatment. If the cause of a condition is unclear, most physicians would have a natural tendency to gravitate towards established knowledge and thus we are a very conservative profession. Too often, research is perceived as an esoteric activity and the independent clinician marginalized, often ignored, discouraged and demoralized. Yet, clinical research is a means of achieving one of the two great underlying . principles of medical ethics: that of beneficence. The idea that medicine must be to the ultimate good of patients is as applicable to occupational medicine as it is to general clinical medicine. Research brings new findings and new knowledge to the workforce in accordance with that principle. Occupational medical staff are supplied rarely in so much abundance that clinical research is easy whilst providing a service to one's employers. General practitioners are almost never idle and yet they manage to conduct their own very relevant and highly organized research projects. Both specialties share common characteristics which have considerable research potential. The enduring relationships developed either with patients or workforce provide opportunity and perspective necessary for longitudinal studies. Other research activities common to both include case reports, chart audits and collaborative research, though the latter is less common in occupational medicine. Practice-based research is likely to produce the most practical and relevant findings on disease and delivery of care. Such research is therefore a crucial step in the development of occupational medicine, a fundamental part of one's responsibilities and not merely a hobby for the idle or underemployed. The cumulative effect of practice-based studies can be impressive. Consistency among several well designed studies could preclude the need for larger, more expensive investigation of the same sort of questions. Real savings can therefore be derived apart from advancing the specialty's own corpus of research. Conversely, discrepancies amongst several studies by individual practitioners may highlight the need for specific large-scale studies in other areas and thus facilitate a more appropriate study design and an effective outcome. There are two principal barriers to clinical research in occupational medicine each requiring a solution. First, most occupational physicians suffer from a grave lack of time to undertake research activities. Second, many have limited research skills and experience of undertaking projects. A self-help group is a creative way of overcoming these problems, common to all of us. A possible solution therefore is the formation of a collaborative research groups of occupational physicians. One model might be to specifically design joint studies, sharing the burden of instrument design,
116
Occup. Med. 1992, Vol. 42, No 3
Downloaded from http://occmed.oxfordjournals.org/ at D H Hill Library - Acquis S on March 18, 2015
data collection and writing. The group might also organize training for its members. Another potentially helpful strategy might be to include formal training in research methods as a part of post-graduate education for new entrants into the specialty. Practising occupational physicians who wish to combine a busy commitment with clinical research activities need a variety of skills. Project management skills are essential for directing even small projects. Specific technical skills are also necessary including study design, data anlysis etc, as is the need to seek appropriate consultation when necessary. A creative approach to training with guided private study, distance learning packages or more conventionally, seminars or workshops are all positive steps towards the encouragement of individual clinical research projects. Research networks already exist on an informal and indeed increasingly formal basis. They vary in size and in the amount of involvement by individual practitioners. Some networks simply offer advice to its members. Others set up a register of established research projects to facilitate the exchange of information between investigators. Others provide information about their patients in a standardized format for central analysis. Networking is a common but effective means of communicating between individuals with a common interest. Research clubs are a well established means of technology transfer in industrial research and development especially for high risk, 'blue skies' research. The idea has yet to take root in occupational medicine research as collaborative projects are not as common as they might be. Perhaps, one barrier to such developments is the spectre of competition amongst employers. The skills necessary for effective participation in networks vary according to the complexity of the research in progress and the extent of involvement of individual physicians in designing and planning of the studies. Ensuring ownership of the study by all participants is an essential strategy for a successful outcome, but a very definite obstacle to a speedy conclusion of the investigation. Difficulties surface repeatedly in networks with communication and data collection. Communication problems arising for example, from the use of differing definitions, may result from a lack of understanding of basic research concepts and from different communication styles. Data collection problems such as incomplete data collection forms may reflect a lack of training on the part of the participants. Network organizations may need to sponsor specific training in these and other areas for its participants. Research networks offer great potential for the study of disease and its interaction in the workplace. Networks provide access to large enough samples to make possible the study of uncommon disease and interventions which may have subtle differences in effectiveness. They also provide individual practitioners with research support, a critical element of overcoming the problems of insufficient time and training that block many practitioners from doing their own research. University departments also benefit through access to patient populations to study and the opportunity to stay in touch with issues relevant to practitioners in the workplace. Whether or not occupational physicians initiate their research activities is in one sense irrelevant as many will continue to have a role as consumrers of research, keeping abreast of advances in occupational medicine as much as to update their medical knowledge and skills. The role of consumer of research overlaps that of the individual investigator, but nonetheless may remain the primary reasearch role for the majority of occupational physicians today from toxicological appraisal, risk assessment to new and impending legislation. Staying abreast of current research findings and implementing
Editorial
It is with great sadness that we record here the recent untimely death of Dr Carol Bishop, a long-serving member of the Editorial Panel of Occupational Medicine. She joined the Panel in December 1981. For over ten years as a member, she championed the case report as a form of publication when others would see its demise. She supported the relaunch of the journal and indeed, it was a fitting tribute that her last publication was carried in the relaunch edition of Occupational Medicine. Denis D'Auria Honorary Editor
Downloaded from http://occmed.oxfordjournals.org/ at D H Hill Library - Acquis S on March 18, 2015
them where appropriate, should result in improved occupational health care. It is also important as a defensive strategy in an era of increasing litigation and is likely to be made easier with approaching strict liability for service provision. To become informed consumers of research will require an occupational physician of discernment; able to distinguish the good from the mediocre and bad, the relevant from the irrelevant. In short, critical appraisal skills are crucial to such a role. They might include judging the appropriateness of the design of a project, evaluating the measurement of the variables in the study, criticizing the statistical analysis used and determining if the conclusions and recommendations presented by the authors follow logically from the results. These skills are not simple or quickly learned. They are developed by perusing the literature or regularly reading research. Specific skills in research design, measurement and statistical analysis need to be integrated into postgraduate training and indeed are an excellent means of learning and testing epidemiological and statistical expertise. Research is a fundamental component of occupational medicine practice. Without it, the health and vitality of the specialty must be suspect. Research must be facilitated, stimulated and protected irrespective of whether it is a low-cost study of an educational intervention or a massively expensive long-term cohort study conducted by a large team of investigators. Research skills cannot be left to chance and a determined effort is needed to integrate them into postgraduate training and to provide other educational initiatives aimed at fostering their development. The role of university departments is crucial in their provision. Without communication of findings to ones colleagues, research becomes a meaningless ritual. Occupational Medicine remains committed to the publication of practice-oriented research of high quality and relevance to the problems encountered in the workplace by today's occupational physician. The role of research in the development of the specialty should not be underestimated. It remains the driving force that compels occupational medicine to move forward. We ignore it at our peril.
117
NOTES FOR AUTHORS Occupational Medicine is ah international peer-reviewed journal that exists to enhance the standards and quality of the practice of occupational medicine and encourage critical appraisal. Contributions are welcomed from practising occupational health physicians and research workers in related fields and should fall into the following categories: Paper; Review; Viewpoint; Balance of Opinion; Old Trade/New Trades; Case Reports; Letters to the Editor and Book Reviews. Submission Communications on all editorial matters should be addressed to the Editor, Occupational Medicine c/o The Society of Occupational Medicine, 6 St Andrew's Place, Regent's Park, London NW1 4LB, UK. Publications become the property of the Society and permission to reproduce an article or any part thereof should be obtained from the Editor. The covering letter with the typescript should include the following information:
Submissions which do not conform to these Notes for Authors will be returned for amendment. Papers should conform to the U n i f o r m Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals according to the Vancouver style (available from the British Medical Journal, London WC1H 9JR, U K ) . On acceptance for publication papers are subject to editorial amendment. Authors are solely responsible for the factual accuracy of their papers. Prior and duplicate publication The journal will not consider for publication a paper on work that has already been reported in a published paper or is described in a paper submitted or accepted for publication elsewhere. This does not preclude a paper that has been rejected by another journal or a full report that follows publication of a preliminary report, usually in the form of an abstract. Authors should always make a full statement to the Editor about all submissions and previous reports that might be regarded as prior or duplicate publication of the same or very similar work. Copies of such material should be included with the submitted paper to help the Editor decide how to deal with the matter. Authors Multiple authorship is discouraged. Authors should have participated sufficiently in the work to take public responsibility for the content. Typescript Four copies should be submitted, typed on one side of A4 paper in double spacing with a margin of at least 25 mm all round. These will be acknowledged on receipt at the Editorial Office. The first page should include the title of the paper and names and addresses of all authors. The abstract (up to 150 words) and main text should continue on the following page. Illustrations Diagrams should be drawn in black on white paper or drawing film to either 168 or 345 mm wide for 50% reduction; the maximum depth is 500 mm. Authors should use the minimum amount of descriptive matter on graphs and refer to curves or points by symbols denned in the caption. Photocopies of diagrams, half-tone photographs, radiographs or transparencies are not acceptable for reproduction. Photographs should be black and white, glossy and of good contrast. They should be supplied unmounted and labelled on the back with the author's name and figure number and the orientation should be shown. To indicate magnification a scale bar should be marked on the photograph, rather than a magnification factor being given in the caption.
Tables Tables should be typed on separate sheets of paper with a suitable caption at the top of each table. Column headings should be as brief as possible and give units of measure in parentheses. Vertical lines are not needed. Figures and tables should be constructed and labelled in such a way that they may be understood without reference to the text. References References should be indicated in the text by consecutive superscripts: 1, 2 or 1-3. References cited only in tables or figures should be numbered in sequence according to the first mention of the illustration in the text. Periodicals should be abbreviated as in Index Medicus; if the journal is not listed by the Index give the full title. Up to six authors should be listed; if there are more quote the first three followed by et al. The sequence for a journal article is: author(s), title, journal, year, volume, first and last page numbers, e.g. Teasdale EL, Rackham M, McHattie GV. Derivation of occupational exposure limits in the pharmaceutical industry. Occup Med 1990; 41: 11-9. The sequence for a book chapter or a book is: author(s), book title (or chapter title, editor(s), book title), edition, place of publication, publisher, year, first and last pages e.g. Loan LD, Winslow FH. Thermal degradation and stabilization. In: Lincoln Hawkins W, ed. Polymer Stabilization. New York: Wiley Interscience, 1972: 457-72. Footnotes Footnotes should not be used in the text. Footnotes to tables should be placed at the bottom of the table to which they refer. Units and Abbreviations SI units should be used except for measurement of blood pressure (mmHg). Abbreviations and acronyms should only be used if absolutely necessary and must be denned on first use. Guidance on use and presentation of statistical analyses is available in Statistical Guidelines for Contributions to Medical Journals (available from the British Medical Journal, London WC1H 9JR, U K ) . Copyright Authors are required to transfer the copyright of their papers to Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd in accordance with the US Copyright Act 1978. If papers include tables or illustrations that have been published previously, the author must obtain permission to reproduce from the first publisher (and author if necessary) before the paper can be accepted for publication in Occupational Medicine. Proofs Authors are reminded that all parts of the typescript should be checked thoroughly before submission as corrections after typesetting are expensive. Two sets of proofs will be sent to the corresponding author before publication, one of which must be returned promptly. The publishers reserve the right to charge for changes made at the proof stage, other than the correction of misprints. Offprints and Reprints The corresponding author will be sent 50 free offprints and a complimentary copy of the journal. Additional offprints can be ordered before publication at prices shown on the form sent with the proofs. Reprints of all papers in this journal may be purchased from the publishers. Occupational Medicine is an international journal published by Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd, Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK.
Downloaded from http://occmed.oxfordjournals.org/ at D H Hill Library - Acquis S on March 18, 2015
1. Relevant details of prior or duplicate publication 2. A statement that the paper has been read and approved by all authors 3. Full details for contacting the corresponding author.
Three copies of each illustration are required, which may be one original and two copies. Figure captions should be listed on a separate sheet of paper and numbered consecutively using Arabic numerals.
