The Effect of Sulfaquinoxaline Feed Medication on the Immunologic Response to a Pasteurella multocida Vaccine Administered to Turkeys via Drinking Water B. W. BlERER AND W. T. DERIEUX South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29631* (Received for publication April 21, 1975)

POULTRY SCIENCE 55: 209-212, 1976

INTRODUCTION

A

method of drinking water vaccination against fowl cholera disease in turkeys, with an avirulent strain of Pasteurella multocida, was developed by Bierer and Derieux (1972) using their isolate which is known as the Clemson University (C.U.) strain. The C.U. strain has since been used rather extensively in the field being produced by state licensed facilities in South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia and perhaps in a number of other turkey producing states as well. Chemotherapeutic agents are commonly incorporated into turkey feeds for disease control purposes under commercial field conditions and the question thus naturally arises as to the possible ill effects given chemotherapeutic agents, used deliberately or inadvertantly, may have when the medicated feed is used at the time of drinking water vaccination against fowl cholera disease. Since sulfaquinoxaline is often used as the drug of choice against fowl cholera dis-

*Published with approval of the Director as Technical Contribution No. 1261.

209

ease in turkeys, this drug was selected for evaluation under conditions of drinking water vaccination. MATERIALS AND METHODS • Ten 10-week-old turkeys were placed in each of 7 separate research chambers. The turkeys in the first chamber received feed medicated with sulfaquinoxaline at the time of vaccination. Those in the second chamber received the medicated feed 1 day after vaccination, those in the third chamber received the medicated feed 2 days after vaccination and those in the fourth chamber received the medicated feed 3 days after, while the turkeys in the fifth chamber received the medicated feed 4 days later. The turkeys in chamber 6 were vaccinated, but were on a ration that was not medicated (normal ration) while those in chamber 7 were neither vaccinated nor feed medicated. Vaccination was accomplished by using 30 ml. of a 20 hours old brain-heart infusion broth culture of the C.U. strain to each 4000 ml. of drinking water for 24 hours. The sulfaquinoxaline medicated feed, when used,

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ABSTRACT Five groups of turkeys received C.U. strain Pasteurella multocida vaccine in the drinking water for one day. One group received the 0.1% level of sulfaquinoxaline feed medication at the time of vaccination, while 4 other groups received the feed medication 1, 2, 3 and 4 days after vaccination, respectively. Two weeks after vaccination all groups were exposed to a virulent P-1059 strain of P. multocida by the drinking water route. The results suggest that turkeys on the feed medication at the time of vaccination and possibly those receiving the initial feed medication the next day, failed to experience a satisfactory immunologic response. The possible ill effects of the sulfaquinoxaline feed medication on the duration of the immunity was not determined. A schedule and level of feed medication approved by the Food and Drug Administration was used; namely, 2 days on the 0.1% level, 3 days on a normal ration, and then 2 additional days on the 0.05% level of sulfaquinoxaline feed medication.

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B. W. BlERER AND W. T. DER1EUX TABLE 1.—Schedule of sulfaquinoxaline feed medication for drinking water vaccinated turkeys

Chamber 1

2 3 4 5

Water vaccine this day X*

1 X

X X

2

3

X X

Days post water vaccination 4 5 6 7 8 X X

X X

X X

X

X

9

X X

X X X

10

X

6 This group vacinated but no sulfa 7 This group not vaccinated and no sulfa *Sulfaquinoxaline in the feed 0.1% level for 2 days, then 3 days off medication, then 2 additional days on the 0.05% level. Days on medication indicated by "X" sign. to use and prepared with fresh clean shavings. All groups were maintained in a manner that was designed to prevent direct contact of the turkeys between the different groups. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Eight of the 10 turkeys receiving 0.1% sulfaquinoxaline feed medication at the time of vaccination died when challenged 2 weeks post vaccination. During the same period, vaccinated turkeys receiving medication 24 hours after vaccination experienced 2 deaths and 1 survivor exhibited clinical evidence of chronic involvement in the hock region, for a 30% infection rate after challenge. Other medicated groups experienced a 0% to 20% infection rate. Details are given in Table 2. The results suggest that turkeys receiving feed medicated with a 0.1% level of sulfaquinoxaline medication at the time of drinking water vaccination with the C.U. strain of P. multocida and, possibly, turkeys receiving such medicated ration the day following vaccination, will not experience a satisfactory immunologic response from this vaccination. Groups of turkeys receiving the medicated feed 2 days after vaccination and later, suffered little or no interference with the immunologic response, if any. Possible ill effects of the sulfaquinoxaline feed medication on the duration of the immunity conferred by the vaccination was not evaluated. The schedule and concentrations of feed

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was given on the 0.1% level for 2 days, skipped for 3 days, and then given on the 0.05% level for 2 additional days. The schedule of medication is outlined in Table 1. Normal ration that was not medicated was used during the time that the medicated ration was not used. Two weeks after the treatments indicated in the foregoing, all turkeys in each of the 7 chambers were challenged with a highly virulent P-1059 strain of P. multocida, using the drinking water route and by placing 30 ml. of a 20 hours old brain-heart infusion broth culture of the challenge strain to each 4000 ml. of drinking water daily for 3 consecutive days. A fresh quantity of culture was used on each of the 3 days. To encourage prompt consumption of inoculated water, the drinking water was withheld 2 hours prior to the exposure to either the vaccine or to the challenge culture used. A ten-fold dilution plate count technique (Heddleston, 1972a) established that each ml. of water vaccine contained approximately 3,500,000 viable bacilli when prepared. The turkeys in all 7 chambers were observed daily and mortality was recorded. The experimental facilities were housed in units of concrete block construction with a separate entrance into an anteroom. The anterooms contained feed and water facilities for the adjacent chambers each of which was approximately 9 square meters. These units were routinely cleaned and disinfected prior

SULFAQUINOXALINE AND IMMUNOLOGIC RESPONSE

TABLE 2.—Effect

211

of sulfaquinoxaline medication on immune response two weeks post water vaccination ]Deaths post exposure to

3 Chamber* 1 1 0 2 1 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 3 7 *There were

Number Total virulent P-1059 strain 14 number infected 10 9 8 7 6 14th day died (days) 0 8 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 0 0 4 0 0 0 1 0 10 ten-week-old turkeys in each chamber at the time of water vaccination. 4

5

(Yacowitz et al., 1955) as causing aplastic anemia or hemorrhagic syndrome and clinical pathologists (Bierer and Eleazer, 1968) have observed a marked leukopenia to sometimes be associated with sulfaquinoxaline medication in turkeys. With the foregoing factors in mind, it thus appears that the ability of the C.U. strain of P. multocida to effectively immunize 2 days after the removal of sulfaquinoxaline medication from feed supplied to turkey vaccinates, would not be an unusual observation. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The virulent P-1059 P. multocida strain used for challenge purposes was obtained through the courtesy of Kenneth L. Heddleston, Senior Microbiologist, National Animal Disease Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50010. REFERENCES Anonymous, 1975. Sulfaquinoxaline. In: Feed Additive Compendium, The Miller Publishing Co., P.O. Box 67, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55440: 383-384. Bierer, B. W., and W. T. Derieux, 1972. Immunological response in turkeys to an avirulent Pasteurella multocida vaccine in the drinking water. Poultry Sci. 51:408-416. Bierer, B. W., and T. H. Eleazer, 1968. Unpublished information. Clemson Livestock Laboratory, P.O. Box 1771, Columbia, S.C. 29202. Donahue, J. M., and L. D. Olson, 1972. The in vitro sensitivity of Pasteurella multocida of turkey origin to various chemotherapeutic agents. Avian Diseases, 16: 506-511.

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sulfaquinoxaline medication used in the work reported in this paper are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (Anonymous, 1975) as an "aid in controlling death losses due to fowl cholera caused by Pasteurella multocida sensitive to sulfaquinoxaline." Heddleston (1972b) notes that the sulfonamides are bacteriostatic rather than bacteriocidal inaction. Donahueand Olson (1972) found that P. multocida isolates of turkey origin varied in sensitivity, in vitro, to various chemotherapeutic agents, and stated that "the resistance of many of the isolates to the sulfonamides might explain why these compounds often fail to control fowl cholera epornitics." Gale et al. (1963) were able to produce sulfonamide resistant populations of Salmonella gallinarium, in vivo, in chickens. Eleazer (1968) observed that turkeys on sulfadimethoxine medication withstood a lethal challenge of a highly virulent strain of P. multocida but failed to develop resistance to a second challenge after the turkeys were later removed from medication. Ordinarily, turkeys receiving a non-medicated ration that survive exposure to a virulent strain of P. multocida are highly resistant to a later second challenge. In this connection it is interesting to speculate whether the sulfaquinoxaline is acting directly upon the bacilli of the vaccine itself or whether the sulfaquinoxaline is also acting directly upon the antibody response mechanism. This sulfonamide has been incriminated

Total number infected 8/10 3/10 2/10 0/10 2/10 0/10 9/10

212

B . W . BlERER AND W . T . DERIEUX

Eleazer, T. H., 1968. Unpublished research data. Clemson Livestock Laboratory, P.O. Box 1771, Columbia, S.C. 29202. Gale, G. O., J. S. Riser and T. F. McNamara, 1963. Bacterial resistance to chemotherapy. Avian Diseases, 7: 457-466. Heddleston, K. L., 1972a. Personal communication, January 24, 1972, National Animal Disease Labora-

tory, Ames, Iowa 50010. Heddleston, K. L., 1972b. Avian pasteurellosis. In: Diseases of Poultry, Iowa State University Press, 5th Ed., page 236. Yacowitz, H., R. D. Carter and E. Ross, 1955. Further studies on Hemorrhagic syndrome induced by feeding high levels of sulfaquinoxaline to chicks. Poultry Sci. 34: 1229.

C.

M.

READING, 2 * G.

H.

ARSCOTT* AND I. J.

TINSLEY**

Departments of Poultry Science* and Agricultural Chemistry,** Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 (Received for publication April 25, 1975)

ABSTRACT Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of dieldrin and calcium on reproductive performance of quail. At 25% egg production the quail received diets containing 0, 10 or 25 p.p.m. of dieldrin for 6, 28-day periods in experiment 1 and 0, 5, or 25 p.p.m. of dieldrin for 4, 28-day periods in experiment 2. Pesticide treatments were employed with diets containing 0.5% and 3.0% calcium. The results show that egg shell thickness, cracked eggs, egg production, feed consumption, egg weights, fertility, hatchability and body weights were not affected by dieldrin treatments. However, egg shell thickness, cracked eggs, egg production and hatchability were adversely affected by the lower calcium level. Female body weights were consistently heavier for the low calcium diet. Mortality increased in the presence of 10 and especially 25 p.p.m. of dieldrin. Livability of chicks from hens receiving rations with 10 and 25 p.p.m. of dieldrin was significantly lower than those fed no dieldrin. In summary, dieldrin was without effect on egg shell quality or other reproductive factors but did exert a detrimental effect on adult mortality and livability of progeny. POULTRY SCIENCE 55: 212-219,

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

1976

decreases in egg shell weight or thinning. T h e relationship of pesticides to t h e egg shell thinE C L I N E S in certain avian populations ning process has been extensively studied and such as the peregrine falcon (Falco ' reviewed (Ratclif fe, 1967; P o t t s , 1968; Hickey peregrinus) and sparrow h a w k (Accipiterr and A n d e r s o n , 1968; Tucker, 1971). Porter nisus) beginning in the middle 1940's, led and Wiemeyer (1969) fed dieldrin and D D T investigators to relate this p h e n o m e n o n to contaminated diets to sparrow hawks and — reported egg shell thinning in t w o generations 1. Technical Paper No. 4013, Oregon Agricultural of this species. L e h n e r and Egbert (1969) also Experiment Station. Supported in part by U.S. Public reported thinning of egg shells in mallard hens Health Service Grant ES00040. This paper was develover a four-month dieldrin feeding period. oped in part from a thesis submitted by C. M. Reading, a Chester M. Wilcox Memorial Scholarship recipient On the other h a n d , several researchers have (1973-74), to the Graduate School, Oregon State Unibeen unable to find a relationship between versity in partial fulfillment of the M. S. degree. dieldrin and egg shell thinning. Muller (1971) 2. Present address: University of Oregon Dental found no egg shell thinning in Mallard ducks School, mail: 3323 SW Multnomah, Apt. #55, Port(Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos) receivland, Oregon 97219.

D

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Effect of Dieldrin and Calcium on the Performance of Adult Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)1

The effect of sulfaquinoxaline feed medication on the immunologic response to a Pasteurella multocida vaccine administered to turkeys via drinking water.

The Effect of Sulfaquinoxaline Feed Medication on the Immunologic Response to a Pasteurella multocida Vaccine Administered to Turkeys via Drinking Wat...
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