Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 53 (2014) 263e266
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology journal homepage: www.tjog-online.com
Research Letter
The coexistence of interstitial cystitis and overactive bladder in a patient with lower urinary tract symptoms Ching-Pei Tsai a, Kai-Lun Cheng b, c, Chih-Ku Liu a, Min-Min Chou a, d, Gin-Den Chen d, Man-Jung Hung a, d, * a
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan Department of Medical Imaging, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan School of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan d Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chung Shan Medical University School of Medicine, Taichung, Taiwan b c
a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Accepted 18 December 2013
The definition of interstitial cystitis (IC) has evolved to include painful bladder syndrome (PBS) in the past few years. IC is a syndrome characterized by “the complaint of suprapubic pain related to bladder filling, accompanied by other symptoms such as increased day- and nighttime frequency, in the absence of proven urinary infection or other obvious pathology” [1]. However, the signs and symptoms of IC/PBS early in the course of disease may be intermittent and variable, making IC/PBS difficult to recognize [2]. Overactive bladder (OAB), which was recently defined by the International Continence Society as “urinary urgency, usually accompanied by frequency and nocturia, with or without urinary urgency incontinence, in the absence of urinary tract infection or other obvious pathology” [3], is one of several disorders that have the same cluster of symptoms as IC/PBS. Therefore, it is sometimes not easy to differentiate IC and OAB on the basis of clinical presentation alone. However, the conventional therapies used for each diagnosis address different pathophysiological mechanisms [4,5]. It is crucial to establish the correct diagnosis prior to embarking on any extended treatment protocol. Many clinicians have used the presence of urodynamic detrusor overactivity (DO) as a criterion to exclude the diagnosis of IC [6]. However, recent studies and surveys suggest the possibility that two conditions may exist concurrently [7]. Investigators have suggested that some patients diagnosed with OAB, particularly those refractory to treatment with antimuscarinics, may have IC [8e11].
* Corresponding author. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 1650 Taiwan Boulevard, Section 4, Taichung 40705, Taiwan. E-mail address: [email protected] (M.-J. Hung).
We report a patient with refractory OAB who also had cystoscopic findings of IC. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility that the two conditions may occur concurrently. The findings indicate that some patients refractory to one of the two therapies require further evaluation and treatment. A 35-year-old woman, gravida 3, para 3, presented with urinary frequency, urgency, and urgency incontinence, which had plagued her for several years. She had undergone a Cesarean section for her third baby 7 years ago, and experienced these symptoms shortly after the operation. In the past 2 years, she also noticed a dull lower abdominal pain accompanied with a bearing-down sensation. She tried several medications prescribed by other doctors including Solifenacin (Vesicare; Astellas Pharma, Leiderdorp, Netherlands, Europe), and Tolterodine (Detrusitol; Pfizer Pharma, Winchester, Kentucky, USA), but symptoms persisted and she decided to visit our hospital. A pelvic examination revealed a normal-sized uterus with adhesion to the right abdominal wall. The patient reported mild tenderness while the uterus was being lifted. The frequencyevolume chart revealed she had to void a volume of 70e150 mL every 30e60 minutes. Sometimes she also experienced urine incontinence when she rushed to the bathroom. The urinalysis report was normal, except for the presence of a few red blood cells (RBC 2e5 in HPF). The urodynamic study revealed phasic and terminal DO. Frequent and involuntary detrusor contractions occurred during filling cystometry (Fig. 1), accompanied with urine incontinence. The first desire to void was at 18 mL, and her cystometric capacity was only 60 mL. Owing to the patient's poor response to antimuscarinic drugs, we arranged diagnostic laparoscopy and cystoscopy. We noticed bladder adhesion to the lower segment of the uterus during the laparoscopic examination (Fig. 2), and adhesion lysis was performed. Cystoscopy showed diffuse (grade III) glomerulations and marked terminal hematuria (Fig. 3). Thereafter, the patient received cyclic hyaluronic acid bladder instillation therapy (4 weekly intravesical instillations of 40 mg of hyaluronic acid followed by 5 monthly instillations), with concomitant antimuscarinics (Oxbu extended-release, 5 mg QD
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tjog.2013.12.005 1028-4559/Copyright © 2014, Taiwan Association of Obstetrics & Gynecology. Published by Elsevier Taiwan LLC. All rights reserved.
264
C.-P. Tsai et al. / Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 53 (2014) 263e266
Fig. 1. Phasic and terminal detrusor overactivity on filling cystometry.
use) at our outpatient department. Her irritative voiding symptoms dramatically improved from voiding every 30 minutes to once every 1e2 hours. She was very satisfied with the decrease in urine incontinence. Furthermore, the lower abdominal pain also subsided dramatically after the therapy. In this study, we present a case of an underdiagnosis in which no effective treatment had been found by previous clinicians, and who was ultimately diagnosed with IC and OAB as well as pelvic adhesion. Concomitant cystoscopy and laparoscopy, as well as a comprehensive urodynamic study, led to the final diagnosis and
Fig. 2. Bladder adhesion to the lower segment of the uterus due to previous cesarean section (white arrows).
enhanced the complete treatment. The patient is currently in a stable condition and is receiving multiple treatments. Female lower urinary tract symptoms are categorized into different syndromes based on combinations of symptoms [1,3]. OAB and PBS were formally defined in 2002 by the International Continence Society [1]. Both have the symptoms of frequency, urgency, and nocturia, but the core symptoms are different. Suprapubic pain accompanied with bladder filling is the hallmark symptom of PBS. By contrast, urgency with or without urgency incontinence is considered to be the core symptom of OAB. For most typical patients, symptomatic diagnosis and empirical treatment are adequate. But for patients with atypical symptoms or nonresponders, it is important to verify the symptoms using specific methods, such as urodynamic study for detection of DO, or cystoscopy for evaluation of IC signs. Under such circumstances, clinicians can establish a second diagnosis and develop alternative treatment strategies. For decades, IC/PBS and OAB/DO were thought to exclude one another in differential diagnosis because the underlying pathophysiologies are different. The National Institute of Digestive and Kidney Diseases formulated strict criteria for diagnosis of IC in 1988, encompassing the inclusion and exclusion criteria that describe the syndrome and identify a relatively homogeneous patient population [12]. Therefore, many clinicians have used the presence of DO as a criterion to exclude the diagnosis of IC [6], but there is no widespread consensus on its use [7]. However, in many OAB studies, bladder pain and/or IC are exclusionary criteria and pain has rarely been measured in OAB patients [13e15]. Nonetheless, it is still possible that a patient may have the two conditions concurrently. For example, several investigators had suggested that the prevalence of IC in patients with DO that does not respond to treatment with anticholinergic medications is high
C.-P. Tsai et al. / Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 53 (2014) 263e266
265
Fig. 3. Glomerulation on cystoscopy.
[8e11]. Parsons et al [8] noted that four (25%) of 16 patients with DO were sensitive to intravesical potassium. Another prospective cohort study showed that 60% of patients with OAB symptoms have a positive potassium sensitivity test result [9]. By contrast, several studies have suggested that a portion of IC patients have evidence of DO based on the results of urodynamic analysis. In 1997, the Interstitial Cystitis Database study group reported that approximately 15% of patients with IC have spontaneous DO as measured by urodynamic testing [16]. Hung et al [17] reported that 54% of IC patients had bladder oversensitivity and 8.1% had DO. The results of the present case support these apparently overlapping conditions. As the diagnosis of OAB or PBS is symptom-based, it must be realized that not all patients will respond to the initial management. When this occurs, the clinician must recognize that other causes need to be considered, and this will lead to new treatment options. For refractory OAB patients, it is necessary to take the diagnosis of IC into consideration and to add a suitable bladder instillation therapy. By contrast, IC patients usually have a reducedcapacity bladder that is in part responsible for their need to urinate at low volumes [18,19]. The therapeutic efficacy of urinary symptoms for these patients is usually not very promising when using the standard intravesical therapy alone [20]. In this circumstance, IC patients might show clinical improvement after the addition of OAB treatment, such as anticholinergic therapy and bladder training. Our case not only had IC and OAB concomitantly, but also had pelvic adhesion. We performed diagnostic laparoscopy and cystoscopy to establish the cause of the refractory urinary symptoms and chronic pelvic pain (CPP), and were thus able to establish the above diagnosis at the same time. It is well known that chronic pain in patients who have previously received surgery may be due to postoperative adhesions. Historically, IC was rarely considered as a cause of CPP, but recent data suggest that IC is a relatively common cause of CPP in gynecologic patients [21,22]. It is important to consider the bladder as a generator of symptoms early in the evaluation of gynecologic patients with CPP. By determining whether the bladder is the origin of the pain, the patient can be more successfully treated. Our patient experienced immediate postoperative relief of pelvic pain owing to adhesion lysis and bladder hydrodistension. For more sustained and better pain resolution, however, continued treatment for IC such as cyclic bladder instillation is more effective. In conclusion, OAB and IC can present with similar symptoms, such as urinary urgency, frequency, and nocturia. Both OAB and IC, therefore, should be included in the differential diagnosis for patients who present with a hypersensitive bladder. The possibility that two conditions may occur concurrently is high, especially in patients who are refractory to traditional therapy. If the initial
treatment does not result in a significant remission of symptoms, further investigation to identify the concurrence of other diseases is indicated. Conflicts of interest The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. References [1] Abrams P, Cardozo L, Fall M, Griffiths D, Rosier P, Ulmsten U, et al. The standardization of terminology of lower urinary tract function: report from the Standardization Sub-committee of the International Continence Society. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187:116. [2] Driscoll A, Teichman JMH. How do patients with interstitial cystitis present? J Urol 2001;166:2118e20. [3] Haylen BT, de Ridder D, Freeman RM, Swift SE, Berghmans B, Lee J, et al. An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for female pelvic floor dysfunction. Int Urogynecol J 2010;21:5e26. [4] Chancellor MB, Yoshimura N. Treatment of interstitial cystitis. Urology 2004;63:85e92. [5] Wein AJ. Diagnosis and treatment of the overactive bladder. Urology 2003;62(5B):20e7. [6] Hanno PM, Landis JR, Matthews-Cook Y, Kusek J, Nyberg Jr L. The diagnosis of interstitial cystitis revisited: lessons learned from the National Institutes of Health Interstitial Cystitis Database study. J Urol 1999;161:553e7. [7] Kirkemo A, Peabody M, Diokno A, Afanasyev A, Nyberg Jr LM, Landis JR, et al. Associations among urodynamic findings and symptoms in women enrolled in the Interstitial Cystitis Data Base (ICDB) study. Urology 1997;49: 76e80. [8] Parsons CL, Zupkas P, Parsons JK. Intravesical potassium sensitivity in patients with interstitial cystitis and urethral syndrome. Urology 2001;57:428e32. [9] Minaglia S, Ozel B, Bizhang R, Mishell Jr DR. Increased prevalence of interstitial cystitis in women with detrusor overactivity refractory to anticholinergic therapy. Urology 2005;66:702e6. [10] MacDiarmid SA, Sand PK. Diagnosis of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome in patients with overactive bladder symptoms. Rev Urol 2007;9: 9e16. [11] Chung MK, Butrick CW, Chung CW. The overlap of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome and overactive bladder. JSLS 2010;14:83e90. [12] Gillenwater JY, Wein AJ. Summary of the National Institute of Arthritis, Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases workshop on interstitial cystitis, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, August 28e29, 1987. J Urol 1988;140:203e6. [13] Malone-Lee JG, Walsh JB, Maugourd MF. Tolterodine: a safe and effective treatment for older patients with overactive bladder. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001;49:700. [14] Stewart W, Van Rooyen J, Cundiff G, Abrams P, Herzog AR, Corey R, et al. Prevalence and burden of overactive bladder in the United States. World J Urol 2003;20:327. [15] Chappel CR, Arano P, Bosch JL, de Ridder D, Kramer AE, Ridder AM. Solifenacin appears effective and well tolerated in patients with symptomatic idiopathic detrusor overactivity in a placebo- and tolterodine-controlled phase 2 dosefinding study. BJU Int 2004;93:71. [16] Simon LJ, Landis JR, Erickson DR, Nyberg LM. The Interstitial Cystitis Data Base Study: concepts and preliminary baseline descriptive statistics. Urology 1997;49:64e75.
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C.-P. Tsai et al. / Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 53 (2014) 263e266
[17] Hung MJ, Chen YT, Shen PS, Hsu ST, Chen GD, Ho ES. Risk factors that affect the treatment of interstitial cystitis using intravesical therapy with a dimethyl sulfoxide cocktail. Int Urogynecol J 2012;23:1533e9. [18] Hsieh CH, Chang WC, Huang MC, Su TH, Li YT, Chiang HS. Treatment of interstitial cystitis in women. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2012;51:526e32. [19] Sastry DN, Hunter KM, Whitmore KE. Urodynamic testing and interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2010;21:157e61.
[20] Porru D, Cervigni M, Nasta L, Natale F, Lo Voi R, Tinelli C, et al. Results of endovesical hyaluronic acid/chondroitin sulfate in the treatment of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome. Rev Recent Clin Trials 2008;3:126e9. [21] Cheng C, Rosamilia A, Healey M. Diagnosis of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome in women with chronic pelvic pain: a prospective observational study. Int Urogynecol J 2012;23:1361e6. [22] Stanford EJ, Dell JR, Parsons CL. The emerging presence of interstitial cystitis in gynecologic patients with chronic pelvic pain. Urology 2007;69:53e9.
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology journal homepage: www.tjog-online.com
Research Letter
The coexistence of interstitial cystitis and overactive bladder in a patient with lower urinary tract symptoms Ching-Pei Tsai a, Kai-Lun Cheng b, c, Chih-Ku Liu a, Min-Min Chou a, d, Gin-Den Chen d, Man-Jung Hung a, d, * a
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan Department of Medical Imaging, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan School of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan d Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chung Shan Medical University School of Medicine, Taichung, Taiwan b c
a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Accepted 18 December 2013
The definition of interstitial cystitis (IC) has evolved to include painful bladder syndrome (PBS) in the past few years. IC is a syndrome characterized by “the complaint of suprapubic pain related to bladder filling, accompanied by other symptoms such as increased day- and nighttime frequency, in the absence of proven urinary infection or other obvious pathology” [1]. However, the signs and symptoms of IC/PBS early in the course of disease may be intermittent and variable, making IC/PBS difficult to recognize [2]. Overactive bladder (OAB), which was recently defined by the International Continence Society as “urinary urgency, usually accompanied by frequency and nocturia, with or without urinary urgency incontinence, in the absence of urinary tract infection or other obvious pathology” [3], is one of several disorders that have the same cluster of symptoms as IC/PBS. Therefore, it is sometimes not easy to differentiate IC and OAB on the basis of clinical presentation alone. However, the conventional therapies used for each diagnosis address different pathophysiological mechanisms [4,5]. It is crucial to establish the correct diagnosis prior to embarking on any extended treatment protocol. Many clinicians have used the presence of urodynamic detrusor overactivity (DO) as a criterion to exclude the diagnosis of IC [6]. However, recent studies and surveys suggest the possibility that two conditions may exist concurrently [7]. Investigators have suggested that some patients diagnosed with OAB, particularly those refractory to treatment with antimuscarinics, may have IC [8e11].
* Corresponding author. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 1650 Taiwan Boulevard, Section 4, Taichung 40705, Taiwan. E-mail address: [email protected] (M.-J. Hung).
We report a patient with refractory OAB who also had cystoscopic findings of IC. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility that the two conditions may occur concurrently. The findings indicate that some patients refractory to one of the two therapies require further evaluation and treatment. A 35-year-old woman, gravida 3, para 3, presented with urinary frequency, urgency, and urgency incontinence, which had plagued her for several years. She had undergone a Cesarean section for her third baby 7 years ago, and experienced these symptoms shortly after the operation. In the past 2 years, she also noticed a dull lower abdominal pain accompanied with a bearing-down sensation. She tried several medications prescribed by other doctors including Solifenacin (Vesicare; Astellas Pharma, Leiderdorp, Netherlands, Europe), and Tolterodine (Detrusitol; Pfizer Pharma, Winchester, Kentucky, USA), but symptoms persisted and she decided to visit our hospital. A pelvic examination revealed a normal-sized uterus with adhesion to the right abdominal wall. The patient reported mild tenderness while the uterus was being lifted. The frequencyevolume chart revealed she had to void a volume of 70e150 mL every 30e60 minutes. Sometimes she also experienced urine incontinence when she rushed to the bathroom. The urinalysis report was normal, except for the presence of a few red blood cells (RBC 2e5 in HPF). The urodynamic study revealed phasic and terminal DO. Frequent and involuntary detrusor contractions occurred during filling cystometry (Fig. 1), accompanied with urine incontinence. The first desire to void was at 18 mL, and her cystometric capacity was only 60 mL. Owing to the patient's poor response to antimuscarinic drugs, we arranged diagnostic laparoscopy and cystoscopy. We noticed bladder adhesion to the lower segment of the uterus during the laparoscopic examination (Fig. 2), and adhesion lysis was performed. Cystoscopy showed diffuse (grade III) glomerulations and marked terminal hematuria (Fig. 3). Thereafter, the patient received cyclic hyaluronic acid bladder instillation therapy (4 weekly intravesical instillations of 40 mg of hyaluronic acid followed by 5 monthly instillations), with concomitant antimuscarinics (Oxbu extended-release, 5 mg QD
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tjog.2013.12.005 1028-4559/Copyright © 2014, Taiwan Association of Obstetrics & Gynecology. Published by Elsevier Taiwan LLC. All rights reserved.
264
C.-P. Tsai et al. / Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 53 (2014) 263e266
Fig. 1. Phasic and terminal detrusor overactivity on filling cystometry.
use) at our outpatient department. Her irritative voiding symptoms dramatically improved from voiding every 30 minutes to once every 1e2 hours. She was very satisfied with the decrease in urine incontinence. Furthermore, the lower abdominal pain also subsided dramatically after the therapy. In this study, we present a case of an underdiagnosis in which no effective treatment had been found by previous clinicians, and who was ultimately diagnosed with IC and OAB as well as pelvic adhesion. Concomitant cystoscopy and laparoscopy, as well as a comprehensive urodynamic study, led to the final diagnosis and
Fig. 2. Bladder adhesion to the lower segment of the uterus due to previous cesarean section (white arrows).
enhanced the complete treatment. The patient is currently in a stable condition and is receiving multiple treatments. Female lower urinary tract symptoms are categorized into different syndromes based on combinations of symptoms [1,3]. OAB and PBS were formally defined in 2002 by the International Continence Society [1]. Both have the symptoms of frequency, urgency, and nocturia, but the core symptoms are different. Suprapubic pain accompanied with bladder filling is the hallmark symptom of PBS. By contrast, urgency with or without urgency incontinence is considered to be the core symptom of OAB. For most typical patients, symptomatic diagnosis and empirical treatment are adequate. But for patients with atypical symptoms or nonresponders, it is important to verify the symptoms using specific methods, such as urodynamic study for detection of DO, or cystoscopy for evaluation of IC signs. Under such circumstances, clinicians can establish a second diagnosis and develop alternative treatment strategies. For decades, IC/PBS and OAB/DO were thought to exclude one another in differential diagnosis because the underlying pathophysiologies are different. The National Institute of Digestive and Kidney Diseases formulated strict criteria for diagnosis of IC in 1988, encompassing the inclusion and exclusion criteria that describe the syndrome and identify a relatively homogeneous patient population [12]. Therefore, many clinicians have used the presence of DO as a criterion to exclude the diagnosis of IC [6], but there is no widespread consensus on its use [7]. However, in many OAB studies, bladder pain and/or IC are exclusionary criteria and pain has rarely been measured in OAB patients [13e15]. Nonetheless, it is still possible that a patient may have the two conditions concurrently. For example, several investigators had suggested that the prevalence of IC in patients with DO that does not respond to treatment with anticholinergic medications is high
C.-P. Tsai et al. / Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 53 (2014) 263e266
265
Fig. 3. Glomerulation on cystoscopy.
[8e11]. Parsons et al [8] noted that four (25%) of 16 patients with DO were sensitive to intravesical potassium. Another prospective cohort study showed that 60% of patients with OAB symptoms have a positive potassium sensitivity test result [9]. By contrast, several studies have suggested that a portion of IC patients have evidence of DO based on the results of urodynamic analysis. In 1997, the Interstitial Cystitis Database study group reported that approximately 15% of patients with IC have spontaneous DO as measured by urodynamic testing [16]. Hung et al [17] reported that 54% of IC patients had bladder oversensitivity and 8.1% had DO. The results of the present case support these apparently overlapping conditions. As the diagnosis of OAB or PBS is symptom-based, it must be realized that not all patients will respond to the initial management. When this occurs, the clinician must recognize that other causes need to be considered, and this will lead to new treatment options. For refractory OAB patients, it is necessary to take the diagnosis of IC into consideration and to add a suitable bladder instillation therapy. By contrast, IC patients usually have a reducedcapacity bladder that is in part responsible for their need to urinate at low volumes [18,19]. The therapeutic efficacy of urinary symptoms for these patients is usually not very promising when using the standard intravesical therapy alone [20]. In this circumstance, IC patients might show clinical improvement after the addition of OAB treatment, such as anticholinergic therapy and bladder training. Our case not only had IC and OAB concomitantly, but also had pelvic adhesion. We performed diagnostic laparoscopy and cystoscopy to establish the cause of the refractory urinary symptoms and chronic pelvic pain (CPP), and were thus able to establish the above diagnosis at the same time. It is well known that chronic pain in patients who have previously received surgery may be due to postoperative adhesions. Historically, IC was rarely considered as a cause of CPP, but recent data suggest that IC is a relatively common cause of CPP in gynecologic patients [21,22]. It is important to consider the bladder as a generator of symptoms early in the evaluation of gynecologic patients with CPP. By determining whether the bladder is the origin of the pain, the patient can be more successfully treated. Our patient experienced immediate postoperative relief of pelvic pain owing to adhesion lysis and bladder hydrodistension. For more sustained and better pain resolution, however, continued treatment for IC such as cyclic bladder instillation is more effective. In conclusion, OAB and IC can present with similar symptoms, such as urinary urgency, frequency, and nocturia. Both OAB and IC, therefore, should be included in the differential diagnosis for patients who present with a hypersensitive bladder. The possibility that two conditions may occur concurrently is high, especially in patients who are refractory to traditional therapy. If the initial
treatment does not result in a significant remission of symptoms, further investigation to identify the concurrence of other diseases is indicated. Conflicts of interest The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. References [1] Abrams P, Cardozo L, Fall M, Griffiths D, Rosier P, Ulmsten U, et al. The standardization of terminology of lower urinary tract function: report from the Standardization Sub-committee of the International Continence Society. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187:116. [2] Driscoll A, Teichman JMH. How do patients with interstitial cystitis present? J Urol 2001;166:2118e20. [3] Haylen BT, de Ridder D, Freeman RM, Swift SE, Berghmans B, Lee J, et al. An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for female pelvic floor dysfunction. Int Urogynecol J 2010;21:5e26. [4] Chancellor MB, Yoshimura N. Treatment of interstitial cystitis. Urology 2004;63:85e92. [5] Wein AJ. Diagnosis and treatment of the overactive bladder. Urology 2003;62(5B):20e7. [6] Hanno PM, Landis JR, Matthews-Cook Y, Kusek J, Nyberg Jr L. The diagnosis of interstitial cystitis revisited: lessons learned from the National Institutes of Health Interstitial Cystitis Database study. J Urol 1999;161:553e7. [7] Kirkemo A, Peabody M, Diokno A, Afanasyev A, Nyberg Jr LM, Landis JR, et al. Associations among urodynamic findings and symptoms in women enrolled in the Interstitial Cystitis Data Base (ICDB) study. Urology 1997;49: 76e80. [8] Parsons CL, Zupkas P, Parsons JK. Intravesical potassium sensitivity in patients with interstitial cystitis and urethral syndrome. Urology 2001;57:428e32. [9] Minaglia S, Ozel B, Bizhang R, Mishell Jr DR. Increased prevalence of interstitial cystitis in women with detrusor overactivity refractory to anticholinergic therapy. Urology 2005;66:702e6. [10] MacDiarmid SA, Sand PK. Diagnosis of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome in patients with overactive bladder symptoms. Rev Urol 2007;9: 9e16. [11] Chung MK, Butrick CW, Chung CW. The overlap of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome and overactive bladder. JSLS 2010;14:83e90. [12] Gillenwater JY, Wein AJ. Summary of the National Institute of Arthritis, Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases workshop on interstitial cystitis, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, August 28e29, 1987. J Urol 1988;140:203e6. [13] Malone-Lee JG, Walsh JB, Maugourd MF. Tolterodine: a safe and effective treatment for older patients with overactive bladder. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001;49:700. [14] Stewart W, Van Rooyen J, Cundiff G, Abrams P, Herzog AR, Corey R, et al. Prevalence and burden of overactive bladder in the United States. World J Urol 2003;20:327. [15] Chappel CR, Arano P, Bosch JL, de Ridder D, Kramer AE, Ridder AM. Solifenacin appears effective and well tolerated in patients with symptomatic idiopathic detrusor overactivity in a placebo- and tolterodine-controlled phase 2 dosefinding study. BJU Int 2004;93:71. [16] Simon LJ, Landis JR, Erickson DR, Nyberg LM. The Interstitial Cystitis Data Base Study: concepts and preliminary baseline descriptive statistics. Urology 1997;49:64e75.
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C.-P. Tsai et al. / Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 53 (2014) 263e266
[17] Hung MJ, Chen YT, Shen PS, Hsu ST, Chen GD, Ho ES. Risk factors that affect the treatment of interstitial cystitis using intravesical therapy with a dimethyl sulfoxide cocktail. Int Urogynecol J 2012;23:1533e9. [18] Hsieh CH, Chang WC, Huang MC, Su TH, Li YT, Chiang HS. Treatment of interstitial cystitis in women. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2012;51:526e32. [19] Sastry DN, Hunter KM, Whitmore KE. Urodynamic testing and interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2010;21:157e61.
[20] Porru D, Cervigni M, Nasta L, Natale F, Lo Voi R, Tinelli C, et al. Results of endovesical hyaluronic acid/chondroitin sulfate in the treatment of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome. Rev Recent Clin Trials 2008;3:126e9. [21] Cheng C, Rosamilia A, Healey M. Diagnosis of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome in women with chronic pelvic pain: a prospective observational study. Int Urogynecol J 2012;23:1361e6. [22] Stanford EJ, Dell JR, Parsons CL. The emerging presence of interstitial cystitis in gynecologic patients with chronic pelvic pain. Urology 2007;69:53e9.
