This article was downloaded by: [University of Dayton] On: 06 January 2015, At: 08:15 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK
Journal of Personality Assessment Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/hjpa20
Temporal Relatedness: Personality and Behavioral Correlates Stephen H. Getsinger Published online: 10 Jun 2010.
To cite this article: Stephen H. Getsinger (1975) Temporal Relatedness: Personality and Behavioral Correlates, Journal of Personality Assessment, 39:4, 405-408, DOI: 10.1207/s15327752jpa3904_14 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa3904_14
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions
.Journal of Personality Assessment, l975,39, 4
Temporal Relatedness: Personality and Behavioral Correlates STEPHEN H. GETSINGER The University of Missouri-Columbia
Downloaded by [University of Dayton] at 08:15 06 January 2015
Summary: The relationships between the tendency of subjects to perceive temporal zones as interrelated or discrete and other temporal behaviors and personality factors were explored in two studies, one using 115 college students and the other 60 college students, employing the Personal Orientation Inventory, the Temporal Orientation Inventory, and the Circles Test. Subjects who obtained higher time-relatedness scores were found to demonstrate greater self-actualization, evaluate the present time mode more positively, overestimate time intervals in an estimation task, and to perform less accurately in time estimation than low time relaters.
which one is the past, which one is the present, and which one the future. Productions can be scored for total relatedness, and range from zero (temporal atomicity or the absence of relatedness) to 18 (total projection or overlapping of dimensions). Cottle (1967) reported that naval personnel indicate time primarily as atomistic (unrelated). Further research (Cottle, 1969a) demonstrated that among adolescents oldler respondents show temporal relatedness more than younger ones, boys more than girls, middle-class boys more than upper-class boys, and upper-class girls more than middle-class girls. Among naval personnel (Cottle, 1969b) time relatedness is positively correlated with achievement needs and intelligence and negatively correlated with anxiety scale scores. The following tw~o studies explored the relationship of temporal relatedness to self-actualization, sex, and certain temporal behaviors. Study I: Temporal Relatedness and SelfActualization Kelly (1963) suggests that time provides the ultimate bond in human relationships. By time-binding man makes sense of his world. He bases his expectations about the future on his experience of the past as he integrates both the past and future within the immediate moment. Man's openness to the world can be This report is based on a doctoral dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the PhD viewed as his openness to time. This requirements at the University of Missouri- openness to fulfilling time or more specifColumbia, 1973. Sincere thanks are due to Joseph T. Kunce and Corrine S. Cope for their ically the self within time has been guidance in this study. labeled self-actualization by Maslow
Man's perception of time remains a most intriguing area of psychological research. While common sense views time as an objective reality existing independent of man's awareness of it, certain philosophers (Eliade, 1954; Kummel, 1966), physicists (Cunningham, 1914), and psychologists (Piaget, 1969; Wallace & Rabin, 1960) see time as the subjective experience of movement through space. The division of time into three zones is a cross-cultural phenomenon. Man has memories about what has gone before and calls it past. He experiences the immediate moment and calls it present. He anticipates that which is yet to come and calls it future. He binds these dimensions into a unity called "time." However, there is divergence in his construction of how these zones are interrelated. Cottle (1967) reported on an instrument, The Circles Test, developed to objectify and measure man's perception of the relationship between time zones. This simple projective device consists of ablank sheet of paper and the following instructions: Think of the past, present, and future as being in the shape of circles. Now arrange these circles in any way you want that best shows how you feel about the relationship of the past, present, and the future. You may use different size circles. When you have finished, label each circle to show
Correlates of Temporal Relatedness
406 Table 1 Correlations Between Circles Test Relatedness Scores and 15 Subtest Scores on the Personal Orientation Inventory Subtest Time Competence Time Incompetence Time Incompetence/ Time Competence
Downloaded by [University of Dayton] at 08:15 06 January 2015
Existentiality Spontaneity Outer Directed Inner Directed Outer Directed/ Inner Directed Self-Actualizing Value Feeling Reactivity Self-Regard Self-Acceptance Nature of Man Acceptance of Aggression Capacity for Intimacy a
One-tailed test.
(1971). In this study it was hypothesized that individuals high in self-actualization would also demonstrate high time-relatedness. The measures of self-actualization selected to test this hypothesis were 15 subscales of the Personal Orientation Inventory (Shostrom, 1963, 1964, 1966). The Self-Actualization and Relatedness instruments were completed by 115 college students (60 males and 55 females).
Pearsonian correlations between relatedness and self-actualization scores are reported in Table 1. A one-tailed t test of significance indicated 9 of 15 correlations were significantly different from zero in the direction predicted in the hypothesis. The means on the relatedness variable for males (M = 8.35; SD = 5.35) did not differ significantly from those obtained by females (M = 8.77; SD = 4.68). These findings do lend support to the hypothesis that self-actualizing individuals demonstrate a tendency to bind time dimensions.
Study 11: Temporal Relatedness, Evaluation, Estimation, and Sex. Several temporal variables have produced interesting research results. Roos and Albers (1965a, 1965b) developed the Temporal Orientation Inventory, which measures the tendency of persons to evaluate the time zones. Scores obtained on this instrument reflect positive or negative values for the past, present, and future. In a study of alcoholics' perceptions of time, Roos and Albers (1965a) found that they show a significant tendency to evaluate the past and present more positively than the future. A further study (Roos & Albers, 1965b) of retardates found them evaluating the past negatively and the present positively. Studies of temporal estimation are well known and have a long history in psychological research (Wallace & Rabin, 1960). The present study explored relationships among temporal relatedness, evaluation, estimation, and sex. Sixty college students (30 males and 30 females) served as subjects by completing the Temporal Orientation Inventory and Circles Test. They also completed six trials of estimating 30-second intervals using the method of pfoduction (subjects told the experimenter when 30-second intervals had elapsed). Error scores were calculated by summing the absolute values of the difference between the subjects' productions and the standard 30-second interval in 1 0 t h ~of a second. The group error means were calculated for the first and second
STEPHEN H. GETSINGER Table 2 Intercorrelations Among Temporal Relatedness, Evaluation, Estimation, and Sex
Variables Relatedness Past Evaluation Present Evaluation Future Evaluation Time Accuracy
Downloaded by [University of Dayton] at 08:15 06 January 2015
Time Overestimation Sex *p
Journal of Personality Assessment Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/hjpa20
Temporal Relatedness: Personality and Behavioral Correlates Stephen H. Getsinger Published online: 10 Jun 2010.
To cite this article: Stephen H. Getsinger (1975) Temporal Relatedness: Personality and Behavioral Correlates, Journal of Personality Assessment, 39:4, 405-408, DOI: 10.1207/s15327752jpa3904_14 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa3904_14
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions
.Journal of Personality Assessment, l975,39, 4
Temporal Relatedness: Personality and Behavioral Correlates STEPHEN H. GETSINGER The University of Missouri-Columbia
Downloaded by [University of Dayton] at 08:15 06 January 2015
Summary: The relationships between the tendency of subjects to perceive temporal zones as interrelated or discrete and other temporal behaviors and personality factors were explored in two studies, one using 115 college students and the other 60 college students, employing the Personal Orientation Inventory, the Temporal Orientation Inventory, and the Circles Test. Subjects who obtained higher time-relatedness scores were found to demonstrate greater self-actualization, evaluate the present time mode more positively, overestimate time intervals in an estimation task, and to perform less accurately in time estimation than low time relaters.
which one is the past, which one is the present, and which one the future. Productions can be scored for total relatedness, and range from zero (temporal atomicity or the absence of relatedness) to 18 (total projection or overlapping of dimensions). Cottle (1967) reported that naval personnel indicate time primarily as atomistic (unrelated). Further research (Cottle, 1969a) demonstrated that among adolescents oldler respondents show temporal relatedness more than younger ones, boys more than girls, middle-class boys more than upper-class boys, and upper-class girls more than middle-class girls. Among naval personnel (Cottle, 1969b) time relatedness is positively correlated with achievement needs and intelligence and negatively correlated with anxiety scale scores. The following tw~o studies explored the relationship of temporal relatedness to self-actualization, sex, and certain temporal behaviors. Study I: Temporal Relatedness and SelfActualization Kelly (1963) suggests that time provides the ultimate bond in human relationships. By time-binding man makes sense of his world. He bases his expectations about the future on his experience of the past as he integrates both the past and future within the immediate moment. Man's openness to the world can be This report is based on a doctoral dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the PhD viewed as his openness to time. This requirements at the University of Missouri- openness to fulfilling time or more specifColumbia, 1973. Sincere thanks are due to Joseph T. Kunce and Corrine S. Cope for their ically the self within time has been guidance in this study. labeled self-actualization by Maslow
Man's perception of time remains a most intriguing area of psychological research. While common sense views time as an objective reality existing independent of man's awareness of it, certain philosophers (Eliade, 1954; Kummel, 1966), physicists (Cunningham, 1914), and psychologists (Piaget, 1969; Wallace & Rabin, 1960) see time as the subjective experience of movement through space. The division of time into three zones is a cross-cultural phenomenon. Man has memories about what has gone before and calls it past. He experiences the immediate moment and calls it present. He anticipates that which is yet to come and calls it future. He binds these dimensions into a unity called "time." However, there is divergence in his construction of how these zones are interrelated. Cottle (1967) reported on an instrument, The Circles Test, developed to objectify and measure man's perception of the relationship between time zones. This simple projective device consists of ablank sheet of paper and the following instructions: Think of the past, present, and future as being in the shape of circles. Now arrange these circles in any way you want that best shows how you feel about the relationship of the past, present, and the future. You may use different size circles. When you have finished, label each circle to show
Correlates of Temporal Relatedness
406 Table 1 Correlations Between Circles Test Relatedness Scores and 15 Subtest Scores on the Personal Orientation Inventory Subtest Time Competence Time Incompetence Time Incompetence/ Time Competence
Downloaded by [University of Dayton] at 08:15 06 January 2015
Existentiality Spontaneity Outer Directed Inner Directed Outer Directed/ Inner Directed Self-Actualizing Value Feeling Reactivity Self-Regard Self-Acceptance Nature of Man Acceptance of Aggression Capacity for Intimacy a
One-tailed test.
(1971). In this study it was hypothesized that individuals high in self-actualization would also demonstrate high time-relatedness. The measures of self-actualization selected to test this hypothesis were 15 subscales of the Personal Orientation Inventory (Shostrom, 1963, 1964, 1966). The Self-Actualization and Relatedness instruments were completed by 115 college students (60 males and 55 females).
Pearsonian correlations between relatedness and self-actualization scores are reported in Table 1. A one-tailed t test of significance indicated 9 of 15 correlations were significantly different from zero in the direction predicted in the hypothesis. The means on the relatedness variable for males (M = 8.35; SD = 5.35) did not differ significantly from those obtained by females (M = 8.77; SD = 4.68). These findings do lend support to the hypothesis that self-actualizing individuals demonstrate a tendency to bind time dimensions.
Study 11: Temporal Relatedness, Evaluation, Estimation, and Sex. Several temporal variables have produced interesting research results. Roos and Albers (1965a, 1965b) developed the Temporal Orientation Inventory, which measures the tendency of persons to evaluate the time zones. Scores obtained on this instrument reflect positive or negative values for the past, present, and future. In a study of alcoholics' perceptions of time, Roos and Albers (1965a) found that they show a significant tendency to evaluate the past and present more positively than the future. A further study (Roos & Albers, 1965b) of retardates found them evaluating the past negatively and the present positively. Studies of temporal estimation are well known and have a long history in psychological research (Wallace & Rabin, 1960). The present study explored relationships among temporal relatedness, evaluation, estimation, and sex. Sixty college students (30 males and 30 females) served as subjects by completing the Temporal Orientation Inventory and Circles Test. They also completed six trials of estimating 30-second intervals using the method of pfoduction (subjects told the experimenter when 30-second intervals had elapsed). Error scores were calculated by summing the absolute values of the difference between the subjects' productions and the standard 30-second interval in 1 0 t h ~of a second. The group error means were calculated for the first and second
STEPHEN H. GETSINGER Table 2 Intercorrelations Among Temporal Relatedness, Evaluation, Estimation, and Sex
Variables Relatedness Past Evaluation Present Evaluation Future Evaluation Time Accuracy
Downloaded by [University of Dayton] at 08:15 06 January 2015
Time Overestimation Sex *p
