Vol. 37, No. 5
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, May 1979, p. 972-977 0099-2240/79/05-0972/06$02.00/0
Survival of Coxsackievirus B3 Under Diverse Environmental Conditions MARY LOU McGEADY, JUNE-SANG SIAK,t AND RICHARD L. CROWELL* Department ofMicrobiology and Immunology, Hahnemann Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102 Received for publication 9 February 1979
The survival of coxsackievirus B3 was studied under various conditions of incubation. The comparative study demonstrated that coxsackievirus B3 was stable for 24 h (-
6 >. 23 = \ 2.0
\\
1.0 0
m
ac
,-
o
'A
seeded with poliovirus and MS-2 phage were flushed, a considerable number of particles were ejected into the air and later recovered from bathroom surfaces. Thus, it is reasonable to suggest that there may be a considerable hazard to persons living in the same environment with an individual who is shedding coxsackieviruses. These viruses are sufficiently stable to permit transfer to the hands of a person touching the \ area where virus has been deposited by an aer\osol or by contaminated hands. In this way selfinoculation might occur. ~ 3'In addition to providing insight into the sta-
8
.1.0
FIG. 1. Comparative survival of coxsackievirus B3 infectivity at three temperatures. The virus was diluted into Tris-saline, pH 7.0, and incubated in the liquid state in plastic scintillation vials. PFU, Plaque-forming units.
.
0
6 12 24 18 HOURS OF INCUBATION (TRIS SALINE. ph7, WET. PLASTIC)
a) 2
0
b) ~~pH
~~~
SURFACE
7.0
-1 I2
-2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~PAPER
W
o-3 0
4c 2
GLASS PLASTIC
~ ~ ~9.0
c)DILUENT
d)CONDITIONS
TRIS.SAL*BSA
23'. WET
~~~ 1 ~TRIS-BSA
DRY ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~23',
x 0
37' WET
HOURS OF INCUBATION
VOL. 37, 1979
SURVIVAL OF COXSACKIEVIRUS
bility of coxsackievimus B3 in general, these studies have provided a quantitative measure of the inactivation of the virus. The testing of potential virucidal compounds in a well-defined system, under conditions in which a stable virus, such as coxsackievirus B3, remains infectious for long periods of time, should provide the best challenge to the test compound. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was supported by Lehn and Fink Products, Co., Montvale, N.J., and by Public Service grant AI-03771 from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.
LITERATURE CITED 1. Breindl, M. 1971. The structure of heated poliovirus particles. J. Gen. Virol. 11:147-156. 2. Cords, C. E., C. G. James, and L. C. McLaren. 1975. Alteration of capsid proteins of coxsackievirus A13 by low ionic concentrations. Virology 15:244-252. 3. Couch, R. B., R. G. Douglas, Jr., K. M. Lindgren, P. T. Gerone, and V. Knight. 1970. Airborne transmission of respiratory infection with Coxsackievirus A21. Am. J. Epidemiol. 91:78-86. 4. Crowell, R. L., and L. Philipson. 1971. Specific alterations of coxackievirus B3 eluted from Hela cells. J. Virol. 8:509-515. 5. Crowell, R. L., and J. T. Syverton. 1961. The mammalian cell-virus relationship. VI. Sustained infection of HeLa cells by coxsackie B3 virus and effect on superinfection. J. Exp. Med. 113:419-435. 6. Dixon, G. J., R W. Sidwell, and E. McNeil. 1966. Quantitative studies on fabrics as disseminators of viruses. II. Persistence of poliomyelitis virus on cotton and wool fabrics. Appl. Microbiol. 14:183-188. 7. Floyd, R., and D. G. Sharp. 1977. Aggregation of poliovirus and reovirus by dilution in water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 33:159-167. 8. Floyd, R., and D. G. Sharp. 1978. Viral aggregation: quantitation and kinetics of the aggregation of poliovirus and reovirus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 35:10791083. 9. Floyd, R., and D. G. Sharp. 1978. Viral aggregation: effects of salts on the aggregation of poliovirus and reovirus at low pH. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 35:1084-
977
1094. 10. Gerba, C. P., C. Wallis, and J. L. Melnick. 1975. Microbiological hazards of household toilets: droplet production and the fate of residual organisms. Appl. Microbiol. 30:229-237. 11. Hendley, J. O., R. P. Wenzel, and J. M. Gwaltney. 1973. Transmission of rhinovirus colds by self inoculation. N. Engl. J. Med. 288:1361-1364. 12. Katagiri, S., S. Aikawa, and Y. Hinuma. 1971. Stepwise degradation of poliovirus capsid by alkaline treatment. J. Gen. Virol. 13:101-109. 13. Maizel, J. V., B. A. Phillips, and D. F. Summers 1967. Composition of artificially produced and naturally occurring empty capsids of poliovirus type 1. Virology 32: 692-699. 14. Murphy, W. H., and J. T. Syverton. 1958. Adsorption and translocation of mammalian viruses by plants. I. Survival of mouse encephalomyelitis and poliomyelitis viruses in soil and plant root environment. Virology 6: 612-622. 15. Noble, J., and K. Lonberg-Holm. 1973. Interaction of components of human rhinovirus type 2 with Hela cells. Virology 51:270-278. 16. O'Brien, RK T., and J. S. Newman. 1977. Inactivation of polioviruses and coxsackieviruses in surface water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 33:334-340. 17. Philipson, L, S. T. Beatrice, and R. L. Crowell. 1973. A structural model for picornaviruses as suggested from an analysis of urea-degraded virions and procapsids of coxsackievirus B3. Virology 54:69-79. 18. Smith, E. M., C. P. Gerba, and J. L. Melnick. 1978. Role of sediment in the persistence of enteroviruses in the estuarine environment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
35:685-689. 19. Tierney, J. T., R. Sullivan, and E. P. Larkin. 1977. Persistence of poliovirus 1 in soil and on vegetables grown in soil previously flooded with inoculated sewage sludge or effluent. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 33:109113. 20. Totsuka, A., K. Ohtaki, and I. Tagaya. 1978. Aggregation of enterovirus small plague variants and polioviruses under low ionic strength conditions. J. Gen. Virol. 38:519-533. 21. Ward, R. L 1978. Mechanism of poliovirus inactivation by ammonia. J. Virol. 26:299-305. 22. Ward, R. L, and C. S. Ashley. 1977. Identification of the virucidal agent in wastewater sludge. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 33:860-864.
FIG. 2. Comparative survival of coxsackievirus B3 infectivity under diverse environmental conditions. Experiments were performed as described in the text. The conditions compared were the following: (a) pH (incubation of coxsackievirus B3 in Tris-saline at 37°C in the liquid state on a plastic surface at pH 7.0 or 9.0); (b) surface (incubation of coxsackievirus B3 in Tris, pH 7.0, at 37°C in the liquid state on plastic, glass, or paper); (c) diluent (incubation of coxsackievirus B3 at 37°C in the liquid state on a glass surface at pH 7.0 in Tris, Tris-saline, Tris-0.25% BSA, or Tris-saline-0.25% BSA); (d) liquid or evaporating condition (coxsackievirus B3 in a liquid or evaporating state incubated in Tris-saline, pH 7.0, on a plastic surface at 23 or 37QC). PFU, Plaque-forming units.
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, May 1979, p. 972-977 0099-2240/79/05-0972/06$02.00/0
Survival of Coxsackievirus B3 Under Diverse Environmental Conditions MARY LOU McGEADY, JUNE-SANG SIAK,t AND RICHARD L. CROWELL* Department ofMicrobiology and Immunology, Hahnemann Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102 Received for publication 9 February 1979
The survival of coxsackievirus B3 was studied under various conditions of incubation. The comparative study demonstrated that coxsackievirus B3 was stable for 24 h (-
6 >. 23 = \ 2.0
\\
1.0 0
m
ac
,-
o
'A
seeded with poliovirus and MS-2 phage were flushed, a considerable number of particles were ejected into the air and later recovered from bathroom surfaces. Thus, it is reasonable to suggest that there may be a considerable hazard to persons living in the same environment with an individual who is shedding coxsackieviruses. These viruses are sufficiently stable to permit transfer to the hands of a person touching the \ area where virus has been deposited by an aer\osol or by contaminated hands. In this way selfinoculation might occur. ~ 3'In addition to providing insight into the sta-
8
.1.0
FIG. 1. Comparative survival of coxsackievirus B3 infectivity at three temperatures. The virus was diluted into Tris-saline, pH 7.0, and incubated in the liquid state in plastic scintillation vials. PFU, Plaque-forming units.
.
0
6 12 24 18 HOURS OF INCUBATION (TRIS SALINE. ph7, WET. PLASTIC)
a) 2
0
b) ~~pH
~~~
SURFACE
7.0
-1 I2
-2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~PAPER
W
o-3 0
4c 2
GLASS PLASTIC
~ ~ ~9.0
c)DILUENT
d)CONDITIONS
TRIS.SAL*BSA
23'. WET
~~~ 1 ~TRIS-BSA
DRY ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~23',
x 0
37' WET
HOURS OF INCUBATION
VOL. 37, 1979
SURVIVAL OF COXSACKIEVIRUS
bility of coxsackievimus B3 in general, these studies have provided a quantitative measure of the inactivation of the virus. The testing of potential virucidal compounds in a well-defined system, under conditions in which a stable virus, such as coxsackievirus B3, remains infectious for long periods of time, should provide the best challenge to the test compound. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was supported by Lehn and Fink Products, Co., Montvale, N.J., and by Public Service grant AI-03771 from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.
LITERATURE CITED 1. Breindl, M. 1971. The structure of heated poliovirus particles. J. Gen. Virol. 11:147-156. 2. Cords, C. E., C. G. James, and L. C. McLaren. 1975. Alteration of capsid proteins of coxsackievirus A13 by low ionic concentrations. Virology 15:244-252. 3. Couch, R. B., R. G. Douglas, Jr., K. M. Lindgren, P. T. Gerone, and V. Knight. 1970. Airborne transmission of respiratory infection with Coxsackievirus A21. Am. J. Epidemiol. 91:78-86. 4. Crowell, R. L., and L. Philipson. 1971. Specific alterations of coxackievirus B3 eluted from Hela cells. J. Virol. 8:509-515. 5. Crowell, R. L., and J. T. Syverton. 1961. The mammalian cell-virus relationship. VI. Sustained infection of HeLa cells by coxsackie B3 virus and effect on superinfection. J. Exp. Med. 113:419-435. 6. Dixon, G. J., R W. Sidwell, and E. McNeil. 1966. Quantitative studies on fabrics as disseminators of viruses. II. Persistence of poliomyelitis virus on cotton and wool fabrics. Appl. Microbiol. 14:183-188. 7. Floyd, R., and D. G. Sharp. 1977. Aggregation of poliovirus and reovirus by dilution in water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 33:159-167. 8. Floyd, R., and D. G. Sharp. 1978. Viral aggregation: quantitation and kinetics of the aggregation of poliovirus and reovirus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 35:10791083. 9. Floyd, R., and D. G. Sharp. 1978. Viral aggregation: effects of salts on the aggregation of poliovirus and reovirus at low pH. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 35:1084-
977
1094. 10. Gerba, C. P., C. Wallis, and J. L. Melnick. 1975. Microbiological hazards of household toilets: droplet production and the fate of residual organisms. Appl. Microbiol. 30:229-237. 11. Hendley, J. O., R. P. Wenzel, and J. M. Gwaltney. 1973. Transmission of rhinovirus colds by self inoculation. N. Engl. J. Med. 288:1361-1364. 12. Katagiri, S., S. Aikawa, and Y. Hinuma. 1971. Stepwise degradation of poliovirus capsid by alkaline treatment. J. Gen. Virol. 13:101-109. 13. Maizel, J. V., B. A. Phillips, and D. F. Summers 1967. Composition of artificially produced and naturally occurring empty capsids of poliovirus type 1. Virology 32: 692-699. 14. Murphy, W. H., and J. T. Syverton. 1958. Adsorption and translocation of mammalian viruses by plants. I. Survival of mouse encephalomyelitis and poliomyelitis viruses in soil and plant root environment. Virology 6: 612-622. 15. Noble, J., and K. Lonberg-Holm. 1973. Interaction of components of human rhinovirus type 2 with Hela cells. Virology 51:270-278. 16. O'Brien, RK T., and J. S. Newman. 1977. Inactivation of polioviruses and coxsackieviruses in surface water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 33:334-340. 17. Philipson, L, S. T. Beatrice, and R. L. Crowell. 1973. A structural model for picornaviruses as suggested from an analysis of urea-degraded virions and procapsids of coxsackievirus B3. Virology 54:69-79. 18. Smith, E. M., C. P. Gerba, and J. L. Melnick. 1978. Role of sediment in the persistence of enteroviruses in the estuarine environment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
35:685-689. 19. Tierney, J. T., R. Sullivan, and E. P. Larkin. 1977. Persistence of poliovirus 1 in soil and on vegetables grown in soil previously flooded with inoculated sewage sludge or effluent. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 33:109113. 20. Totsuka, A., K. Ohtaki, and I. Tagaya. 1978. Aggregation of enterovirus small plague variants and polioviruses under low ionic strength conditions. J. Gen. Virol. 38:519-533. 21. Ward, R. L 1978. Mechanism of poliovirus inactivation by ammonia. J. Virol. 26:299-305. 22. Ward, R. L, and C. S. Ashley. 1977. Identification of the virucidal agent in wastewater sludge. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 33:860-864.
FIG. 2. Comparative survival of coxsackievirus B3 infectivity under diverse environmental conditions. Experiments were performed as described in the text. The conditions compared were the following: (a) pH (incubation of coxsackievirus B3 in Tris-saline at 37°C in the liquid state on a plastic surface at pH 7.0 or 9.0); (b) surface (incubation of coxsackievirus B3 in Tris, pH 7.0, at 37°C in the liquid state on plastic, glass, or paper); (c) diluent (incubation of coxsackievirus B3 at 37°C in the liquid state on a glass surface at pH 7.0 in Tris, Tris-saline, Tris-0.25% BSA, or Tris-saline-0.25% BSA); (d) liquid or evaporating condition (coxsackievirus B3 in a liquid or evaporating state incubated in Tris-saline, pH 7.0, on a plastic surface at 23 or 37QC). PFU, Plaque-forming units.
