SURVEY OF HEPATIC AND PULMONARY HELMINTHS OF WILD CERVIDS IN ALBERTA, CANADA Author(s): M. J. Pybus Source: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 26(4):453-459. Published By: Wildlife Disease Association DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-26.4.453 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.7589/0090-3558-26.4.453

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SURVEY WILD

OF HEPATIC

CERVIDS

AND

PULMONARY

IN ALBERTA,

Disea.ses, 26(4), 1990, pp. 453-459 © Wildlife Disease Association 1990

of Wildlife

Journal

HELMINTHS

OF

CANADA

M. J. Pybus12 2

Wildlife Present

Worms, address:

Edmonton,

Edmonton, Alberta

Alberta,

Alberta, Fish and

Canada

T6H

Canada Wildlife,

T6H 5A9 6909-116 Street,

4P2

During the 1988 hunting season, livers and lungs from 263 mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), 198 moose (Alces alces), 147 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), and 94 wapiti (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) from Alberta (Canada) were collected for parasitological examination. Most of the samples (89%) were submitted by big game hunters throughout the province. Giant liver fluke (Fascioloides magna) was found in 9% of 22 yearling and 29% of 65 adult wapiti; 4% of 161 adult moose; and 2% of 97 adult white-tailed deer. The intensity of infection generally was low; however, one wapiti had over 600 flukes in the liver. Infections were restricted to alpine and montane regions in southwestern Alberta (97%) as well as boreal uplands of the Cypress Hills in southeastern Alberta (3%). Other parasites recorded included Taenia hydatigena cysts in liver of 61% of 191 moose and 14% of 247 mule deer. Dictyocaulus viviparus was found in lungs of 14% of 50 moose, 14% of 118 mule deer, 12% of 41 wapiti, and 6% of 54 white-tailed deer. Echinococcus granulosus cysts were found in lungs (and occasionally liver) of 37% of 51 moose. Incidental infections of Thysanosorna actinoides, Orthostrongylus rnacrotis, and Taenia omissa were recorded. Adult Dicrocoelium dendriticum were collected from liver of two wapiti, one mule deer, and one white-tailed deer from the Cypress Hills. Key words: Helminths, survey, wild ruminants, Odocoileus hemionu.s hemionus, Alces alces, Odocoileus virginianus, Cervus elaphus nelsoni, Fascioloides magna, Dicrocoelium dendriticum, ABSTRACT:

hemionus

lungs

and

liver

infection.

INTRODUCTION

Fascioloides

magna,

is a well-known deer (Odocoileus North America Foreyt, of wild

1981). and

the

giant

parasite of virginianus) (Erhardova-Kotr!a, It also domestic

can

liver

cies sympatric (Foreyt, 1981).

fluke,

white-tailed in eastern 1971;

infect species.

Giant Alberta National

a variety Adult A.

Swales, and

magna usually are found encapsulated in the liver, often in pairs, while immature parasites migrate throughout liver tissue

terton

area

apparently dividual.

National Park (M. J. Pybus

The

in white-tailed tarandus)

until they parasite

deer populations

tensive damage rect and indirect sociated alces)

with (Olsen

Karns, 1972, wapiti (Cervus bus, unpub!.

in

and

locate another inis relatively benign caribou but can

some mortality

(Rangifer cause ex-

individuals. has been

infections in moose and Fenstermacher,

columbianus) 1946). In significant

age

of domestic

to liver

and/or

death

1935), Stenton,

Banif 1969),

of southwestern

Stenton, A recent

Dias-

(60%

(Alces 1942;

wildlife

of

Alberta

Park Wa(Flook

Kingscote et a!., 1987). (1984 to 1989) in Banff

and and

Kootenay National Park J. G. Woods, unpubl.)

15).

(Odocoileus were recorded

National and the

1969; survey

indicated high prevalence adult wapiti (86% of 149 moose (85% of 13) and

1973; Wobeser et a!., 1985), elaphus nelsoni), (M. J. Pydata), and black-tailed deer

(Odocoileus hemionus (Hadwen, 1916; Cowan, tion, F. magna can cause

infected

liver flukes have been found in in a variety of hosts from Buffalo Park at Wainwright (Cameron,

1923; (Flook and

with

A few hemionus (14%

of F. rnagna in adults examined), white-tailed deer

infected of

mule

hemionus), 22). The

deer, data

also in-

dicated a recent movement and establishment of the parasite in the lower Bow va!ley and infections in wapiti and moose often

addidam-

damage

were

accompanied

tissue. Fascioloides magna readily range by natural dispersal

spe453

by

extensive

to liver

expands its or artificial

454

JOURNAL

OF WILDLIFE

DISEASES,

VOL.

4, October

26, NO.

1990

TABLE

1.

minths

in Alberta,

Source

of

wild

cervids

Cause

Species

Wapiti

Moose Mule

deer

examined

for

hel-

Canada. o I death

Hunter

Native

Motor vehicle

66

Total

Other

7

15

6

94

190

1

4

3

198

237

4

11

11

263

White-tailed

116

deer

609

Total

MATERIALS

1 13

27

3

147

57

23

702

AND METHODS

Collection of samples relied heavily on cooperation of big game hunters throughout Alberta. A variety of methods was used to notify hunters about the survey. These included direct contact with sportsmen’s groups, articles and! or notices in sporting magazines, notices mailed to many applicants successful in management draws, notices displayed in offices of the Alberta Fish and Wildlife Division during the 1988 hunting season, and a press release circulated to weekly and daily newspapers throughout Alberta. In addition, Saskatchewan hunters in the Cypress Hills area (49#{176}30’N,109#{176}50’ to 1 10#{176}30’W) were requested to submit samples for the survey.

1.

FIGURE

ified

to

Major

habitat

accomodate

boundaries):

types

Wildlife

1, Grasslands;

of

Alberta

2, Aspen

-

-

North

Saskatchewan

trans!ocation areas. lowed

4, East

Slopes

Cypress National

Hills; Park;

infected

hosts

into

similar

spread

management free-ranging game where already current about tribution Other

animals, in what

exists. survey the

of the

practices animals

farm and

present

western order to

parasite

due

to

of translocation and movement it is necessary hosts the

of of to know

F.

magna

Thus, the objective of was to provide information geographic

of F. magna parasites

new

report of F. magna folof the parasite into It-

aly with infected wapiti from North America (Bassi, 1875). In avoid

3, Bo-

River.

with

The first introduction

Unit

Parkland;

real Uplands and Northern Mixedwoods; and Foothills; A Camp Wainwright; 1!J Banif National Park; El Waterton -

(mod-

Management

were

throughout observed

and

host

the dis-

Alberta. as noted.

Native

hunters

various

Band

were Council

notified meetings

of

the

survey

at

and

asked

to

submit samples throughout 1988. Field staff of the Alberta Fish and Wildlife Division were requested to collect samples whenever the opportunity arose. All persons collecting samples were requested to provide the date, location, species, sex, and age (juvenile or adult) of the animal. Most samples were frozen; however, samples from Camp Wainwright (52#{176}45’N, 11 1#{176}O’W)were examined fresh. Incomplete samples or those lacking location of the kill were not examined. Remaining livers were thawed, sliced thinly (5 mm), and all parasites and/or lesions noted. Intact lungs were examined grossly and the air passages opened with scissors. The location of each sample, by Wildlife Management Unit (WMU), was assigned to one of eight major ecoregions (Strong and Leggat, 1981). The ecoregions were grouped into four habitat types; these were aspen parkland, boreal uplands and northern mixedwoods, east slopes and foothills, and grasslands (Fig. 1). A subsample of parasites collected was fixed, cleared and identified using standard methods and reference keys. Representative samples were deposited in the National Museum of Natural

PYBUS-HELMINTHS

TABLE

Distribution

2.

Alberta,

of samples

examined

for liver and

lung

OF BIG GAME

helminths

in four

IN ALBERTA

habitat

major

455

types

of

Canada.

White-tailed Habitat Aspen

parkland

Boreal

uplands slopes

East

type

Wapiti

Moose

2

2

and mixedwoods

32

116

foothills

41

80

and

19

Grasslands

0

Sciences (Division of Invertebrate Zoology, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0M8; Accession number NMCP1989-0537 to NMCP1989-0550).

killed

by

big

lungs Most

game

from were

tober to December 198 moose, 263 mule

(89%)

1988. deer,

in

and 94 widely

Many

livers were collected in Cypress 135) and Camp Wainwright (n

(n

=

(Fig.

1),

wapiti (Table throughout

but

distributed

overall, among

1) the

samples the

were

habitat

types

magna

liver of 29 animals was similar in males intensity wapiti.

(608

in the

F.

found

adult which

wapiti wapiti

but

recorded gions in

one

wapiti

moose

and

sorna

actinoides

moose, mule

three deer.

(0.8%)

were

samples

in

of

wild

tailed press

in

were 4).

collected These in-

cysts

in liver

cervids

17 (14%) and three

in

deer,

liver

of

mule (6%)

deer, white-

of

eight

(4%)

and one (0.4%) Orthostrongylus were

deer

found

and

two

respectively.

dendriticum of two

was one

wapiti,

and one mule deer In three cases intensity

from

collected

the

granulosus cysts liver) of 37 (73%) wapiti; and Thysano-

(3%) wapiti, In addition,

ducts

deer, Hills.

of 27

34 (14%) mule deer, sevdeer, and two (2%) viviparus in lungs of

six (21%)

mule

in hepatic

Liver

collected

and Taenia omissa of eight (3%) mule

macrotis

in lungs

from alpine or montane ecorethe east slopes and foothills of

nsagna

was

deer; Echinococcus (and occasionally

in

the

4). 18 (67%)

hydatigena

Taenia

Dicrocoelium

Fascioloides

3.

from

and seven of ten WMUs from were collected in this habitat.

in lungs

included

of F. rnagna

infection

(Table

recovered

tailed

comparison.

All

166

we!!-

than female adult male not

35

(Table

in male infected was

112

seven (14%) moose, five (12%) wapiti,

Prevalence however,

magna)

211 170

Hills 80)

(Table 3). and females;

was higher One heavily

wapiti

TABLE

was

155

13 18

117 (61%) moose, en (5%) white-tailed wapiti; Dictyocaulus

2). Fascioloides

were

cluded

were co!province. =

81

50 31

Alberta

flukes

Total

Several other parasites during this survey (Table

Oc-

Samples from 147 white-tailed

deer lected

deer

70

One infected Cypress Hills.

702 animals from hosts

hunters

deer

southwestern

RESULTS

Liver and often were examined.

Mule

Alberta,

Canada

found white-

from was

surveyed

Cylow

during

Fall 1988.

Number Species

Total

examined

YOY

YLG

Prevalence

(%)

Intensity

Adult

YOY

YLG

Adult

29.2

YLG

Adult”

Wapiti

94

7

22

65

0

9.1

Moose

191

9

21

161

0

0

3.8

-

247

13

71

163

0

0

0

-

-

140

20

23

97

0

0

2.1

-

-3,31

deer White-tailed Mule

Unaged Mean Does

deer

animals number not

include

not

included;

of F. rnagna one

wapiti

YOY, (SD), with

young-of-the-year;

range. 608

flukes.

YLG,

yearling.

1,36

25(33),

3(1)2-5 -

1-115’

456

JOURNAL

TABLE

OF WiLDLIFE

Distribution

4.

(SEASES,

October

VOL. 26, NO.4,

of helminths

from

wild

cervids

of

Aspen

parkland

infected

Boreal

uplands

East slopes

animals

32

and

mixedwoods

13 (41)

and foothills

of cases in habitat

(three wapiti

and and

type

(% of total

11 trematodes 11 from the

However, with ducts

thick

yellow/brown

system

exudate

throughout

the

29

162

12

0

0

13 (8)

0

1 (3)

87 (54)

4 (33)

28 (97)

50 (31)

8 (67)

12(7)

0

5(15)

0

0

parasite).

from deer).

in the

1987). the

biliary

liver.

It

probably

upland

areas

This

is the in the

magna Alberta Wobeser

DISCUSSION

the

parasites

trematode from wapiti

F. rnagna

survey, wildlife

eggs

collected

during

is of greatest It is common

managers.

this

concern to in wapiti

in the foothills and mountains of southern Alberta and also occurs in moose and whitetailed deer sympatric with infected wapiti. Despite livers

extensive hunters,

by

examination there are

of F. magna

records

occurring

tral mountains side of Banff

and foothills National Park.

results indicate in ungulate

the parasite populations

park.

This

may

be

the

of wapiti previous

no

in the of Alberta However,

also adjacent result

cenoutour

is present to the of

a recent

movement of this parasite with infected wapiti from the Banff area. The distriof F. magna

bution dispersal within

and the

son, 1988; er reports with

its

In the

coincides

migration patterns region (Morgantini

with

Woods, 1988) and supports that F. magna readily hosts extreme

into

new

natural

of wapiti and Hudothmoves

areas.

southwestern

part

of Al-

berta, giant liver fluke has been reported in Waterton Lakes National Park (F!ook and Stenton, 1969) and was found in 63% of 16 adult wapiti killed by hunters in the Waterton area in 1984 (Kingscote et a!.,

is present

throughout

of southwestern

first confirmed Cypress Hills

Alberta.

report of F. of southeastern

and southwestern Saskatchewan. et a!. (1985) reported operculate

Hills but identity. Of

Canada.

25

11(44)

infection of at least 174 D. in the mule deer was assoenlargement of all major heand extensive accumulation of

ciated patic

of Alberta,

Thysanosorna actinoides

14 (56)

cases of each

types

Taenia hydatigena

an

dendriticum

habitat

Fascioloides magna

7 (22)

collected white-tailed

major

granulosus

7 (22)

Grasslands Number

in four

Echinococciis

Dictyocaulus vi vi penis

Number

1990

eggs in in the

10 of 50 feca! Saskatchewan

were unable The eggs were

of F. magna

and

samples Cypress

to determine smaller than livers

were

not

their most avail-

able for examination. In addition, Samuel et a!. (1976) did not find liver flukes in 23 moose from the Alberta Cypress Hills. The area is an isolated region of boreal upland habitat

surrounded

by

prairie

grasslands.

It appears that F. magna is present at very low levels in this area and is unlikely to have significant impact on moose or wapiti in the Cypress Hills. It is significant that found in deer collected wright in east central “several” Buffalo

(Bison

bison National

Park

F. magna was not from Camp WainAlberta. In 1923, bison) (which

livers from later became

Camp Wainwright) contained giant liver fluke (Cameron, 1923). Reports filed by Parks Canada personnel in 1931 and 1932 indicated the number of infected ruminants in the park was increasing. By 1933 many fected

wapiti with

the

parasite

life

managers. Measures

and deer F. magna was

a major

to eradicate

from Buffalo park late 1930’s. Selected treated with snail populations

copper

were “heavily” (Swales, 1935) problem giant

for liver

inand wildfluke

were undertaken in the swamps and lakes were sulphate to destroy (Swales, 1935). In addi-

PYBUS-HELMINTHS

tion,

over

bison to

5,000

in the

control

disease

during

of large numbers white-tailed deer Camp Wainwright (Wishart, pers. tailed during

deer the the

problems,

methods

of the

impact to be

cycle, such or temporary snail gent

areas must waterbodies and

vegetation. Diagnostic

examination reyt, 1981; used Until magna

tests

for

wapiti North

permanent abundant

involving

individuals.

in Alberta River

to areas

with

against F. infected south should

of the not be

conditions

suit-

able for transmission ilarly, infected wapiti

of liver flukes. Simfrom areas outside

Alberta

moved

should

not

the province currently Wildlife managers consider the potential with giant liver fluke wapiti or white-tailed Results

pertaining

F. magna generally tion of Samuel et Stenton (1969), and Kingscote

be

into

parts

of

free of the parasite. in other areas should hazards associated before translocating deer. to parasites

other

than

update the informaa!. (1976), Flook and

Stock and et a!. (1987).

Barrett (1983), However, our

457

a much

wider

larval

the range of As in other were more

young-of-the-year and

E.

found

in

granmoose,

the Swan Hills area Similar high prevalence tapeworms

in moose

Hills was reported Fuller and Keith

of

in the

by Samuel et a!. (1980) reported populations in the Since wolves are parasites, the data

probably reflect continued high populations of wolves in northcentra! Alberta. Similarly, in southwestern Quebec, high levels of hydatid cysts in moose have been with et a!.,

high 1989).

Echinococcus were restricted

for eggs (Fo1985) can be

infected

and

T. hydatigena most often

in Alberta.

correlated (Messier

or emer-

F. magna

over

high wolf (Canis lupus) area in the late 1970’s. definitive hosts for both

its life

anthelminthic is identified,

from areas Saskatchewan

translocated

with

samples et a!.,

most

a successful in wapiti

include

collected

in yearling

animals. Larvae of ulosus were

Swan (1976).

envispread In order

to complete

common

of these

the

submerged

of fecal Wobeser

to identify

into further areas.

were

IN ALBERTA

geographic area and provide information concerning more general patterns of host and geographic distribution. Dictyocaulus viviparus was the most ubiquitous parasite

particularly northern

of F. rnagna in some potential for releas-

fluke

populations

were from great

of such methods, used in a modern

ing large numbers of eggs ronment, thus promoting of the parasite in suitable liver

1930s magna the

samples

BIG GAME

and was found throughout hosts and habitats examined. reports, these lung nematodes

deer examined It is apparent

in eradicating F. However, considering

giant

was

examination

of livers of hunter-killed and mule deer from

high intensity indicates good

the

par-

tuberculosis magna

cursory

and 40 mule current survey.

environmental they are unlikely situation. The wapiti

and to try

between 1966 and 1987 comm.) nor in 40 white-

drastic

successful the area.

for

wapiti,

slaughtered

brucellosis and 1981). Fascioloides

observed

that

mainly

were

various

ticularly (Lothian, not

cervids,

park

OF

mixedwoods in mule

deer

to

densities

granulosus upland

of

and

habitats and or white-tailed

were

wolves

infections northern not deer.

found Since

all four host species are sympatric in these habitats, our results suggest the life cycle of hydatid tapeworm in these areas is dependent upon moose and/or wapiti as suitable intermediate hosts. Heavily infected moose and wapiti often in liver as well as lungs. The tinoides

apparent in this

mates

its presence

tapeworm system ever,

low study

had

prevalence probably

in host

normally

hydatid

cysts

of T. acunderesti-

populations.

occurs

of the liver of infected it moves rapidly into

in

the

This biliary

hosts. Howthe small in-

testine after death of the host and usually is recorded in the duodenum or abomasum (Allen, 1973; Stock and Barrett, 1983). The high

proportion

of

mals from the upland parasite is abundant berta

and

the

Cypress

infected

livers

habitats suggests in southwestern Hills.

Similar

in

anithe Alhigh

458

JOURNAL

OF WILDLIFE

prevalence

has

DISEASES,

been

(Samuel et a!., 1983) and wapiti

VOL.

reported

1976; (Stock

in

Stock and

4, October

26, NO.

not in in of

minants

It is distrib-

throughout

vids

are

species from

(Mapes

and

been reCanada. domestic wild ru-

CowAN, and

Canada (Lewis,

is from 1974).

in

wapiti

Hills suggests species with ed

and

deer

in

local abundance sympatric use

24:

Diseases

be overIts pres-

and

hunters for

who

E.

Cypress

of

also

were

Alberta

No.

FULLER,

fully

acknowledged. Game

in

Ken

Crutchfield

T.

and

Lyle

Dwight

uting

survey

Dwight

and

Dobson

hunters

in

the

nancial

support

grate-

media Cypress

program

Hills.

was

provided

R. W.

ALLEN,

asite ico

State

and

Las

R.

1875. of

the

Agricultural No.

604,

Cruces,

New

Jaundiced stags

ruminants.

caused

New

Mex-

verminous Distoma

State

Uni-

magnum.

Fasciola

magna

1971

of the

North

moose

hunt:

biological

collec-

American

Moose

on

the

biological

North

W.

A pre-

collections

American

II.

Moose

Con-

9: 96-100.

D.

YATES,

of wapiti Alberta.

G.

AND

utilizing Journal

B.

TIFFIN.

cattle

range

of Wildlife

Dis-

1974. Presence of Dicrocoelium (Rudolphi, 1819) (Trematoda:

in western 52:

Canada.

Canadian

denDicro-

Journal

662-663.

Parks. Volume Parks Canada,

A History of Canada’s NaIV. Ministry of EnvironOttawa, Ontario, Canada,

R.,

BAKER.

F.

1981.

pp. AND

D.

W.

1950.

white-

The

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Dicrocoeliidae).

1819) Looss, Cornell

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Veterinarian

40:

211-

212.

69 pp. cachexy

Man-

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tional ment,

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wild

University, Bulletin

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(Cestoda:

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The

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pop-

Wolf

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report

report

eases 23: LEWIS, P. D. driticum

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Diseases

LOTHIAN,

KEITH.

A new

Fasciola

B.

F.

Pub-

with

in southwestern

the Alberta Recreation, Parks and Wildlife Foundation. Logistical support was provided by the Alberta Fish and Wildlife Division.

B.

Proceedings

ference

Research

583-602.

1916. together

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by

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Fi-

pp.

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F.

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prey

liminary

from

Tall

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44:

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information.

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of

Czechoslo-

of

Miscellaneous

5.

tions.

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assisted

this

trans-

are

(Alberta and

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and

(Saskatchewan

and

also

field

Schurman

Fish

Resources)

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all

Fullerton Sylvia

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of

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bution

800

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