Subdural Hemorrhage and Hypoxia in Infants With Congenital Heart Disease Patrick Kelly, Rebecca Hayman, Lara S. Shekerdemian, Peter Reed, Ayton Hope, Julia Gunn, Lee Coleman and John Beca Pediatrics 2014;134;e773; originally published online August 25, 2014; DOI: 10.1542/peds.2013-3903

The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is located on the World Wide Web at: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/134/3/e773.full.html

PEDIATRICS is the official journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics. A monthly publication, it has been published continuously since 1948. PEDIATRICS is owned, published, and trademarked by the American Academy of Pediatrics, 141 Northwest Point Boulevard, Elk Grove Village, Illinois, 60007. Copyright © 2014 by the American Academy of Pediatrics. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0031-4005. Online ISSN: 1098-4275.

Downloaded from pediatrics.aappublications.org at Universitaetsbibliothek Bern on September 26, 2014

ARTICLE

Subdural Hemorrhage and Hypoxia in Infants With Congenital Heart Disease AUTHORS: Patrick Kelly, MBChB, FRACP,a,b Rebecca Hayman, MBChB, FRACP,c Lara S. Shekerdemian, MBChB, MD, FCICM,d Peter Reed, DPhil,e Ayton Hope, MBChB, FRACR,f Julia Gunn, MBBS, PhD,g,h Lee Coleman, MBChB, FRACR,i and John Beca, MBChB, FRACP, FCICMj aTe

Puaruruhau (Child Protection Team), cChildren’s Emergency Department, eChildren’s Research Centre, and jPediatric ICU, Starship Children’s Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand; bDepartment of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand; dSection of Critical Care Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas; fDepartment of Neuroradiology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand; gDepartments of Neonatal Medicine, and iRadiology, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; and hMurdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia

WHAT’S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT: Asymptomatic neonatal subdural hemorrhage (SDH) is common, resolves within 4 weeks, and is typically infratentorial or posterior when supratentorial. Subdural hemorrhages may occur after cardiac surgery in infancy. Some hypothesize a causal relationship between hypoxia and SDH in infancy. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS: Asymptomatic neonatal SDH is often supratentorial and over the convexities. Small infratentorial SDHs may persist for #90 days. In young infants with congenital heart disease, an association between hypoxia and SDH could not be demonstrated.

KEY WORDS abusive head trauma, hypoxia, neonates, subdural hemorrhage

abstract

ABBREVIATIONS AHT—abusive head trauma PCF—posterior cranial fossa SaO2—oxygen saturation SDH—subdural hemorrhage Dr Kelly conceptualized and designed the study of subdural hemorrhage, analyzed the data, and drafted the manuscript; Dr Hayman helped design the study of subdural hemorrhage, conducted and supervised data collection, analyzed the data, and contributed to drafting of the manuscript; Dr Shekerdemian was the principal investigator for the Hearts and Minds Study in Melbourne, approved the study, and assisted in preparation and revision of the manuscript; Dr Reed provided advice on study design, carried out the statistical analyses, and revised the manuscript; Dr Hope and Lee Coleman reported the MRI scans, provided the MRI images and descriptions, and reviewed the manuscript; Dr Gunn was a co-investigator for the Hearts and Minds Study in Melbourne, approved the study, and reviewed the manuscript; Dr Beca was the principal investigator for the Hearts and Minds Study in Auckland, helped design the study, and assisted in preparation and revision of the manuscript; and all authors approved the final manuscript as submitted. www.pediatrics.org/cgi/doi/10.1542/peds.2013-3903 doi:10.1542/peds.2013-3903 Accepted for publication Jun 12, 2014 Address correspondence to Patrick Kelly, Puawaitahi, Starship Children’s Hospital, 99 Grafton Road, Auckland 1010, New Zealand. E-mail: [email protected] PEDIATRICS (ISSN Numbers: Print, 0031-4005; Online, 1098-4275). Copyright © 2014 by the American Academy of Pediatrics (Continued on last page)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: It has been suggested that there is a causal relationship between hypoxia and subdural hemorrhage (SDH) in infancy. The purpose of this study was to review the incidence of SDH in infants with congenital heart disease and explore the relationship between SDH and hypoxia. METHODS: Review of data collected for a prospective longitudinal cohort study of infants undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease in New Zealand and Australia. Infants underwent serial MRI scans of the brain in the first 3 months of life. All oxygen saturation recordings and MRI results were extracted and infants assigned to categories by degree of hypoxia. The data were then examined for any statistically significant relationship between hypoxia and SDH. RESULTS: One hundred fifty-two infants underwent MRI scans, and 66 (43%) had 145 loci of SDH. New SDH was seen in 12 infants after cardiac surgery. Of the loci of SDH, 63 (43%) were supratentorial, and most of these were interhemispheric, parietal, or temporal. SDH present on the first MRI persisted beyond 28 days of life in 8 infants. There was no demonstrable relationship between SDH and hypoxia. CONCLUSIONS: Asymptomatic SDH is common in young infants with congenital heart disease, at a frequency similar to that of those without congenital heart disease. These SDHs may occur in locations where they occur in abusive head trauma, but they are typically small and resolve within 3 months of birth. We were unable to demonstrate any association between hypoxia and SDH in this cohort. Pediatrics 2014;134:e773–e781

PEDIATRICS Volume 134, Number 3, September 2014

Downloaded from pediatrics.aappublications.org at Universitaetsbibliothek Bern on September 26, 2014

e773

Subdural hemorrhage (SDH) in infancy is associated with nonaccidental injury.1 SDH is typically considered traumatic in origin and is a key diagnostic feature of the condition once known as “shaken baby syndrome”. Nowadays, the American Academy of Pediatrics prefers the term “pediatric abusive head trauma” (AHT), in recognition of the fact that in infants who do sustain nonaccidental head injury, there are a variety of possible traumatic mechanisms.2 The relationship between infantile SDH and trauma has been challenged in recent years. One series of neuropathological postmortem studies3–5 concluded by speculating that in a susceptible infant, “subdural and retinal bleeding might result from any event that initiated apnoea or significant hypoxia, with brain swelling.”5 Thus, in some infants with unexplained SDH a presumptive diagnosis of AHT might be incorrect. Although controversial,6 this “unified hypothesis” quickly appeared in court, culminating in a judicial review of criminal prosecutions for AHT in the United Kingdom, where deficiencies in the hypothesis were acknowledged.7,8 Several subsequent postmortem studies have found no association between hypoxia and SDH in infancy,9–11 but other authors continue to suggest a strong association between SDH and hypoxia in the presence of additional factors.12–15 Another factor to consider in young infants is the possibility of SDH resulting from birth trauma. Symptomatic SDH from birth trauma is uncommon and usually associated with complicated or instrumental deliveries.16 However, MRI revealed that asymptomatic SDH at birth is common.17–19 Some studies report a prevalence as high as 50%,20 although no study so far reports persistence of SDH present at birth beyond 4 weeks.21 The purpose of this study was to review the incidence of SDH in newborns with congenital heart disease undergoing MRI brain scans as e774

part of a perioperative research protocol and to explore the relationship between SDH and hypoxia.

METHODS The Hearts and Minds Study is a prospective longitudinal cohort study of infants undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease before 2 months of age at Starship Children’s Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand and the Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Australia. The study protocol is described in detail elsewhere.22 In brief, participants underwent serial perioperative MRI scans, with collection of physiologic data including oxygen saturations during the primary hospital admission. The study was approved by the institutional review boards for both hospitals. Three MRI scans were performed: before surgery (MRI 1), 7 to 14 days after surgery (MRI 2), and finally at ∼2 to 3 months of age (MRI 3).

diagnosis. For each infant an individual dataset of SaO2 recordings was created: hourly in the PICU and 6 hourly on the ward. Any low SaO2 recorded at any time between regular recordings was also included. Recordings were separated into 3 time intervals: admission until MRI 1 (T1), between MRI 1 and MRI 2 (T2), and between MRI 2 and MRI 3 or discharge (T3). SaO2 data were analyzed for each individual and categorized as follows for each time interval (T1, T2, T3): 1. No persistent hypoxia, average SaO2 $91% 2. Moderate persistent hypoxia, average SaO2 81% to 90% 3. Severe persistent hypoxia, average SaO2 #80%. In addition, acute hypoxia was classified as any acute deviation of $15% below that infant’s average SaO2 during that specific time interval. Statistical Analysis

Data Collection Scans were performed with a 1.5- or 3.0-T Magnetom Avanto scanner (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany). Standardized sequences included coronal 3-dimensional fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery T1weighted images (1-mm slice thickness), coronal and axial T2-weighted dual-echo, fast spin-echo images (2-mm slice thickness), and axial diffusion-weighted imaging (12–20 directions, 4-mm slice thickness). In addition, T2 gradient– weighted imaging (3-mm slice thickness) was performed at Starship Children’s Hospital, and susceptibility-weighted imaging (1.5-mm slice thickness) was performed in a Royal Children’s Hospital subset. Scans were reported independently by 2 neuroradiologists blinded to clinical data. The presence, size, location, and description of any SDH were recorded. Oxygen saturation (SaO2) recordings were collected from clinical records by investigators blinded to cardiac

Data were analyzed by using JMP V10.0 Software (SAS Institute, Inc, Cary, NC). Categorical data were examined by using Fisher’s exact test and continuous data using Wilcoxon’s rank-sum test. When we tested for any relationship between SDH and hypoxia, our null hypothesis was that there is no difference in the proportion of SDH between hypoxia groups, and the 2-tailed test for a difference in proportion in any direction was appropriate. We also applied the 1-tailed test looking specifically for a difference in proportion in the direction of hypoxia, that is, testing for evidence of a positive relationship between SDH and hypoxia.

RESULTS MRI One hundred fifty-two infants with MRI scans are included in this analysis. Of these, 12 had 1 MRI scan, 32 had 2, and

KELLY et al

Downloaded from pediatrics.aappublications.org at Universitaetsbibliothek Bern on September 26, 2014

ARTICLE

108 had 3. Sixty-six infants (43%) had SDH on $1 scan. All were neurologically asymptomatic. Ninety-one (60%) had an unassisted vaginal delivery, 16 (11%) had an assisted vaginal delivery, and 45 (29%) had a cesarean delivery. Data on the duration of the stages of labor was not collected. The risk of SDH on MRI 1 differed by mode of delivery (P , .001), with a gradient of risk from cesarean delivery (lowest risk) to assisted vaginal delivery (highest risk) (Table 1). There was no association between SDH on MRI 1 and Apgar score (Table 2). The number of scans by age and the prevalence of SDH are shown in Table 3. In 7 infants with SDH on MRI 2, findings could not be compared with those of MRI 1 because there was no MRI 1 (4) or T1-weighted images on MRI 1 were absent or incomplete (3). Seven infants with no SDH on MRI 1 had new SDH on MRI 2 (Fig 1). Five infants with SDH on MRI 1 had SDH in new locations on MRI 2. No new SDHs were seen on MRI 3. Infants often had SDH in .1 location. One hundred forty-five loci of SDH were seen in the 66 infants with SDH: 111 loci in 52 infants on MRI 1 and 34 more loci in 19 infants on MRI 2. In those with SDH, other bleeds on MRI 1 included cerebellar hematoma (1), cephalhematoma (2), intraventricular hemorrhage (2), and subgaleal hemorrhage (3). Isolated intraparenchymal petechial hemorrhages were seen in 3 infants on MRI 2. No infants had any of the typical signs of hypoxic–ischemic injury on either diffusion-weighted imaging or T2 scans.

TABLE 1 Relationship Between SDH on MRI 1 and Mode of Delivery Mode of Delivery

SDH + N (%)

SDH 2 N (%)

Pa

Elective cesarean Emergency cesarean Normal vaginal Assisted vaginal Total

0 (0) 6 (27) 38 (46) 8 (50) 52

22 (100) 16 (73) 45 (54) 8 (50) 91

,.001

a

Fisher’s exact test.

of 12 infants with new loci of SDH on MRI 2 also underwent MRI 3. In these infants, 17 out of 18 loci (94%) resolved by MRI 3 (9 out of 10 infants). Five infants still had SDH on MRI 3, all in the posterior fossa. Table 4 presents all 8 infants who had SDH on MRI 1 that persisted beyond 28 days of life. Location of SDH Of the 145 loci of SDH, 63 (43%) were supratentorial and 82 (57%) infratentorial. Supratentorial SDH were interhemispheric, parafalcine, subfalcine, or midline (25); parietal, temporoparietal (18), temporal or subtemporal (12), and occipital or suboccipital (8) (Fig 2). Infratentorial SDH were described as posterior cranial fossa (PCF) (38), below the tentorium (27), in relationship to the cerebellum (16), or below the straight sinus (1) (Fig 3). Size of SDH Most SDHs (88 out of 145, 61%) were small (#2 mm deep), 43 (30%) moderate (3–4 mm deep), and 14 (10%) large ($5 mm deep). None caused a

TABLE 2 Relationship Between SDH on MRI 1 and Apgar Score Apgar Score

Progression and Regression of SDH Most SDH resolved over time. Of 52 infants with SDH on MRI 1, 50 underwent MRI 2 and 41 underwent MRI 3. Of 108 loci of SDH on MRI 1, 26 (24%) completely resolved by MRI 2. In the 41 infants who underwent MRI 1 and MRI 3, 83 out of 87 loci of SDH present on MRI 1 (95%) resolved by MRI 3 (38 out of 41 infants). Ten

mass effect or necessitated intervention. In 2 infants, SDH enlarged slightly between MRI 1 and 2, but both resolved by MRI 3. One other infant had a 4-mm midline PCF SDH on MRI 2 that was 6 mm on MRI 3. All other SDHs were stable or smaller on serial scans. We did not observe a pattern of increase in SDH size with time.

1 min Median Maximum Minimum N 5 min Median Maximum Minimum N a

SDH + N (%)

SDH – N (%)

Pa

8 10 2 51

8 9 0 87

.73

9 10 7 48

9 10 0 90

.59

Wilcoxon rank-sum test.

Oxygen Saturation During T1 and T2, SaO2 recordings were available for most infants with MRI (140 out of 143 infants during T1, 132 out of 138 infants during T2). During T3, recordings were available in only 39 out of 119 infants because most were discharged from the hospital. Therefore, we did not include T3 in the hypoxia analysis. To account for the probability that preoperative and postoperative physiology might differ significantly (eg, surgical correction of a cyanotic congenital heart defect), relationships between hypoxia and SDH in T1 and T2 were examined separately. SaO2 During T1 (Preoperative Period) There were 83 infants in group 1 (no persistent hypoxia: average SaO2 = 95%), 41 in group 2 (moderate persistent hypoxia: average SaO2 = 86%), and 16 in group 3 (severe persistent hypoxia: average SaO2 = 78%). There was no significant positive association between SDH and hypoxia, whether persistent or acute (Table 5). SaO2 During T2 (Before MRI 2) There were 68 infants in group 1 (average SaO2 = 97%), 48 in group 2

PEDIATRICS Volume 134, Number 3, September 2014

Downloaded from pediatrics.aappublications.org at Universitaetsbibliothek Bern on September 26, 2014

e775

TABLE 3 Presence and Number of SDH by Age MRI Scan

1 2 3

MRI n

SDH + n (%)

143 138 119

52 (36%) 59 (43%) 5 (4%)

(average SaO2 = 85%), and 16 in group 3 (average SaO2 = 79%). There was no significant positive association between SDH and hypoxia, whether persistent or acute (Table 6). Of the infants analyzed in Table 6, 45 had persistent SDH and 7 had new SDH. Because this was a mixed group, we repeated the analysis in 3 ways. First, we analyzed only the 123 infants who had both MRI scans. The outcome was similar to that of the total group (SDH in 52% without hypoxia versus 31% with hypoxia, P = .03). Second, we compared only those with persistent SDH with those who never had SDH (n = 112). The outcome was similar (49% vs 31%, P = .06). Third, we compared only those with new SDH with those who never had SDH (n = 73), and again SDH was more common in infants without hypoxia (15% vs 3%, P = .09). Other Factors We analyzed T1 data for relationship between cardiac diagnosis and hypoxia,

Age at Time of Positive Scan, d Mean

Median

Range

7.2 18.2 53.0

6.5 15.0 49.0

1–23 8–52 30–90

Loci of SDH, n

111 116 6

using standard diagnostic groups (2 ventricle, 2 ventricle with aortic arch obstruction, single ventricle, and single ventricle with aortic arch obstruction).22 Patients in the 2-ventricle group were more likely to have low SaO2 before surgery. However, there was no relationship between diagnostic group and SDH (P = .32). We also analyzed T1 data for relationship between SDH and the lowest preoperative pH (no relationship, P = .99) or the highest preoperative lactate (no relationship, P = .25).

DISCUSSION This study is the largest published series describing the prevalence of SDH on MRI scans in newborns. We have shown that SDH was present in 36% of infants during the early neonatal period and present in only 4% at 2 to 3 months of age and that SDH was strongly associated with vaginal rather than cesarean delivery but was not associated

FIGURE 1 Two midline sagittal T1-weighted MRI scans from the same patient. A, MRI 1. B, MRI 2 (shows a small new SDH lying below the tentorium in the midline.

e776

with Apgar score at birth or acute or chronic postnatal hypoxia. The rate of asymptomatic neonatal SDH in published literature ranges from 8% to 45%.17–19,21 One previous study of SDH in a much smaller cohort of newborns with congenital heart disease identified preoperative SDH in 11 out of 21 (52%).20 It is usually suggested that these SDHs originate from tearing of the dura or bridging veins by molding of the cranium during birth.17–19,23–25 Others suggest that they originate from “intradural bleeding or congestion of the abundant venous sinuses” rather than from torn bridging veins.14 The location of the SDH seen in our cohort was diverse. Previous literature found that asymptomatic neonatal SDHs are usually below the tentorium, or low and posterior when above it. Holden et al17 described 4: 3 along the falx and 1 at the tentorial notch. Whitby et al18 described 9: 7 cerebellar, 1 parietal, and 1 multiple (parietal, occipital, and cerebellar). Looney et al19 described 16, all infratentorial or low in the occipital or temporal areas. Rooks et al21 described 46 infants with supratentorial SDH, mostly in the posterior hemispheric fissure, in the posterior occipital, and over the tentorium. Twenty of the 46 (43%) also had infratentorial SDH. In a study of neonates with congenital heart disease, 11 bled along the inferior surface of the tentorium, and 6 out of 11 also had small supratentorial SDH “along the tentorium and falx or more laterally.”20 Although we confirmed that many SDHs are infratentorial and posterior interhemispheric, we also found that many supratentorial SDHs are parietal or temporoparietal. We identified new SDHs in 12 out of 138 infants after cardiac surgery. New SDHs have been described previously in a minority of patients after neonatal cardiac surgery.20,23,24 Complex multivariable analyses of perioperative factors that may be associated with brain

KELLY et al

Downloaded from pediatrics.aappublications.org at Universitaetsbibliothek Bern on September 26, 2014

ARTICLE

TABLE 4 SDH Present at MRI 1 and Persisting Beyond 28 d (n = 8) Day

MRI

Description When Last Seen, Depth in mm

Resolution (d)

29 30 34 35 35 37 49 90

2 2 2 3 2 2 3 3

PCF bilateral 3, right subtemporal 2, smaller PCF right tent leaf 8 3 11 3 2, smaller Right posterior temporal, almost completely resolved PCF midline, very small PCF left and midline, smaller 1–2 PCF midline/right, posterior parietal, smaller PCF midline 6, right cerebellar convexity 3–4 PCF midline, was 1–2 mm on MRI 1, now smaller

Unknown (last scan) MRI 3 (57) Unknown (last scan) Unknown (last scan) MRI 3 (69) MRI 3 (83) MRI 4 (63) Unknown (last scan)

PCF, posterior cranial fossa.

injury have been published, but SDH is either excluded from analysis26 or regarded as a lesser manifestation of

injury.27 None have singled out SDH for separate analysis. However, typical hypoxic–ischemic watershed patterns

of brain injury are not usually seen.28 One article that included SDH found no relationship between sustained perioperative cerebral desaturation and any form of brain injury, despite many infants having .4 hours with regional cerebral SaO2 ,45%.27 Most SDHs had completely resolved by the final MRI scan at 2 to 3 months of age, but some posterior fossa SDHs persisted. This has not previously been described. Only 2 previous studies have followed the natural history of asymptomatic neonatal SDH over time. Whitby

FIGURE 2 Supratentorial SDH on T1-weighted MRI scans (A and B from 1 child, C and D from another). A, Axial, interhemispheric. B, Coronal, posterior left hemispheric convexity. C, Axial, right temporo-occipital convexity. D, Coronal, same SDH as C and posterior fossa SDH (right and under the cerebellum near the midline).

PEDIATRICS Volume 134, Number 3, September 2014

Downloaded from pediatrics.aappublications.org at Universitaetsbibliothek Bern on September 26, 2014

e777

FIGURE 3 Infratentorial SDH on T1-weighted MRI scans in 4 different patients. A, Axial, small SDH left cerebellar convexity. B, Axial, larger SDH left cerebellar convexity. C, Sagittal, small SDH below tent and posterior to cerebellum. D, Sagittal, small SDH below tent, off midline.

et al18 described complete resolution by 4 weeks of age in 9 out of 9 newborns, and Rooks et al21 reported resolution in 15 out of 16 by 1 month. Interpretation of our observations must take into account the fact that all patients in our cohort had congenital heart disease, cardiac surgery (with heparinization), and intensive care, and some acquired new SDH. One might expect the same factors that induce new SDH to delay the resolution of neonatal SDH present before surgery. Despite this, by MRI 3 SDH had resolved e778

in 93% who had SDH on MRI 1 and in 90% who had SDH first noted on MRI 2. Our study is the first to examine the relationship between hypoxia and SDH in a cohort of living infants exposed to significant and prolonged hypoxia from birth and to incorporate its own controls (infants of the same age, needing a similar intensity of medical and surgical intervention but without significant hypoxia). The very nature of the “unified hypothesis” means that it cannot be tested in a randomized controlled trial in living infants. The wide

variety of medical conditions associated with fatal hypoxia makes it difficult for postmortem studies accurately to reflect the population diagnosed with AHT. Therefore, it is important to find ways to examine this hypothesis in appropriate cohorts of living infants. We did not demonstrate a relationship between hypoxia and SDH in newborn infants with congenital heart disease. One could speculate that such a relationship existed, but our sample size or datapoints were insufficient to detect it. Taken in isolation, the finding that SDH

KELLY et al

Downloaded from pediatrics.aappublications.org at Universitaetsbibliothek Bern on September 26, 2014

ARTICLE

TABLE 5 Presence or Absence of Hypoxia in Relation to SDH on MRI Before Surgery SDHa

P, 2-Tailedb P, 1-Tailedc

No SDH SDH Present Presence versus absence of SDH within hypoxia stratification No hypoxia Moderate hypoxia Severe hypoxia No hypoxia versus moderate and severe hypoxia No hypoxia Moderate and severe hypoxia No desaturation versus acute desaturation No desaturation Acute desaturation No hypoxia No desaturation Acute desaturation Moderate hypoxia No desaturation Acute desaturation Severe hypoxia No desaturation Acute desaturation

56 21 11

27 (33%) 20 (49%) 5 (31%)

.18

56 32

27 (32%) 25 (44%)

.21

.12

43 45

28 (39%) 24 (35%)

.60

.77

39 17

22 (36%) 5 (23%)

.30

.92

3 18

6 (67%) 14 (44%)

.28

.95

1 10

0 (0%) 5 (33%)

1.00

.69

a

N = 140 because oxygen saturations were not available for 3 patients. b Fisher’s exact test for any difference between groups. c Fisher’s exact test for an increase in SDH in hypoxic group.

was present in 44% of patients with hypoxia compared with 32% of patients without hypoxia preoperatively (Table 5 2-tailed P = .21, 1-tailed P = .12) could be considered to indicate a potential association. However, the same test

postoperatively demonstrated an effect in the opposite direction (SDH present in 33% of patients with hypoxia, compared with 54% without, 2tailed P = .01), and this was the same whether the SDH persisted from birth

TABLE 6 Presence or Absence of Hypoxia in Relation to SDH in MRI After Surgery SDHa

P, 2-Tailedb P, 1-Tailedc

No SDH SDH Present Presence versus absence of SDH within hypoxia stratification No hypoxia Moderate hypoxia Severe hypoxia No hypoxia versus moderate and severe hypoxia No hypoxia Moderate and severe hypoxia No desaturation versus acute desaturation No desaturation Acute desaturation No hypoxia No desaturation Acute desaturation Moderate hypoxia No desaturation Acute desaturation Severe hypoxia No desaturation Acute desaturation a

N = 132 because oxygen saturations were not available for 6 patients. b Fisher’s exact test for any difference between groups. c Fisher’s exact test for an increase in SDH in hypoxic group.

31 32 11

37 (54%) 16 (33%) 5 (31%)

.05

31 43

37 (54%) 21 (33%)

.01

.99

29 45

31 (51%) 27 (38%)

.12

.96

19 12

22 (54%) 15 (56%)

.99

.54

9 23

9 (50%) 7 (23%)

.11

.99

1 10

0 (0%) 5 (33%)

1.00

.69

or was a new postoperative finding. So overall, in this study there was no apparent trend or consistent direction of effect. In addition, although SDH was common, MRI findings of hypoxic– ischemic encephalopathy were not seen in any infants. The differences between our cohort and infants admitted with suspected AHT are an obvious limitation to our study. We analyzed a cohort of neurologically asymptomatic patients in the hospital from birth who underwent cardiac surgery in a controlled clinical environment. None sustained hypoxic ischemic brain injury, and none had clinical evidence of elevated intracranial pressure. It was therefore not possible to examine several elements of the pathophysiological cascade proposed in the unified hypothesis. However, our study has found that in a controlled environment, hypoxia of the severity and duration experienced by infants needing postnatal cardiac surgery is not associated with subdural hemorrhage. Our prospective study also has the limitation that it was not specifically designed to examine the relationship between SDH and hypoxia, so data documenting SDH and hypoxia were analyzed in retrospect. Nevertheless, we believe there is merit to our analysis. The MRI technique was thorough, and the number of infants followed with serial scans was high. SaO2 data were frequently and carefully recorded and almost universally accessible. The presence or absence of SDH was recorded by experienced neuroradiologists blinded to the clinical details, and the blinding of investigators accessing SaO2 data minimized any risk of observer bias. Subject to the limitations described in this article, we have used available data from living children to present what we believe is an uncomplicated and unbiased test of 1 aspect of the unified hypothesis: that in early infancy,

PEDIATRICS Volume 134, Number 3, September 2014

Downloaded from pediatrics.aappublications.org at Universitaetsbibliothek Bern on September 26, 2014

e779

there may be an association between hypoxia and SDH. No evidence to support that aspect was found.

CONCLUSIONS Asymptomatic SDH is common in newborns with congenital heart disease, at a frequency similar to that of healthy infants without congenital heart dis-

ease. There was no association between SaO2 and SDH in our cohort. Although infratentorial SDH is common, supratentorial SDH is also common and may occur in locations where it is seen in AHT (particularly the interhemispheric fissure and the cerebral convexities). These SDHs are usually small and resolve within the first 2 to 3 months of

life, but small, asymptomatic posterior fossa SDH may persist in some infants. The implication of our findings is that hypoxia alone (of the severity seen in infants needing surgery for congenital heart disease) is not sufficient to cause SDH and that persistence of neonatal SDH is unlikely to explain symptomatic SDH presenting in early infancy.

fetal life, infancy, and early childhood. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2007;10(5):348–350 Matschke J, Voss J, Obi N, et al. Nonaccidental head injury is the most common cause of subdural bleeding in infants ,1 year of age. Pediatrics. 2009;124(6):1587– 1594 Hurley M, Dineen R, Padfield CJ, et al. Is there a causal relationship between the hypoxia–ischaemia associated with cardiorespiratory arrest and subdural haematomas? An observational study. Br J Radiol. 2010;83 (993):736–743 Cohen MC, Scheimberg I. Evidence of occurrence of intradural and subdural hemorrhage in the perinatal and neonatal period in the context of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy: an observational study from two referral institutions in the United Kingdom. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2009;12(3): 169–176 Cohen MC, Sprigg A, Whitby EH. Subdural hemorrhage, intradural hemorrhage and hypoxia in the pediatric and perinatal post mortem: are they related? An observational study combining the use of post mortem pathology and magnetic resonance imaging. Forensic Sci Int. 2010;200(1–3):100–107 Squier W. The “shaken baby” syndrome: pathology and mechanisms. Acta Neuropathol. 2011;122(5):519–542 Scheimberg I, Cohen MC, Zapata Vazquez RE, et al. Nontraumatic intradural and subdural hemorrhage and hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy in fetuses, infants, and children up to three years of age: analysis of two audits of 636 cases from two referral centers in the United Kingdom. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2013;16(3):149–159 Towner D, Castro MA, Eby-Wilkens E, Gilbert WM. Effect of mode of delivery in nulliparous

women on neonatal intracranial injury. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(23):1709–1714 Holden KR, Titus MO, Van Tassel P. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging examination of normal term neonates: a pilot study. J Child Neurol. 1999;14(11):708–710 Whitby EH, Griffiths PD, Rutter S, et al. Frequency and natural history of subdural haemorrhages in babies and relation to obstetric factors. Lancet. 2004;363(9412): 846–851 Looney CB, Smith JK, Merck LH, et al. Intracranial hemorrhage in asymptomatic neonates: prevalence on MR images and relationship to obstetric and neonatal risk factors. Radiology. 2007;242(2):535–541 Tavani F, Zimmerman RA, Clancy RR, Licht DJ, Mahle WT. Incidental intracranial hemorrhage after uncomplicated birth: MRI before and after neonatal heart surgery. Neuroradiology. 2003;45(4):253–258 Rooks VJ, Eaton JP, Ruess L, Petermann GW, Keck-Wherley J, Pedersen RC. Prevalence and evolution of intracranial hemorrhage in asymptomatic term infants. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29(6):1082–1089 Beca J, Gunn JK, Coleman L, et al. New white matter brain injury after infant heart surgery is associated with diagnostic group and the use of circulatory arrest. Circulation. 2013;127(9):971–979 Huang AH, Robertson RL. Spontaneous superficial parenchymal and leptomeningeal hemorrhage in term neonates. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;25(3):469–475 Perlman JM. Brain injury in the term infant. Semin Perinatol. 2004;28(6):415–424 Volpe JJ. Neurology of the Newborn. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2008 Mahle WT, Tavani F, Zimmerman RA, et al. An MRI study of neurological injury before and

REFERENCES 1. Parks S, Annest J, Hill H, Karch D. Pediatric Abusive Head Trauma: Recommended Definitions for Public Health Surveillance and Research. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2012 2. Christian CW, Block R; Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect; American Academy of Pediatrics. Abusive head trauma in infants and children. Pediatrics. 2009;123(5):1409– 1411 3. Geddes JF, Hackshaw AK, Vowles GH, Nickols CD, Whitwell HL. Neuropathology of inflicted head injury in children. I. Patterns of brain damage. Brain. 2001;124(pt 7): 1290–1298 4. Geddes JF, Vowles GH, Hackshaw AK, Nickols CD, Scott IS, Whitwell HL. Neuropathology of inflicted head injury in children. II. Microscopic brain injury in infants. Brain. 2001; 124(pt 7):1299–1306 5. Geddes JF, Tasker RC, Hackshaw AK, et al. Dural haemorrhage in non-traumatic infant deaths: does it explain the bleeding in “shaken baby syndrome”? Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2003;29(1):14–22 6. Punt J, Bonshek RE, Jaspan T, McConachie NS, Punt N, Ratcliffe JM. The “unified hypothesis” of Geddes et al. is not supported by the data. Pediatr Rehabil. 2004;7(3):173– 184 7. R v Harris & Ors [2005] EWCA Crim 1980. Available at: www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/ Crim/2005/1980.html 8. Dyer C. Diagnosis of “shaken baby syndrome” still valid, appeal court rules. BMJ. 2005;331(7511):253 9. Byard RW, Blumbergs P, Rutty G, Sperhake J, Banner J, Krous HF. Lack of evidence for a causal relationship between hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy and subdural hemorrhage in

e780

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24. 25. 26.

KELLY et al

Downloaded from pediatrics.aappublications.org at Universitaetsbibliothek Bern on September 26, 2014

ARTICLE

after congenital heart surgery. Circulation. 2002;106(12 suppl 1):I109–I114 27. Andropoulos DB, Hunter JV, Nelson DP, et al. Brain immaturity is associated with brain

injury before and after neonatal cardiac surgery with high-flow bypass and cerebral oxygenation monitoring. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2010;139(3):543–556

28. McQuillen PS, Barkovich AJ, Hamrick SE, et al. Temporal and anatomic risk profile of brain injury with neonatal repair of congenital heart defects. Stroke. 2007;38(2 suppl):736–741

(Continued from first page) FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: The authors have indicated they have no financial relationships relevant to this article to disclose. FUNDING: The Hearts and Minds Study received funding from the Heart Foundation of New Zealand, National Heart Foundation of Australia, Auckland Medical Research Fund, Green Lane Research and Education Fund, Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Foundation, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, and Victorian Government’s Operational Infrastructure Support Program. In addition, for this study Dr Hayman received funding for travel expenses from the Auckland District Health Board Charitable Trust. POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The authors have indicated they have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.

PEDIATRICS Volume 134, Number 3, September 2014

Downloaded from pediatrics.aappublications.org at Universitaetsbibliothek Bern on September 26, 2014

e781

Subdural Hemorrhage and Hypoxia in Infants With Congenital Heart Disease Patrick Kelly, Rebecca Hayman, Lara S. Shekerdemian, Peter Reed, Ayton Hope, Julia Gunn, Lee Coleman and John Beca Pediatrics 2014;134;e773; originally published online August 25, 2014; DOI: 10.1542/peds.2013-3903 Updated Information & Services

including high resolution figures, can be found at: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/134/3/e773.full.h tml

References

This article cites 25 articles, 11 of which can be accessed free at: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/134/3/e773.full.h tml#ref-list-1

Permissions & Licensing

Information about reproducing this article in parts (figures, tables) or in its entirety can be found online at: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/site/misc/Permissions.xh tml

Reprints

Information about ordering reprints can be found online: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/site/misc/reprints.xhtml

PEDIATRICS is the official journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics. A monthly publication, it has been published continuously since 1948. PEDIATRICS is owned, published, and trademarked by the American Academy of Pediatrics, 141 Northwest Point Boulevard, Elk Grove Village, Illinois, 60007. Copyright © 2014 by the American Academy of Pediatrics. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0031-4005. Online ISSN: 1098-4275.

Downloaded from pediatrics.aappublications.org at Universitaetsbibliothek Bern on September 26, 2014

Subdural hemorrhage and hypoxia in infants with congenital heart disease.

It has been suggested that there is a causal relationship between hypoxia and subdural hemorrhage (SDH) in infancy. The purpose of this study was to r...
1MB Sizes 1 Downloads 3 Views