Guest Editorial DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201410004
THE CHEMICAL RECORD
Special Issue on Surface Science
This special issue of The Chemical Record is intended to reflect the connection between the Japanese and the international scientific community in the fields of catalysis, surface and cluster science, both from the viewpoint of experiment as well as theory. The guest editors have talked to a few eminent scientists in the area, specifically Gerhard Ertl, Kenzi Tamaru, and Yoshitada Murata, who mentioned some key instances that had a major influence on the scientific development for the relation in question. One such instance was the 6th International Vacuum Congress held in Kyoto in 1974,[1] followed by the 2nd International Conference on Solid Surfaces,[2] in Kyoto as well. Another important occasion was the 7th International Catalysis Congress held in 1980[3] in Tokyo. Both Gerhard Ertl and Kenzi Tamaru held plenary lectures on that occasion, as did Earl Muetterties (see below). Two of the most influential researchers in the history of catalysis in Japan, Setsuro Tamaru, Tokyo (Kenzi Tamaru’s father) and Juro Horiuti, Sapporo, spent considerable time abroad. In fact, both had been performing research at the Kaiser-WilhelmInstitute for Physical and Electrochemistry, which is now known as the Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society in Berlin: Setsuro Tamaru, under Fritz Haber’s guidance, before in Karlsruhe, and after the foundation of the institute in 1911 in Berlin, and Juro Horiuti under Michael Polanyi’s guidance during the twenties of the last century in Berlin.[4] For the 1980 International Catalysis Congress, the late Juro Horiuti is listed as part of the Advisory Board, and Kenzi Tamaru was one of the Vice-Chairmen of the Executive Committee. The latter was also member of the steering committee of the 1974 2nd International Conference of Solid Surfaces, which shows how much those areas had always been interlinked. Soon after these conferences, a national project “Dynamical Processes on Solid Surfaces(1981-1984)” was funded, initiated by Kenzi Tamaru, in which experimental catalysis and surface chemistry groups, led, among others, by Yoshitada Murata, Ken-ichi Tanaka, Haruo Kuroda and Masaru Onchi, jointly with a number of theoreticians, sought a microscopic understanding of chemical processes at solid surfaces. The early 1980s, in general, were exciting times in Japan when Photon Factory and UV-SOR started in 1982
756 www.tcr.wiley-vch.de
and 1983, respectively, and allowed access of surface scientists in Japan to synchrotron radiation sources. Those activities incubated the second and third generations of scientists in this area in Japan. We would like to draw a connection to the 1st Hayashi Conference entitled: “Next Decades of Surface Science”, which one of the guest editors organized in 2013 in Hayama.[5] This conference was dedicated to the understanding of surfaces and surface processes at the atomic level, from the experimental, as well as from the theoretical point of view, as was the one in 1974. While field emission based microscopic techniques were dominant at that time, today scanning probe techniques introduced in the mid-1980s, in combination with spectroscopic techniques, are dominating. The scientific questions to be answered have become considerably more complex than almost 40 years ago, but the spirit of the conferences appears to have been similar. Still, or even more so, surface science, catalysis and cluster science are strongly interlinked, and the guest editors felt it would be timely to collect a series of personal accounts reflecting on the development of the fields and their future. In this spirit we have asked a number of researchers from around the world and from Japan to reflect on their achievements in the field. In the following we will briefly address the various contributions. We have grouped the contributions according to: Methoddevelopment, Single Molecule Spectroscopy, Adsorbates, Theory, Oxides, and Ionic Liquids. This is, of course, only one arbitrary possibility to group them. We could have also selected those studies into one group that deals with in-situ characterization. Given that Kenzi Tamaru in the mid-1950s, under the guidance of Hugh Taylor, the creator of the “active— aristocratic—site” terminology[6] at Princeton (where Kenzi Tamaru performed his post-doctoral work after graduating from the University of Tokyo), had introduced the idea of studying the working catalyst by following the dynamical behavior of individual adsorbed species during reaction,[7] turning catalysts studies into a real science of catalysis, leading to the in-situ PEEM studies in Gerhard Ertl’s group,[8] such a choice would have been appropriate. Then, we could have chosen one group on geometric structure or electronic structure, or we could have used materials as the only decisive
Chem. Rec. 2014, 14, 756–758
© 2014 The Chemical Society of Japan and Wiley-VCH, Weinheim
Special Issue on Surface Science
grouping. However, we felt that the above grouping is quite appropriate to emphasize the changes that have occurred over the last 40 years. With respect to Method-Development the present issue starts out with a technique that has only been developed in the late 1980s, i.e. single crystal calorimetry. Though based on much older developments in the 1950s for thin, polycrystalline films, mainly in the UK and Germany, the approach to study single crystals was pioneered by David King[9] and then further developed by Charlie Campbell, who presents, together with Swetlana Schauermann the latest developments on molecular fragment adsorption on metals, oxides, and oxide supported nanoparticles. This thematic group then continues with a contribution by Michio Okada (one of Yoshitada Murata’s students), on molecular beam experiments to probe surface reactions, which were pioneered by Tom Engel and Gerhard Ertl in Munich in the late seventies.[10] Pioneered at Berkeley between Ron Shens and Gabor Somorjai’s groups[11] and in Japan by Chiaki Hirose and Kazunari Domen[12] (Kenzi Tamaru’s student), sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy is presented by Shen Ye. Near ambient X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has become rather popular, since Miguel Salmeron,[13] by combining ideas previously developed in Wyn Roberts group at Cardiff[14] and Micheal Grunze’s group,[15] then at Maine University, came up with a clever idea to combine the electron optics with differential pumping. Hiroshi Kondo presents his personal view on the development in this area. With the advent of scanning probe microscopies the level of information on single adsorbed or even reacting molecules has dramatically increased. Both elastic tunneling for topological and current imaging has been useful, and also, the area of inelastic electron tunneling, so elegantly introduced through the work of Wilson Ho,[16] for example, has allowed the community to derive very interesting and novel information. Maki Kawai (by the way, one of Kenzi Tamaru’s students) and Michael Trenary review work on hydrogenation reactions, while Hiroshi Okuyama reports on imaging of water and hydrogen sulfide and their fragments on a metal surface. Charlie Sykes ventures into the interesting field of molecular electronics and single molecule mechanics by discussing the properties of an electrically driven molecular motor. It is, however, not only the possibility to image and to perform local spectroscopy that has turned scanning probe techniques into indispensable tools, but also the ability to manipulate species at the single molecule level, as demonstrated by Richard Palmer for chlorobenzene on a semiconductor surface. The studies of adsorbates of a great variety have always been at the core of surface science, as a special area in material science. This section presents personal accounts on “simple” hydrocarbon, such as cyclohexane adsorption, but with a particular emphasis on the nature of the C-H-metal interaction,
Chem. Rec. 2014, 14, 756–758
and is presented by Jun Yoshinobu, (by the way, one of Masaru Onchi’s students and Yoshitada Murata’s successor at the Institute for Solid State Physics (ISSP) at University of Tokyo). Jonas Weissenrieder from Sweden provides interesting insights into the reactivity and mass transfer of low dimensional catalysts. Intermolecular interactions become very important when one ventures into the investigation of structure and catalysis of high-density monolayers of more complex adsorbates such as organo-metallic complexes as discussed by Kenji Hara and Atsushi Fukuoka. Hans-Peter Steinrück, and his collaborators, Christian Papp, Peter Wasserscheid and Jörg Libuda have extended such studies towards the investigation of Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LHC) on metal single crystals and oxide supported nanoparticles, thus also forming a bridge towards studies on oxide surfaces. Earl Muetterties, who was mentioned as one of the plenary speakers at the 1980 conference, was an early, if not the earliest proponent of the idea to compare molecular complexes and clusters with surfaces, which is very close to the chemist’s intuition. While the idea is interesting, it has been pointed out that this analogy does not always hold all the way, simply because the electronic structure of a finite metal cluster is not necessarily comparable to a metal surface. But such thoughts have established a close and useful connection between surface and cluster science, and Tatsuya Tsukuda, who is Yasuhiro Iwasawa’s successor at the University of Tokyo (the Kenzi Tamaru chair) and a student of the late Tamotsu Kondow[17] (yet another Kenzi Tamaru student, and one of the most prominent cluster researchers in Japan) provides a personal account on gold superatoms and superatomic molecules. It would have been appropriate to give more room to theory within this special issue, but the guest editors are particularly happy to have one very interesting personal account, on novel areas of the application of theory to surfaces, included. Oxide surfaces have only been addressed by surface science techniques during the last two decades or so, simply because of their, often, insulating nature. This is why the investigation of low dimensional oxide films has become popular, and Gianfranco Pacchioni, as one of the prime figures in theoretical studies on oxides, has provided a personal account on two- dimensional oxides and their role in electron transfer mechanisms with adsorbed species. As mentioned above, oxide surfaces have become a prominent playground for surface science studies, opening up possibilities to connect to the study of oxide supported nanoparticles as model systems for heterogeneous catalysts, and many other fields of interest. Titania, due to the possibility of enabling scanning probe studies by introducing a sufficiently high level of oxygen vacancies into the material, thus rendering its conductivity reasonably high, has been the most frequently studied oxide. Taketoshi Minato presents a personal account on
© 2014 The Chemical Society of Japan and Wiley-VCH, Weinheim
www.tcr.wiley-vch.de 757
THE CHEMICAL RECORD
the study of atomic defects on a Titania surface, and Taro Hitosugi has chosen a slightly more complex, but also frequently studied, titania derived system, namely perovskite surfaces of deposited thin films, as a topic to convey the possibilities of scanning probe measurements including microscopy and spectroscopy to the reader of this special issue. A very interesting topic, i.e. photochemistry on oxides, is covered by Cynthia Friend, one of Earl Muetterties’ last students at Berkeley. This topic is of utmost importance at present with respect to energy harvesting, and it is essential to understand the influence of surface and bulk defects (including those which make titania a study object!) on surface chemistry. Another key issue for understanding photochemistry is dynamics of photocarriers and lattice/adsorbate nuclear motion. Yoshiyasu Matsumoto reports his personal account on timedomain spectroscopy of photoinduced carriers and subsequent nuclear dynamics. Most of the papers collected in this special issue deal with the study of solid materials and their surfaces. However, as has been pointed out some time ago by Willi Keim and Peter Wasserscheid,[18] ionic liquids may be used as a very interesting material base, to combine the advantages of homogeneous catalysis of knowing better the nature of the active site, and the advantage of heterogeneous catalysis to be able to separate the catalysts from the products. The personal account by Ken-Ichi Fukui pushes this field a step further by looking at the local properties of ionic liquid surfaces by applying frequency modulated atomic force microscopy in combination with an ensemble averaging technique, i.e. photoelectron spectroscopy. In summary, this special issue covers, using spotlights on specific problems, a large range of topics both with respect of techniques and materials, and we hope it demonstrates clearly, even though not exhaustively, how the field has developed, and how the international and Japanese scientific communities continue to work together towards a better understanding of surfaces, catalysts and clusters. We are very grateful to all who have contributed to this issue, and we hope this issue will be useful. We are particularly grateful to Gerhard Ertl, Kenzi Tamaru, and Yoshitada Murata for sharing with us their memory.
REFERENCES [1] [2] [3]
[4]
[5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11]
[12] [13] [14]
[15] [16] [17]
[18]
Proceedings of the 6th International Vacuum Congress, Kyoto, Japan; Jap. J. Appl. Phys., Suppl. 2, Part 1, 1974. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Solid Surfaces Kyoto, Japan; Jap. J. Appl. Phys., Suppl. 2, Part 2, 1974. Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on Catalysis, Parts A, B, Tokyo, Japan (Eds.: T Seiyama, K. Tanabe), Elsevier Scientific Publ., 1980. T. Steinhäuser, J. James, D. Hoffmann, B. Friedrich, One Hundred Years at the Intersection of Chemistry and Physics, DeGruyter, 2011. Book of Abstracts, 1st Hayashi Conference (Ed.: K. Fukutani), 2013. H. S. Taylor, “A Theory of the Catalytic Surface”, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 1925, 108. K. Tamaru, M. Boudart, H. Taylor, J. Phys. Chem. 1955, 59, 801–805. H. H. Rotermund, W. Engel, M. Kordesch, G. Ertl, Nature 1990, 343, 355. C. E. Borroni-Bird, D. A. King, Rev. Sci. Instr. 1991, 62, 2177. T. Engel, G. Ertl, J. Chem. Phys. 1978, 69, 1267. Y. R. Shen, Nature 1989, 337, 519; P. S. Cremer, B. J. McIntyre, M. Salmeron, Y. R. Shen, G. A. Somorjai, Cat. Lett. 1995, 34, 11. K. Domen, N. Akamatsu, H. Yamamoto, A. Wada, C. Hirose, Surf. Sci. 1993, 283, 468. M. Salmeron, R. Schlögl, Surf. Sci. Rep. 2008, 63, 169. R. W. Joyner, M. W. Roberts, K. Yates, Surf. Sci. 1979, 87, 501, R. W. Joyner, M. W. Roberts, Chem. Phys. Lett. 1979, 60, 459. M. Grunze, D. J. Dwyer, M. Nassir, Y. Tsai, ACS Symposium Series 1992, 482, 169 B. C. Stipe, M. A. Rezaei, W. Ho, Science 1998, 280, 1732. K. Kaya, “In Memory of Tamotsu Kondow: Great Pioneer and ambassador in nao material science”, Eur. Phys. J. 2011, D63, 171. W. Keim, D. Vogt, H. Waffenschmidt, P. Wasserscheid, J. Catal. 1999, 186, 481.
Kiyotaka Asakura Hokkaido University, Sapporo Hans-Joachim Freund Fritz-Haber-Institut, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin Member of the Int. Advisory Board Katsuyuki Fukutani University of Tokyo
758 www.tcr.wiley-vch.de
Chem. Rec. 2014, 14, 756–758
© 2014 The Chemical Society of Japan and Wiley-VCH, Weinheim
THE CHEMICAL RECORD
Special Issue on Surface Science
This special issue of The Chemical Record is intended to reflect the connection between the Japanese and the international scientific community in the fields of catalysis, surface and cluster science, both from the viewpoint of experiment as well as theory. The guest editors have talked to a few eminent scientists in the area, specifically Gerhard Ertl, Kenzi Tamaru, and Yoshitada Murata, who mentioned some key instances that had a major influence on the scientific development for the relation in question. One such instance was the 6th International Vacuum Congress held in Kyoto in 1974,[1] followed by the 2nd International Conference on Solid Surfaces,[2] in Kyoto as well. Another important occasion was the 7th International Catalysis Congress held in 1980[3] in Tokyo. Both Gerhard Ertl and Kenzi Tamaru held plenary lectures on that occasion, as did Earl Muetterties (see below). Two of the most influential researchers in the history of catalysis in Japan, Setsuro Tamaru, Tokyo (Kenzi Tamaru’s father) and Juro Horiuti, Sapporo, spent considerable time abroad. In fact, both had been performing research at the Kaiser-WilhelmInstitute for Physical and Electrochemistry, which is now known as the Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society in Berlin: Setsuro Tamaru, under Fritz Haber’s guidance, before in Karlsruhe, and after the foundation of the institute in 1911 in Berlin, and Juro Horiuti under Michael Polanyi’s guidance during the twenties of the last century in Berlin.[4] For the 1980 International Catalysis Congress, the late Juro Horiuti is listed as part of the Advisory Board, and Kenzi Tamaru was one of the Vice-Chairmen of the Executive Committee. The latter was also member of the steering committee of the 1974 2nd International Conference of Solid Surfaces, which shows how much those areas had always been interlinked. Soon after these conferences, a national project “Dynamical Processes on Solid Surfaces(1981-1984)” was funded, initiated by Kenzi Tamaru, in which experimental catalysis and surface chemistry groups, led, among others, by Yoshitada Murata, Ken-ichi Tanaka, Haruo Kuroda and Masaru Onchi, jointly with a number of theoreticians, sought a microscopic understanding of chemical processes at solid surfaces. The early 1980s, in general, were exciting times in Japan when Photon Factory and UV-SOR started in 1982
756 www.tcr.wiley-vch.de
and 1983, respectively, and allowed access of surface scientists in Japan to synchrotron radiation sources. Those activities incubated the second and third generations of scientists in this area in Japan. We would like to draw a connection to the 1st Hayashi Conference entitled: “Next Decades of Surface Science”, which one of the guest editors organized in 2013 in Hayama.[5] This conference was dedicated to the understanding of surfaces and surface processes at the atomic level, from the experimental, as well as from the theoretical point of view, as was the one in 1974. While field emission based microscopic techniques were dominant at that time, today scanning probe techniques introduced in the mid-1980s, in combination with spectroscopic techniques, are dominating. The scientific questions to be answered have become considerably more complex than almost 40 years ago, but the spirit of the conferences appears to have been similar. Still, or even more so, surface science, catalysis and cluster science are strongly interlinked, and the guest editors felt it would be timely to collect a series of personal accounts reflecting on the development of the fields and their future. In this spirit we have asked a number of researchers from around the world and from Japan to reflect on their achievements in the field. In the following we will briefly address the various contributions. We have grouped the contributions according to: Methoddevelopment, Single Molecule Spectroscopy, Adsorbates, Theory, Oxides, and Ionic Liquids. This is, of course, only one arbitrary possibility to group them. We could have also selected those studies into one group that deals with in-situ characterization. Given that Kenzi Tamaru in the mid-1950s, under the guidance of Hugh Taylor, the creator of the “active— aristocratic—site” terminology[6] at Princeton (where Kenzi Tamaru performed his post-doctoral work after graduating from the University of Tokyo), had introduced the idea of studying the working catalyst by following the dynamical behavior of individual adsorbed species during reaction,[7] turning catalysts studies into a real science of catalysis, leading to the in-situ PEEM studies in Gerhard Ertl’s group,[8] such a choice would have been appropriate. Then, we could have chosen one group on geometric structure or electronic structure, or we could have used materials as the only decisive
Chem. Rec. 2014, 14, 756–758
© 2014 The Chemical Society of Japan and Wiley-VCH, Weinheim
Special Issue on Surface Science
grouping. However, we felt that the above grouping is quite appropriate to emphasize the changes that have occurred over the last 40 years. With respect to Method-Development the present issue starts out with a technique that has only been developed in the late 1980s, i.e. single crystal calorimetry. Though based on much older developments in the 1950s for thin, polycrystalline films, mainly in the UK and Germany, the approach to study single crystals was pioneered by David King[9] and then further developed by Charlie Campbell, who presents, together with Swetlana Schauermann the latest developments on molecular fragment adsorption on metals, oxides, and oxide supported nanoparticles. This thematic group then continues with a contribution by Michio Okada (one of Yoshitada Murata’s students), on molecular beam experiments to probe surface reactions, which were pioneered by Tom Engel and Gerhard Ertl in Munich in the late seventies.[10] Pioneered at Berkeley between Ron Shens and Gabor Somorjai’s groups[11] and in Japan by Chiaki Hirose and Kazunari Domen[12] (Kenzi Tamaru’s student), sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy is presented by Shen Ye. Near ambient X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has become rather popular, since Miguel Salmeron,[13] by combining ideas previously developed in Wyn Roberts group at Cardiff[14] and Micheal Grunze’s group,[15] then at Maine University, came up with a clever idea to combine the electron optics with differential pumping. Hiroshi Kondo presents his personal view on the development in this area. With the advent of scanning probe microscopies the level of information on single adsorbed or even reacting molecules has dramatically increased. Both elastic tunneling for topological and current imaging has been useful, and also, the area of inelastic electron tunneling, so elegantly introduced through the work of Wilson Ho,[16] for example, has allowed the community to derive very interesting and novel information. Maki Kawai (by the way, one of Kenzi Tamaru’s students) and Michael Trenary review work on hydrogenation reactions, while Hiroshi Okuyama reports on imaging of water and hydrogen sulfide and their fragments on a metal surface. Charlie Sykes ventures into the interesting field of molecular electronics and single molecule mechanics by discussing the properties of an electrically driven molecular motor. It is, however, not only the possibility to image and to perform local spectroscopy that has turned scanning probe techniques into indispensable tools, but also the ability to manipulate species at the single molecule level, as demonstrated by Richard Palmer for chlorobenzene on a semiconductor surface. The studies of adsorbates of a great variety have always been at the core of surface science, as a special area in material science. This section presents personal accounts on “simple” hydrocarbon, such as cyclohexane adsorption, but with a particular emphasis on the nature of the C-H-metal interaction,
Chem. Rec. 2014, 14, 756–758
and is presented by Jun Yoshinobu, (by the way, one of Masaru Onchi’s students and Yoshitada Murata’s successor at the Institute for Solid State Physics (ISSP) at University of Tokyo). Jonas Weissenrieder from Sweden provides interesting insights into the reactivity and mass transfer of low dimensional catalysts. Intermolecular interactions become very important when one ventures into the investigation of structure and catalysis of high-density monolayers of more complex adsorbates such as organo-metallic complexes as discussed by Kenji Hara and Atsushi Fukuoka. Hans-Peter Steinrück, and his collaborators, Christian Papp, Peter Wasserscheid and Jörg Libuda have extended such studies towards the investigation of Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LHC) on metal single crystals and oxide supported nanoparticles, thus also forming a bridge towards studies on oxide surfaces. Earl Muetterties, who was mentioned as one of the plenary speakers at the 1980 conference, was an early, if not the earliest proponent of the idea to compare molecular complexes and clusters with surfaces, which is very close to the chemist’s intuition. While the idea is interesting, it has been pointed out that this analogy does not always hold all the way, simply because the electronic structure of a finite metal cluster is not necessarily comparable to a metal surface. But such thoughts have established a close and useful connection between surface and cluster science, and Tatsuya Tsukuda, who is Yasuhiro Iwasawa’s successor at the University of Tokyo (the Kenzi Tamaru chair) and a student of the late Tamotsu Kondow[17] (yet another Kenzi Tamaru student, and one of the most prominent cluster researchers in Japan) provides a personal account on gold superatoms and superatomic molecules. It would have been appropriate to give more room to theory within this special issue, but the guest editors are particularly happy to have one very interesting personal account, on novel areas of the application of theory to surfaces, included. Oxide surfaces have only been addressed by surface science techniques during the last two decades or so, simply because of their, often, insulating nature. This is why the investigation of low dimensional oxide films has become popular, and Gianfranco Pacchioni, as one of the prime figures in theoretical studies on oxides, has provided a personal account on two- dimensional oxides and their role in electron transfer mechanisms with adsorbed species. As mentioned above, oxide surfaces have become a prominent playground for surface science studies, opening up possibilities to connect to the study of oxide supported nanoparticles as model systems for heterogeneous catalysts, and many other fields of interest. Titania, due to the possibility of enabling scanning probe studies by introducing a sufficiently high level of oxygen vacancies into the material, thus rendering its conductivity reasonably high, has been the most frequently studied oxide. Taketoshi Minato presents a personal account on
© 2014 The Chemical Society of Japan and Wiley-VCH, Weinheim
www.tcr.wiley-vch.de 757
THE CHEMICAL RECORD
the study of atomic defects on a Titania surface, and Taro Hitosugi has chosen a slightly more complex, but also frequently studied, titania derived system, namely perovskite surfaces of deposited thin films, as a topic to convey the possibilities of scanning probe measurements including microscopy and spectroscopy to the reader of this special issue. A very interesting topic, i.e. photochemistry on oxides, is covered by Cynthia Friend, one of Earl Muetterties’ last students at Berkeley. This topic is of utmost importance at present with respect to energy harvesting, and it is essential to understand the influence of surface and bulk defects (including those which make titania a study object!) on surface chemistry. Another key issue for understanding photochemistry is dynamics of photocarriers and lattice/adsorbate nuclear motion. Yoshiyasu Matsumoto reports his personal account on timedomain spectroscopy of photoinduced carriers and subsequent nuclear dynamics. Most of the papers collected in this special issue deal with the study of solid materials and their surfaces. However, as has been pointed out some time ago by Willi Keim and Peter Wasserscheid,[18] ionic liquids may be used as a very interesting material base, to combine the advantages of homogeneous catalysis of knowing better the nature of the active site, and the advantage of heterogeneous catalysis to be able to separate the catalysts from the products. The personal account by Ken-Ichi Fukui pushes this field a step further by looking at the local properties of ionic liquid surfaces by applying frequency modulated atomic force microscopy in combination with an ensemble averaging technique, i.e. photoelectron spectroscopy. In summary, this special issue covers, using spotlights on specific problems, a large range of topics both with respect of techniques and materials, and we hope it demonstrates clearly, even though not exhaustively, how the field has developed, and how the international and Japanese scientific communities continue to work together towards a better understanding of surfaces, catalysts and clusters. We are very grateful to all who have contributed to this issue, and we hope this issue will be useful. We are particularly grateful to Gerhard Ertl, Kenzi Tamaru, and Yoshitada Murata for sharing with us their memory.
REFERENCES [1] [2] [3]
[4]
[5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11]
[12] [13] [14]
[15] [16] [17]
[18]
Proceedings of the 6th International Vacuum Congress, Kyoto, Japan; Jap. J. Appl. Phys., Suppl. 2, Part 1, 1974. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Solid Surfaces Kyoto, Japan; Jap. J. Appl. Phys., Suppl. 2, Part 2, 1974. Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on Catalysis, Parts A, B, Tokyo, Japan (Eds.: T Seiyama, K. Tanabe), Elsevier Scientific Publ., 1980. T. Steinhäuser, J. James, D. Hoffmann, B. Friedrich, One Hundred Years at the Intersection of Chemistry and Physics, DeGruyter, 2011. Book of Abstracts, 1st Hayashi Conference (Ed.: K. Fukutani), 2013. H. S. Taylor, “A Theory of the Catalytic Surface”, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 1925, 108. K. Tamaru, M. Boudart, H. Taylor, J. Phys. Chem. 1955, 59, 801–805. H. H. Rotermund, W. Engel, M. Kordesch, G. Ertl, Nature 1990, 343, 355. C. E. Borroni-Bird, D. A. King, Rev. Sci. Instr. 1991, 62, 2177. T. Engel, G. Ertl, J. Chem. Phys. 1978, 69, 1267. Y. R. Shen, Nature 1989, 337, 519; P. S. Cremer, B. J. McIntyre, M. Salmeron, Y. R. Shen, G. A. Somorjai, Cat. Lett. 1995, 34, 11. K. Domen, N. Akamatsu, H. Yamamoto, A. Wada, C. Hirose, Surf. Sci. 1993, 283, 468. M. Salmeron, R. Schlögl, Surf. Sci. Rep. 2008, 63, 169. R. W. Joyner, M. W. Roberts, K. Yates, Surf. Sci. 1979, 87, 501, R. W. Joyner, M. W. Roberts, Chem. Phys. Lett. 1979, 60, 459. M. Grunze, D. J. Dwyer, M. Nassir, Y. Tsai, ACS Symposium Series 1992, 482, 169 B. C. Stipe, M. A. Rezaei, W. Ho, Science 1998, 280, 1732. K. Kaya, “In Memory of Tamotsu Kondow: Great Pioneer and ambassador in nao material science”, Eur. Phys. J. 2011, D63, 171. W. Keim, D. Vogt, H. Waffenschmidt, P. Wasserscheid, J. Catal. 1999, 186, 481.
Kiyotaka Asakura Hokkaido University, Sapporo Hans-Joachim Freund Fritz-Haber-Institut, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin Member of the Int. Advisory Board Katsuyuki Fukutani University of Tokyo
758 www.tcr.wiley-vch.de
Chem. Rec. 2014, 14, 756–758
© 2014 The Chemical Society of Japan and Wiley-VCH, Weinheim
