We would pure surfaces of the milk dishes. indeed be thankful for even an approach to these
conditions in India where the usual to carry
ditions
on
as
the milk trade under
is
practice filthy
as
con-
is conceivable.
The effects of uncleanliness and structural connection of the dwelling-houses with the cowshed and dairy premises were exemplified by details
epidemics of enteric fever, scarlet fever, and diphtheria that had been caused
illtQ Jmlimr JPtytliipl fctjttc, AUGUST 1890.
LIC HEALTH.
This
Glasgow o
the
West of Scotland
and
Discussion Society. facts which the
It is
numerous
a
Agricultural O
brief summary of the
investigations into outdairy-farm have
breaks of disease traceable to the
elicited,
and of the scientific theories which have
been built up regarding the causation of these epidemics from a bacteriological point of view. The lecturer
put clearly
before the farmers
special defects not uncommon to the business of a dairyman which, simple as they may seem and easily remedied, yet existing, are accountable for a large amount of sickness spread by the
two
The first is the want ofcleauliagency of milk. and the ness, mixing up of the business with the family life of the farmer or milk agent, and the
second,
is the
want of attention to
conditions of the
cows
and the
the health
disposal
of milk
from diseased animals. Dr. Russell
aptly
possible
un-
by a detailed account of the results of Lister's experiments on lactic fermentation, and remarked that the path to what is attainable practice is the same as ideal; only not pursued
that which leads to the so
far,
so
that to avoid
loss from souring and other deteriorations in milk, is to remember the conditions of .Lister's
experiments near to
glasses, and get as possible?the pure fresh air of clean hands of the dairymaid,
with his little
them
as
so
far back
with enteric fever which 1857
as
fully
the
orchard,
the
the
carefully
washed teats of the cow, and the
Dr. Michael
by
the
was
ed in 1881.
Up
Taylor
referred to Mr. Hart's
tabulated record of milk
epidemics
of
care-
collect-
that date there had been 50
to
outbreaks of enteric fever comprising in round uumbers 3,500 cases. In 1889, to this record Professor Davies, the Assistant Professor of
Hygiene
at
added 19
Netley,
with
epidemics
about 400 cases, so that in all 69 epidemics in which enteric fever was conveyed to 3,900 persons by means of milk have been recorded. Of these occurred in
eight
and
around
Glasgow,
and
Dr. Russell describes the circumstances under which these eight epidemics whichhe
investigated
himself occurred.
In all it is
itary conditions existing
in the
farm, well and utensils
or
the
cows
cans
who
were
;
nursing
washed with the
same
dairy, cowshed, people milking
of the
tale of insan-
a
sick,
or
of milk-
dish-cloth which
was
used about the persons of the sick ; or of milkcans exposed iu the same room with the sick or
of soiled linen
dishes.
illustrated the
cleanliness
in
Beginning
first human disease traced to milk contamination
Penrith, Dr. Russell
subject, of an excellent address delivered at the beginning of the year by Dr. Russell, Health Officer of Glasgow, to the was
some
milk.
by
SOME OF THE RELATIONS OF THE BUSINESS OF THE DAIRY FARMER TO PUB-
concering
about among the milk Want of cleanliness and the mixing
lying
up of the business with the family life was traceable in each. Nor was it less so in the 33 recorded
cases
of scarlet fever
affecting over a family of
existence of
persons. The young children where the dwelling-house, the milk house, and the scullery are in structural
1,600
connection
implies
a
constant
threatening
of
possible mischief to the farmer or the milk agent. The practical point to be aimed at is to separate the dwelling-house and family life from all connection with the
dairy
business.
premises relating
to
the
Aug.
DIPHTHERIA.
1890.]
Dr. Russell then dwelt
on
tion of the cowshed and relation
in
pointed
to
quality
of the
He
milk.
recent years competent trained in the investigation of ?
men
epidemic outbreaks, practised modern
cow
that in
out
medical
the
sanitary condi-
the
the health of the
of
methods
in the
research,
use
of
proved
239
this
by experiment.
also have mentioned in
Dr. Russell micrht this connection the
Vaughan in regard to tyrotoxicon. Mr. Smee exposed milk in open vessels to sewer gas from an uutrapped drain and obtained of Dr.
name
from it and
a
distillate which had
au
offensive smell
the distillate
set Tasting bacteriologists headache, vigorous rapid pulse, microscopists had become up convinced that certain obscure conditions in the and was followed by severe diarrhoea. In fact, cow may originate scarlet fever in man, and he found the distillates of milk exposed to that recently diphtheria, tuberculosis, foot and decomposing animal matter were so offensive and mouth disease and actinomycosis had been dangerous to health that he did not continue
accomplished
and
Accounts of these
included in the list.
given,
and the
were
that
practical conclusions drawn,
in the individual
as
in the cow, the
so
these diseases is to
method of
only
put the
cowsheds
preventing and their surroundings
in
sanitary
condition, and
slightest sign
of udder
accepted
disease
as a
sufficient
given
cows was
that the
a
perfectly
other disease should be
or
reasou
animal's milk from the to the
for
common
excluding
the
stock. The food
also commented "
on as
being
"
arisimportance. ing from eating the leaves of the rhus toxicodendron or poison oak was mentioned. The milk produces poisoning sometimes with fatal results a
The
matter of
in children. The
trembles
injurious effect of brewers'grain,
distillery swill, and sewage grass on the milk was also alluded to. The necessity of judgment in
feeding milch cows was exemplified by quoting Mr. Smee's observation on this subject, who gave to a cow such large quantities of oil cake that the milk became useless for the table. The drink
was
also
important. Impure water quality of the milk apart from
deteriorates the
any disease it may cause. Lastly, Dr. Russell drew attention to the fact that if milk is exposed to unwholesome
surroundings,
it
is
not
to be
that
imagined
milk
glaring
epidemic breaks out no harm accrues. organic bodies milk acquires poisonous proby simple decomposition the formation of animal alkaloids, from perties because
no
Like all
vital piocesses of the septic behind all decomposition. bacteria which Many diarrhoeas and simultaneous outbreaks
the result ot the
are
in families of
unpleasant
an
vomiting,
depression originate
in
giddiness, purging this way.
Mr.
and
Srnee
his
taste.
intense
experiments.
conditions in India where the usual to carry
ditions
on
as
the milk trade under
is
practice filthy
as
con-
is conceivable.
The effects of uncleanliness and structural connection of the dwelling-houses with the cowshed and dairy premises were exemplified by details
epidemics of enteric fever, scarlet fever, and diphtheria that had been caused
illtQ Jmlimr JPtytliipl fctjttc, AUGUST 1890.
LIC HEALTH.
This
Glasgow o
the
West of Scotland
and
Discussion Society. facts which the
It is
numerous
a
Agricultural O
brief summary of the
investigations into outdairy-farm have
breaks of disease traceable to the
elicited,
and of the scientific theories which have
been built up regarding the causation of these epidemics from a bacteriological point of view. The lecturer
put clearly
before the farmers
special defects not uncommon to the business of a dairyman which, simple as they may seem and easily remedied, yet existing, are accountable for a large amount of sickness spread by the
two
The first is the want ofcleauliagency of milk. and the ness, mixing up of the business with the family life of the farmer or milk agent, and the
second,
is the
want of attention to
conditions of the
cows
and the
the health
disposal
of milk
from diseased animals. Dr. Russell
aptly
possible
un-
by a detailed account of the results of Lister's experiments on lactic fermentation, and remarked that the path to what is attainable practice is the same as ideal; only not pursued
that which leads to the so
far,
so
that to avoid
loss from souring and other deteriorations in milk, is to remember the conditions of .Lister's
experiments near to
glasses, and get as possible?the pure fresh air of clean hands of the dairymaid,
with his little
them
as
so
far back
with enteric fever which 1857
as
fully
the
orchard,
the
the
carefully
washed teats of the cow, and the
Dr. Michael
by
the
was
ed in 1881.
Up
Taylor
referred to Mr. Hart's
tabulated record of milk
epidemics
of
care-
collect-
that date there had been 50
to
outbreaks of enteric fever comprising in round uumbers 3,500 cases. In 1889, to this record Professor Davies, the Assistant Professor of
Hygiene
at
added 19
Netley,
with
epidemics
about 400 cases, so that in all 69 epidemics in which enteric fever was conveyed to 3,900 persons by means of milk have been recorded. Of these occurred in
eight
and
around
Glasgow,
and
Dr. Russell describes the circumstances under which these eight epidemics whichhe
investigated
himself occurred.
In all it is
itary conditions existing
in the
farm, well and utensils
or
the
cows
cans
who
were
;
nursing
washed with the
same
dairy, cowshed, people milking
of the
tale of insan-
a
sick,
or
of milk-
dish-cloth which
was
used about the persons of the sick ; or of milkcans exposed iu the same room with the sick or
of soiled linen
dishes.
illustrated the
cleanliness
in
Beginning
first human disease traced to milk contamination
Penrith, Dr. Russell
subject, of an excellent address delivered at the beginning of the year by Dr. Russell, Health Officer of Glasgow, to the was
some
milk.
by
SOME OF THE RELATIONS OF THE BUSINESS OF THE DAIRY FARMER TO PUB-
concering
about among the milk Want of cleanliness and the mixing
lying
up of the business with the family life was traceable in each. Nor was it less so in the 33 recorded
cases
of scarlet fever
affecting over a family of
existence of
persons. The young children where the dwelling-house, the milk house, and the scullery are in structural
1,600
connection
implies
a
constant
threatening
of
possible mischief to the farmer or the milk agent. The practical point to be aimed at is to separate the dwelling-house and family life from all connection with the
dairy
business.
premises relating
to
the
Aug.
DIPHTHERIA.
1890.]
Dr. Russell then dwelt
on
tion of the cowshed and relation
in
pointed
to
quality
of the
He
milk.
recent years competent trained in the investigation of ?
men
epidemic outbreaks, practised modern
cow
that in
out
medical
the
sanitary condi-
the
the health of the
of
methods
in the
research,
use
of
proved
239
this
by experiment.
also have mentioned in
Dr. Russell micrht this connection the
Vaughan in regard to tyrotoxicon. Mr. Smee exposed milk in open vessels to sewer gas from an uutrapped drain and obtained of Dr.
name
from it and
a
distillate which had
au
offensive smell
the distillate
set Tasting bacteriologists headache, vigorous rapid pulse, microscopists had become up convinced that certain obscure conditions in the and was followed by severe diarrhoea. In fact, cow may originate scarlet fever in man, and he found the distillates of milk exposed to that recently diphtheria, tuberculosis, foot and decomposing animal matter were so offensive and mouth disease and actinomycosis had been dangerous to health that he did not continue
accomplished
and
Accounts of these
included in the list.
given,
and the
were
that
practical conclusions drawn,
in the individual
as
in the cow, the
so
these diseases is to
method of
only
put the
cowsheds
preventing and their surroundings
in
sanitary
condition, and
slightest sign
of udder
accepted
disease
as a
sufficient
given
cows was
that the
a
perfectly
other disease should be
or
reasou
animal's milk from the to the
for
common
excluding
the
stock. The food
also commented "
on as
being
"
arisimportance. ing from eating the leaves of the rhus toxicodendron or poison oak was mentioned. The milk produces poisoning sometimes with fatal results a
The
matter of
in children. The
trembles
injurious effect of brewers'grain,
distillery swill, and sewage grass on the milk was also alluded to. The necessity of judgment in
feeding milch cows was exemplified by quoting Mr. Smee's observation on this subject, who gave to a cow such large quantities of oil cake that the milk became useless for the table. The drink
was
also
important. Impure water quality of the milk apart from
deteriorates the
any disease it may cause. Lastly, Dr. Russell drew attention to the fact that if milk is exposed to unwholesome
surroundings,
it
is
not
to be
that
imagined
milk
glaring
epidemic breaks out no harm accrues. organic bodies milk acquires poisonous proby simple decomposition the formation of animal alkaloids, from perties because
no
Like all
vital piocesses of the septic behind all decomposition. bacteria which Many diarrhoeas and simultaneous outbreaks
the result ot the
are
in families of
unpleasant
an
vomiting,
depression originate
in
giddiness, purging this way.
Mr.
and
Srnee
his
taste.
intense
experiments.
