Psychological Reports, 1975, 37, 1199-1203.
@
Psychological Reports 1975
SOME NORMS AND VALIDITIES OF THE QUICK TEST FOR DELINQUENT SAMPLES' PAUL GENDREAU Rideou Correctional Centre and Carleton Universdy D. J. KENNEDY Rideau Correctional Centre
J. STEPHEN WORMITH University of Ottawa and Rideau Cwectional Centre AND JOHN WASS Ontario Ministry of Correctional Seruices
Summary.-Forms 1, 2, and 3 of Ammons and Ammons Quick Test (QT) were given to three delinquent samples (ns = 43, 65, 49). The Quick Test was correlated with the WAIS, Differential Aptitude Test, Revised Beta and Otis Em. The role of the Q T in correctional diagnostics was discussed.
The Quick Test ( Q T ) of Ammons and Ammons (1962a, 1962b) has been applied to a diversity of clinical samples (e.g., Gendreau, Roach, & Gendreau, 1973). To date there have been no reports of scores on the Quick Test for incarcerated delinquent samples. This is somewhat surprising considering the high admission rates, understaffing and potential use for a short IQ screening device in corrections (Gendreau, Wass, Knight, & Irvine, 1975). The present study reports some norms and validities on the Quick Test for three incarcerated delinquent samples. In the first study the Quick Test IQs were correlated with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence scale (WAIS) IQs and raw scores from the Differential Aptitude Test. Its validities with these tests were compared with those from the Revised Beta Examination (Beta), the most widely used IQ screening device in corrections (Gendreau, 1975). In the second and third studies Quick Test scores were correlated with those on the Beta and the Otis Beta Examination, Form Em (Otis Em). Local Quick Test norms were reported for all three studies as well as intercorrelations among Quick Tesc forms.
METHOD All Ss were incarcerated in the Ontario Ministry of Correctional Services system. The f ~ r s tstudy examined the performance of 43 Ss on the Quick Test, Beta, WAIS, and D~fferentialAptitude Tesc. Ss were housed at Millbrook Correctional Centre. These Ss are far from typical in the Ontario system. They represent less rehabilitative potential, have more lengthy and serious conviction histories, and have a history of behavior problems within institutions. They are considered to be "prison-wise" and many of their histories carry a diagnosis of conduct disorder/psychopathy. They are primarily an urban sample drawn from a different part of Ontario than Ss in the next two studies. The mean age 'The research reported in rhe present study was filed under Project 51 to the senior author, by the Planning and Research Division, Ontario Ministry of Correctional Services. W e thank the su~erintendentsof Millbrook Correctional Centre and Rideau Correctional Centre, Mr. ~ m & Bond t and Mr. Roger Dupuis, for their support of the research. 3Reprint requests and copies of the raw data can be obtained from Paul Gendreau, Rideau Correctional Centre, P.O. Box 100, Burria's Rapids, Ontario.
1200
P. GENDREAU, ET AL.
and education (grade level) of this group was 23.4 yr. ( S D = 6.8) and 9.5 yr. ( S D - 1.9). The next two studies were carried out at Rideau Correctional Centre and Rideau Adult Training Centre. Compared with Millbrook Ss, Ss at both Rideau settings are considered to have more rehabilitative potential. By and large they do not have lengthy criminal histories nor have they been institutional behavior problems. Approximately 4 0 % came from rural backgrounds. All 65 Ss from the Correction Centre had at least one previous conviction. Their mean age and education was 27.0 yr. ( S D = 9.5) and 9.1 yr. (SD = 1 . 7 ) . The 4 9 Ss from the Training Centre were first offenders; their mean age and education were 18.9 yr. ( S D = 1.6) and 9.4 yr. ( S D = 1.4). Ss in both samples are somewhat similar; many of the first offenders in the Training Centre recidivate and return to the Correctional Centre. Order of tesring in each study was counterbalanced. N o short-form variations of any of the tests were administered. Ss in the first study were volunteers and in the Rideau studies were consecutive admissions to the institutions. N o contingencies were attached to participation i n the testing. For the Quick Test adult norms were used (Ammons & Ammons, 1962b, Table A 6 ) whenever CA = 19 o r over or M A = 17 or over. Division method was used otherwise.
RESULTSAND DISCUSSION Descriptive data on the Quick Tesc ace outlined in the tables. All correlations computed were Pearson product-moment coefficients. Table 1 summarizes correlations with age and education. Table 2 provides normative daca on the WAIS, Differential Aptitude Test, Beta and Otis Em. Quick Tesc correlations with scores on the tests are contained in Table 3. For sample sizes of 65, 49, and 43 coefficients of at least the magnitude of .24, .27, and .29 respectively are needed for significance at the .05 level. TABLE 1
QUICK TESTCORRELATIONSWITH AGE AND EDUCATION (GRADELEVEL) Age (yr.)
Education (yr.)
Study
n
a b c a b
43 65 49 43
c
49
65
QTI .32 .17 .10 .18 .4 1 .34
QTz
QT3
QTI+x
.34 .10 .22 .18 .27 .40
.34 .20 .17 .12 .35 .32
.37 .15 .14 .17 .38 .36
As seen in Table 1 the Millbrook sample produced higher Quick Test correlations with age and lower correlations with education than the two Rideau samples. This may well have reflected that the Millbrook Ss were volunteers and, as noted previously, differed in several respects from the Rideau samples. Futthermore, a substantia1 percentage of the Rideau Ss came from poor rural environments. Ss from impoverished environments generally produce low IQs on the Quick Test (e.g., Joesting & Joesting, 1972), thus it was not sur-
TABLE 2 MEANS AND SDS OF QUICKTEST,WAIS, BETA, OTIS EM AND DIFFERENTIALA P ~ T U D ETEST: LOCAL NORMS Studv
a
WAIS
QT1 b
c
Beta
a
Otis Em
QT9 b
VR
c
NA
a
VR+NA
QTs b
M
a 102.6 11.5
Z
QTI+=u
c
Differential Aptitude Test* AR CSA MR
a a a a a b c a 107.7 92.3 24.9 16.0 40.9 30.2 43.2 101.7 SD 10.7 150 7.7 8.9 10.9 10.9 12.4 17.0 Code.-Study a ( n = 43); Study b ( n = 65); Study c ( n = 49); D A T = VR = Verbal Reasoning; N A = Composite Score; AR = Arithmetic Reasoning; CSA = Clerical Speed 81 Aptitude; MR = Mechanical tives; LS = Language Spelling; LG = Language Grammar. study
2
a
b
C
SR
LS
LG
a a a a 67.9 25.4 46.0 31.4 9.9 9.4 10.0 12.2 = Numerical Abiliry; V R + N A Reasoning; SR = Spatial Rela-
5 C
El
2
5 g E
3
1202
P. GENDREAU, ET AL.
TABLE 3 INTERCORRELATIONS FOR IQ SCORES ON INDIVIDUAL QUICKTESTFORMS AND COMPOSITB FORM Study
n
QT1
QTa
QT,
a b
43 65 49
.89 .93 .91
.87 .90 .94
.94 .92 .89
c
prising the Rideau samples, in particular, produced a mean Quick Test IQ in the 85 to 90 range. Arnmons and Ammons (1965) suggest a correction for adults of 15 IQ points for comparison of the Quick Test with other IQ tests. As is usually reported, e.g., Davis and Dizzonne (1970), the Quick Test correlates higher with WAIS Verbal (.64) than Performance (.45). The Full Scale correlation was .63. Correspondingly the respective Beta correlations were .52, .68, and .61. The three Quick Test forms (Table 3 ) produced higher and more uniform correlations among themselves than did the Beta subtests. The same held true for Quick Test correlations with WAIS Full Scale. Three of the six Beta subtests correlated less than .40 with the WAIS Full Scale. The mean Quick Test correlation with the Differential Aptitude Test scales was .47. The mean Differential Aptitude Test-Beta correlation was .46 (Table 4). Of all the validity coefficients each test had with the Differential Aptitude TABLE 4 QUICKTESTCORRELATIONSWITH WAIS, DIFFERENTIAL APTITUDE TEST,BRTA AND m S EM IQS Study
WAIS Verbal a Performance Full Scale Differential Aptitude Test VR a NA VR+NA AR CSA MR
SR LS LG Beta
QTl
QTa
QT,
.65 .44 .62
.62 .30
.65 .45 .65
.64 .45 .63
.69 .50 .67 .34 .46
.64 .42 .GO .38 .43 .54 .20 .56 .GI .32 .68 .7 5
.61 .35 .55 .40 .40 .54 .15
a b
Otis Em c Nore.-Study a ( n = 43);Study Code.-See Table 2.
.54 .62 .41 .58 .33 .31 .49 .21 .59 .54 .35 .72 .69
.52
.24 .55 .62 .29
.52 .63 .26 .60 .59 .79 .65 b ( n = 65);Study c ( n = 49).
QTi+=+a
QUICK TEST: NORMS, VALIDITY FOR DELINQUENTS
1203
Test only 6% of the values for the Quick Test failed to reach statistical significance ( p < .05), while 28% of the Betas were not significant. In the first two studies the Beta and Quick Test scores correlated significantly ( p < .05). W e provided correlations with the Quick Test and Otis Em as the latter test is sometimes used in our educational departments. The Quick Test produced higher correla~ionswith the Otis Em than with the Beta. In summary, the Quick Test produced significant concurrent validity coefficients with a variety of tests used to assess intellectual aptitudes. While the Beta is the most widely used IQ screening device in corrections, data from chis study indicate the Quick Test compares favorably with the Beta. The Quick Test has the clinical advantage of being administered individually and takes up little time. In fact, consistencies among the non-overlapping forms are such to consider using Form 3 if further abbreviation were needed. Within the correctional area we have presented arguments as to the role of various IQ tests in intellectual assessment (Gendreau, Wass, Knight, & Irvine, 1976). Briefly, on the basis of the evidence to date, the Quick Test was considered to be a useful IQ screening device, its validities were as adequate as any other "brief form" IQ measure. REFERENCES
AMMONS, R. B., & AMMONS, C H. T h e Quick Test. Missoula, Montana: Psychological Test Specialists, 1962. (a) AMMONS, R. B., & AMMONS, C. H. The Quick Test: provisional manual. Psychological Reports, 1962, 11, 111-161. (Monogr. Suppl. 1-V11) ( b ) AMMONS, R. B., & AMMONS, C. H. Re-evaluation of Quick Test norms for normal adults. Paper presented to the Rocky Mountain Psychological Association in Albuquerque, New Mexico, in May, 1965. DAVIS,W. E., & DIZZONNE, M. P. Relationship between the QT and the WAIS. Psychological Reports, 1970, 20, 457-458. GENDRBAU,L., ROACH,T., & GENDRFKAU, P. Assessing the intelligence of aged persons: report on the Quick Test. Psychological Reports, 1973, 32, 475-480. GENDREAU, P. Psychological testing in corrections in English-speaking Canada: 1972-73. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Corrections, 1975, 17, 215-220. GENDREAU, P.,WASS,I., KNIGHT, S., & IRVINE, M. Psychological services in corrections: the assessment of intellectual abilities. Canrrdicm Journal of Criminology and Corrections, 1976, in press. JOESTING, ,J., & JOESTING,IR. Quick Test validation: scores of adults in a welfare settlng. Psychological Repom, 1972, 30, 537-538.
Accepted October 3, 1975.
@
Psychological Reports 1975
SOME NORMS AND VALIDITIES OF THE QUICK TEST FOR DELINQUENT SAMPLES' PAUL GENDREAU Rideou Correctional Centre and Carleton Universdy D. J. KENNEDY Rideau Correctional Centre
J. STEPHEN WORMITH University of Ottawa and Rideau Cwectional Centre AND JOHN WASS Ontario Ministry of Correctional Seruices
Summary.-Forms 1, 2, and 3 of Ammons and Ammons Quick Test (QT) were given to three delinquent samples (ns = 43, 65, 49). The Quick Test was correlated with the WAIS, Differential Aptitude Test, Revised Beta and Otis Em. The role of the Q T in correctional diagnostics was discussed.
The Quick Test ( Q T ) of Ammons and Ammons (1962a, 1962b) has been applied to a diversity of clinical samples (e.g., Gendreau, Roach, & Gendreau, 1973). To date there have been no reports of scores on the Quick Test for incarcerated delinquent samples. This is somewhat surprising considering the high admission rates, understaffing and potential use for a short IQ screening device in corrections (Gendreau, Wass, Knight, & Irvine, 1975). The present study reports some norms and validities on the Quick Test for three incarcerated delinquent samples. In the first study the Quick Test IQs were correlated with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence scale (WAIS) IQs and raw scores from the Differential Aptitude Test. Its validities with these tests were compared with those from the Revised Beta Examination (Beta), the most widely used IQ screening device in corrections (Gendreau, 1975). In the second and third studies Quick Test scores were correlated with those on the Beta and the Otis Beta Examination, Form Em (Otis Em). Local Quick Test norms were reported for all three studies as well as intercorrelations among Quick Tesc forms.
METHOD All Ss were incarcerated in the Ontario Ministry of Correctional Services system. The f ~ r s tstudy examined the performance of 43 Ss on the Quick Test, Beta, WAIS, and D~fferentialAptitude Tesc. Ss were housed at Millbrook Correctional Centre. These Ss are far from typical in the Ontario system. They represent less rehabilitative potential, have more lengthy and serious conviction histories, and have a history of behavior problems within institutions. They are considered to be "prison-wise" and many of their histories carry a diagnosis of conduct disorder/psychopathy. They are primarily an urban sample drawn from a different part of Ontario than Ss in the next two studies. The mean age 'The research reported in rhe present study was filed under Project 51 to the senior author, by the Planning and Research Division, Ontario Ministry of Correctional Services. W e thank the su~erintendentsof Millbrook Correctional Centre and Rideau Correctional Centre, Mr. ~ m & Bond t and Mr. Roger Dupuis, for their support of the research. 3Reprint requests and copies of the raw data can be obtained from Paul Gendreau, Rideau Correctional Centre, P.O. Box 100, Burria's Rapids, Ontario.
1200
P. GENDREAU, ET AL.
and education (grade level) of this group was 23.4 yr. ( S D = 6.8) and 9.5 yr. ( S D - 1.9). The next two studies were carried out at Rideau Correctional Centre and Rideau Adult Training Centre. Compared with Millbrook Ss, Ss at both Rideau settings are considered to have more rehabilitative potential. By and large they do not have lengthy criminal histories nor have they been institutional behavior problems. Approximately 4 0 % came from rural backgrounds. All 65 Ss from the Correction Centre had at least one previous conviction. Their mean age and education was 27.0 yr. ( S D = 9.5) and 9.1 yr. (SD = 1 . 7 ) . The 4 9 Ss from the Training Centre were first offenders; their mean age and education were 18.9 yr. ( S D = 1.6) and 9.4 yr. ( S D = 1.4). Ss in both samples are somewhat similar; many of the first offenders in the Training Centre recidivate and return to the Correctional Centre. Order of tesring in each study was counterbalanced. N o short-form variations of any of the tests were administered. Ss in the first study were volunteers and in the Rideau studies were consecutive admissions to the institutions. N o contingencies were attached to participation i n the testing. For the Quick Test adult norms were used (Ammons & Ammons, 1962b, Table A 6 ) whenever CA = 19 o r over or M A = 17 or over. Division method was used otherwise.
RESULTSAND DISCUSSION Descriptive data on the Quick Tesc ace outlined in the tables. All correlations computed were Pearson product-moment coefficients. Table 1 summarizes correlations with age and education. Table 2 provides normative daca on the WAIS, Differential Aptitude Test, Beta and Otis Em. Quick Tesc correlations with scores on the tests are contained in Table 3. For sample sizes of 65, 49, and 43 coefficients of at least the magnitude of .24, .27, and .29 respectively are needed for significance at the .05 level. TABLE 1
QUICK TESTCORRELATIONSWITH AGE AND EDUCATION (GRADELEVEL) Age (yr.)
Education (yr.)
Study
n
a b c a b
43 65 49 43
c
49
65
QTI .32 .17 .10 .18 .4 1 .34
QTz
QT3
QTI+x
.34 .10 .22 .18 .27 .40
.34 .20 .17 .12 .35 .32
.37 .15 .14 .17 .38 .36
As seen in Table 1 the Millbrook sample produced higher Quick Test correlations with age and lower correlations with education than the two Rideau samples. This may well have reflected that the Millbrook Ss were volunteers and, as noted previously, differed in several respects from the Rideau samples. Futthermore, a substantia1 percentage of the Rideau Ss came from poor rural environments. Ss from impoverished environments generally produce low IQs on the Quick Test (e.g., Joesting & Joesting, 1972), thus it was not sur-
TABLE 2 MEANS AND SDS OF QUICKTEST,WAIS, BETA, OTIS EM AND DIFFERENTIALA P ~ T U D ETEST: LOCAL NORMS Studv
a
WAIS
QT1 b
c
Beta
a
Otis Em
QT9 b
VR
c
NA
a
VR+NA
QTs b
M
a 102.6 11.5
Z
QTI+=u
c
Differential Aptitude Test* AR CSA MR
a a a a a b c a 107.7 92.3 24.9 16.0 40.9 30.2 43.2 101.7 SD 10.7 150 7.7 8.9 10.9 10.9 12.4 17.0 Code.-Study a ( n = 43); Study b ( n = 65); Study c ( n = 49); D A T = VR = Verbal Reasoning; N A = Composite Score; AR = Arithmetic Reasoning; CSA = Clerical Speed 81 Aptitude; MR = Mechanical tives; LS = Language Spelling; LG = Language Grammar. study
2
a
b
C
SR
LS
LG
a a a a 67.9 25.4 46.0 31.4 9.9 9.4 10.0 12.2 = Numerical Abiliry; V R + N A Reasoning; SR = Spatial Rela-
5 C
El
2
5 g E
3
1202
P. GENDREAU, ET AL.
TABLE 3 INTERCORRELATIONS FOR IQ SCORES ON INDIVIDUAL QUICKTESTFORMS AND COMPOSITB FORM Study
n
QT1
QTa
QT,
a b
43 65 49
.89 .93 .91
.87 .90 .94
.94 .92 .89
c
prising the Rideau samples, in particular, produced a mean Quick Test IQ in the 85 to 90 range. Arnmons and Ammons (1965) suggest a correction for adults of 15 IQ points for comparison of the Quick Test with other IQ tests. As is usually reported, e.g., Davis and Dizzonne (1970), the Quick Test correlates higher with WAIS Verbal (.64) than Performance (.45). The Full Scale correlation was .63. Correspondingly the respective Beta correlations were .52, .68, and .61. The three Quick Test forms (Table 3 ) produced higher and more uniform correlations among themselves than did the Beta subtests. The same held true for Quick Test correlations with WAIS Full Scale. Three of the six Beta subtests correlated less than .40 with the WAIS Full Scale. The mean Quick Test correlation with the Differential Aptitude Test scales was .47. The mean Differential Aptitude Test-Beta correlation was .46 (Table 4). Of all the validity coefficients each test had with the Differential Aptitude TABLE 4 QUICKTESTCORRELATIONSWITH WAIS, DIFFERENTIAL APTITUDE TEST,BRTA AND m S EM IQS Study
WAIS Verbal a Performance Full Scale Differential Aptitude Test VR a NA VR+NA AR CSA MR
SR LS LG Beta
QTl
QTa
QT,
.65 .44 .62
.62 .30
.65 .45 .65
.64 .45 .63
.69 .50 .67 .34 .46
.64 .42 .GO .38 .43 .54 .20 .56 .GI .32 .68 .7 5
.61 .35 .55 .40 .40 .54 .15
a b
Otis Em c Nore.-Study a ( n = 43);Study Code.-See Table 2.
.54 .62 .41 .58 .33 .31 .49 .21 .59 .54 .35 .72 .69
.52
.24 .55 .62 .29
.52 .63 .26 .60 .59 .79 .65 b ( n = 65);Study c ( n = 49).
QTi+=+a
QUICK TEST: NORMS, VALIDITY FOR DELINQUENTS
1203
Test only 6% of the values for the Quick Test failed to reach statistical significance ( p < .05), while 28% of the Betas were not significant. In the first two studies the Beta and Quick Test scores correlated significantly ( p < .05). W e provided correlations with the Quick Test and Otis Em as the latter test is sometimes used in our educational departments. The Quick Test produced higher correla~ionswith the Otis Em than with the Beta. In summary, the Quick Test produced significant concurrent validity coefficients with a variety of tests used to assess intellectual aptitudes. While the Beta is the most widely used IQ screening device in corrections, data from chis study indicate the Quick Test compares favorably with the Beta. The Quick Test has the clinical advantage of being administered individually and takes up little time. In fact, consistencies among the non-overlapping forms are such to consider using Form 3 if further abbreviation were needed. Within the correctional area we have presented arguments as to the role of various IQ tests in intellectual assessment (Gendreau, Wass, Knight, & Irvine, 1976). Briefly, on the basis of the evidence to date, the Quick Test was considered to be a useful IQ screening device, its validities were as adequate as any other "brief form" IQ measure. REFERENCES
AMMONS, R. B., & AMMONS, C H. T h e Quick Test. Missoula, Montana: Psychological Test Specialists, 1962. (a) AMMONS, R. B., & AMMONS, C. H. The Quick Test: provisional manual. Psychological Reports, 1962, 11, 111-161. (Monogr. Suppl. 1-V11) ( b ) AMMONS, R. B., & AMMONS, C. H. Re-evaluation of Quick Test norms for normal adults. Paper presented to the Rocky Mountain Psychological Association in Albuquerque, New Mexico, in May, 1965. DAVIS,W. E., & DIZZONNE, M. P. Relationship between the QT and the WAIS. Psychological Reports, 1970, 20, 457-458. GENDRBAU,L., ROACH,T., & GENDRFKAU, P. Assessing the intelligence of aged persons: report on the Quick Test. Psychological Reports, 1973, 32, 475-480. GENDREAU, P. Psychological testing in corrections in English-speaking Canada: 1972-73. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Corrections, 1975, 17, 215-220. GENDREAU, P.,WASS,I., KNIGHT, S., & IRVINE, M. Psychological services in corrections: the assessment of intellectual abilities. Canrrdicm Journal of Criminology and Corrections, 1976, in press. JOESTING, ,J., & JOESTING,IR. Quick Test validation: scores of adults in a welfare settlng. Psychological Repom, 1972, 30, 537-538.
Accepted October 3, 1975.
