Journal of Chromatography, 571 (1992) 358-361 Biomedical Applications Elsevier Science Publishers
CHROMBIO.
B.V., Amsterdam
63 18
Short Communication Simultaneous determination of cotinine and tram-3’hydroxycotinine in human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography S. Pichini,
I. Altieri, R. Pacifici and M. Rosa
Clinical Biochemistry Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanitci, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome (Italy)
G. Ottaviani Istituto Medicina Legale “Aldo di Loreto”, Aereonautica Militare. Rome (Italy)
P. Zuccaro* Clinical Biochemistry Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanitci. Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome (Italy)
(First received December
IOth, 1991; revised manuscript
received
February
lOth, 1992)
ABSTRACT A high-performance of cotinine internal
liquid chromatographic
and trans-3’-hydroxycotinine
standard,
N-ethylnorcotinine,
water-methanol-O.1
M sodium
limit of quantitation
observed
useful for the determination
method
in human before
chromatography.
acetate-acetonitrile with this method
with ultraviolet
(67:24.5:6.5:2,
procedure
has been developed was performed
v/v), pH 4.3, prevented
the co-elution
1992 Elsevier Science Publishers
correlating
with nicotine
for the quantitation
for the analytes
column
was 5 ng/ml for both cotinine and trans-3’-hydroxycotinine.
of serum levels of these metabolites,
The major metabolic pathways of nicotine [l] in the mammalian species involve a series of oxidations of the pyrrolidine ring to produce more polar and pharmacologically less active compounds. The y-lactam cotinine, a major metabolite, has been reported to be further metabolized to trans-3’-hydroxycotinine (Fig. 1) [2,3]. The latter is the most abundant nicotine metabolite in 0
detection
extraction
The use of a 30-cm reversed-phase
INTRODUCTION
0378-4347/92/$05.00
photometric
serum. A solid-phase
and a mobile
and the phase
of caffeine with cotinine.
of The
The present method proved
daily intake.
the urine of habitual smokers, and its steadystate plasma concentration is second only to that of cotinine [4].
I Fig.
1. Structures
(II).
B.V. All rights reserved
II of cotinine
(I) and trans-3’.hydroxycotinine
359
SHORT COMMUNICATIONS
Several chromatographic methods have been developed to determine nicotine metabolites in biological samples [5-71. However, only a few articles describe the simultaneous quantitation of cotinine and trans-3’-hydroxycotinine [5,8,9]. The principal difficulty is the extraction of trans-3’-hydroxycotinine from aqueous media, because of its solubility in water [&lo]. In addition, determinations based on gas chromatography (GC) are usually preceded by derivatization [l l] and, if not, poor sensitivity is observed [12]. chromatographic High-performance liquid (HPLC) methods usually require the formation of a coloured complex [5,13,14]. Furthermore, assays have mostly been performed on urine samples, but rarely on blood samples. Nevertheless, plasma steady-state levels of nicotine metabolites could be used to estimate nicotine intake after both active and passive smoking [ 15,161, or to indicate compliance to a non-smoking clinical trial [17]. A radiometric HPLC assay for nicotine metabolites has been reported by Kyerematen et al. [9] in plasma samples from rats, but it appears to be of low applicability for routine determinations in humans [7]. To improve the investigation of serum concentrations of cotinine and trans-3’-hydroxycotinine in smokers, we have developed a simple, reliable isocratic method for both metabolites by HPLC with UV detection. A solid-phase extraction was performed for serum samples, using N-ethylnorcotinine as an internal standard.
tained from non-smokers who were not exposed to environmental tobacco smoke for at least seven days before the samples were taken. All samples were immediately centrifuged at 1000 g for 5 min. Serum was collected and stored at -20°C until analysis.
EXPERIMENTAL
Sample preparation
Materials
Cotinine was purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). trans-3’-Hydroxycotinine and N-ethylnorcotinine were obtained from Dr. Georg B. Neurath (Hamburg, Germany). Extrelut-1 extraction columns were from Merck (Bracco, Milan, Italy). All solvents were analytical grade. Blood samples (5 ml) from ten smokers were obtained by venipuncture with silicone-coated vacutainers. The samples were collected cu. 8 h after the last cigarette. Blank samples were ob-
High-performance
liquid chromatography
The HPLC system consisted of a Merck-Hitachi L6200 intelligent pump, a Merck-Hitachi L4200 UV-VIS detector set to 254 nm and a D2000 chromate-integrator Merck-Hitachi (Bracco). The column was a reversed-phase PBondapak Cl8 steel column (10 pm particle size, 30 cm X 3.9 mm I.D.; Waters, Milford, MA, USA). The column was equilibrated with the mobile phase for 30 min prior to analysis of samples. The mobile phase was water-methanol-O.1 M sodium acetate-acetonitrile (67:24.5:6.5:2, v/v), adjusted to pH 4.3 with acetic acid and used at a flow-rate of 1.5 mlimin. Standards and controls
Solutions of stock reference standards (1 mg/ ml, 10 pg/ml, 1 pg/ml) were prepared in methanol and stored below 0°C. Dilutions were made fresh daily for each analysis. Serum standards were prepared daily by adding known amounts of the stock standards to drug-free human serum; these standards were used to create calibration curves as a control.
A 0.5-ml aliquot of serum, with 100 ~1 of Nethylnorcotinine (3 pg/ml) and 0.4 ml of 0.5 M sodium hydroxide added, was placed in a glass tube, shaken on a vortex-mixer, and transferred to an Extrelut 1 glass column, which was preconditioned with 5 ml of dichloromethane the day before. After 5 min, the analytes were eluted under the force of gravity with 5 ml of dichloromethane. The organic phase was evaporated to dryness under nitrogen and redissolved in 100 ~1 of mobile,phase. A 20-~1 volume was injected into the HPLC column.
360
RESULTS
SHORT
COMMUNICATIONS
AND DISCUSSION
Extraction procedure
Solid-phase extraction was used in preference to classical liquid-liquid extraction under alkaline conditions. Using the procedures described in literature [7,11,12], we did not obtain a good recovery of trans-3’-hydroxycotinine. Furthermore, the reproducibility of the extraction was not satisfactory. Extrelut pre-packed columns, filled with special diatomaceous earth, are able to absorb and retain hydrophilic fluids, and release low-molecular-mass compounds on elution with organic solvents. We modified an extraction procedure with Extrelut columns for serum cotinine [18,19] by using serum alkalization with 0.5 M sodium hydroxide and dichloromethane for the extraction of the analytes. The day before sample extraction, we conditioned the columns with dichloromethane because we noticed that, without this procedure, the elution was too fast and the recovery of the analytes decreased. Furthermore, serum was not retained. Other concentrations of sodium hydroxide led to a decrease in the percentage recovery of trans-3’-hydroxycotinine and the appearance of an interfering peak. Dichloromethane was found to be the best extraction solvent. High-performance
min Fig. 3. Chromatogram
from
truns-3’-hydroxycotinine
(80 ng/ml); 2 = cotinine
(200 ng/ml); 3
= caffeine (380 mg/ml);
4 = N-ethylnorcotinine
( 3 pg/ml)
a smoker’s
serum.
Peaks:
TABLE
I DAILY
INTAKE
TION OF COTININE
Subject
AND
AND SERUM
Concentration
Nicotine
CONCENTRA-
trans-3’-HYDROXYCOTININE
(ng/ml)
daily intake
I
(mg per day)
Cotinine
trans-3’Hydroxycotinine
--I----G
061;
0-2
062
min Fig. 2. Chromatograms of (a) reagent blank, (b) extract of 0.5-m] serum blank sample from a non-smoker, and (c) extract of 0.5-ml serum sample spiked with 200 ng/ml trans-3’-hydroxycotinine (l), 200 ng/ml cotinine
(2) and 3 pg/ml N-ethylnorcotinine
(3).
1 =
spiked serum sample is presented in Fig. 2: the retention times were 3.3, 6.0 and 9.1 min, respectively. To optimize the separation of the analytes on the reversed-phase column, we investigated the effect of pH in the range 4. I-5.0. We found that a pH value of 4.3 gave the best separation of the substances, and prevented the coelution of cotinine with caffeine, which was present in 80% of our serum samples (Fig. 3.). The limit of quantitation observed with this method was 5 ng/ml for cotinine (coefficient of
1
C
b
6
NICOTINE
liquid chromatography
A typical chromatogram of trans-3’-hydroxycotinine, cotinine and N-ethylnorcotinine in a a
‘1;
0
1
11.0
145.0
18.1
2
10.0
110.0
61.2
3 4
16.0 8.8
279.0 128.0
64.0 43.3
5
20.0
175.0
6
11.0
120.0
61.0 61.2
7
14.3
179.0
25.0
8 9
16.5 8.0 13.0
182.0 161.0 129.0
28.1 41 .o
160.8 f 48.9
49.0 f 21.5
10 Mean
f
SD.
12.9 f
3.8
87.0
SHORT
361
COMMUNICATIONS
variation = 8%) and 5 ng/ml for tram-3’-hydroxycotinine (coefficient of variation = 12%). At a detection wavelength of 254 nm and using the solid-phase extraction described, nicotine (retention time 2.7 min) was not detectable below the concentration of 200 ng/ml. An example of the method’s application was the determination of cotinine and tram-3’-hydroxycotinine in the serum from ten smokers. Table I shows serum levels of the compounds (ng/ml) compared with nicotine daily intake (mg per day), calculated from the number of cigarettes smoked per day and the mass of nicotine per cigarette. Calibration curves, recovery and precision
The calibration curves of the peak-height ratio of analytes to the internal standard (‘y) verms the concentration of the analytes (x) were prepared and checked daily from spiked serum carried through the entire procedure; they were linear over the range 5-500 ng/ml (regression equations: y = 0.59x - 0.04, r = 0.997, for continine, and y = 1.l lx + 0.004, r = 0.999, for tram-3’hydroxycotinine. Over the concentration ranges tested in the analysis, recoveries were 88-90% for cotinine and 5&55% for trans-3’-hydroxycotinine. The analytical imprecision was determined from analyses of five spiked serum samples performed for up to six days. The within-day and between-day coefficients of variation were 2.8 and 4.1% for 200 ng/ml cotinine, and 4.1 and 6.2% for 200 ng/ml trans-3’-cotinine in spiked serum.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors thank Ms. Simonetta Di Carlo, Mrs. Antonella Bacosi and Ms. AnnaRita Passa for technical assistance, and Dr. Carla Balestreri for the preparation of the manuscript. This study was supported in part by Grant No. 361 from Minister0 delle Finanze, Monopoli di Stato. REFERENCES
1 H. McKennis, Jr., S. L. Schwartz Chem., 239 (1964) 3990. 2 P. Jacob,
III, N. L. Benowitz
J. Biol.
Pharmacol.
and A. T. Shulgin,
Biochem. Behav., 30 (1988) 249. 3 E. Dagne 356.
and N. Castagnoli,
4 G. B. Neurath,
M. Dunger,
Jr., J. Med. Chem., 15 (1972) D. Orth
and F. G. Pein, Znt.
Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 59 (1987) 199. 5 J. Moore,
and N. Sinclair, J. Pharm. Biomed.
M. Greenwood
Anal., 8 (1990) 1051. 6 R. D. Barlow,
P. A. Thompson
and R. B. Stone, J. Chroma-
togr., 419 (1987) 375. 7 G. A. Kyerematen, deBethizy
M. L. Morgan,
B. Chattopadhyay,
J. D.
and E. S. Vesell, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 48 (1990)
641. 8 S. O’Doherty,
A. Revans,
C. L. Smith, M. McBride
and M.
Cooke, J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. Chromatogr. Commun., 11 (1988) 723. 9 G. A. Kyerematen,
L. H. Taylor,
J. D. deBethizy
and E. S.
Vesell, J. Chromatogr., 419 (1987) 191. 10 G. B. Neurath,
M. Dunger,
0. Krenz,
D. Orth
and F. G.
Pein, Klin. Wochenschr., 66 (Suppl. XI) (1988) 2. and F. G. Pein, J. Chromatogr., 415 (1987)
11 G. B. Neurath 400. 12 P. Voncken,
G. Schepers
and K. H. Schafer,
J. Chromatogr.,
479 (1989) 410. 13 M. T. Parviainen, Savolainen,
E. V. J. Puhakainen,
J. Herranen
and R. Barlow,
R. Laatikainen,
K.
J. Chromatogr., 525
(1990) 193. 14 S. O’Doherty,
CONCLUSION
and E. R. Bowman,
A. Revans,
C. L. Smith, M. McBride
and M.
Cooke, J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. Chromatogr. Commun., 11 (1988) 723.
This method is simple and easy to perform. The main advantages are that solid-phase extraction is a reliable and quick procedure, and there is the possibility of simultaneous determination of cotinine and trans-3’-hydroxycotinine. The serum levels of these metabolites should be of great help in observational studies of nicotine intake and in bioavailability studies of transdermal nicotine systems used in smoking cessation programs.
15 R. L. Galeazzi,
P. Daenens
and M. Gugger,
Eur. J. Clin.
Pharmacol., 28 (1985) 301. 16 M. Curvall,
E. Kazemi
Vala, C. R. Enzell and J. Wahren,
Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 47 (1990) 42. 17 D. W. Sepkovic
and N. J. Haley,
Am. J. Public Health, 75
(1985) 663. 18 S. Pichini, I. Altieri, R. Pacifici, M. Rosa and P. Zuccaro, Chromatogr.. 568 (1991) 267. 19 A. Sioufi, C. Parisot,
N. Sandreman
and J. P. Dubois,
ods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol., 11 (1989) 179.
J.
Meth-
CHROMBIO.
B.V., Amsterdam
63 18
Short Communication Simultaneous determination of cotinine and tram-3’hydroxycotinine in human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography S. Pichini,
I. Altieri, R. Pacifici and M. Rosa
Clinical Biochemistry Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanitci, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome (Italy)
G. Ottaviani Istituto Medicina Legale “Aldo di Loreto”, Aereonautica Militare. Rome (Italy)
P. Zuccaro* Clinical Biochemistry Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanitci. Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome (Italy)
(First received December
IOth, 1991; revised manuscript
received
February
lOth, 1992)
ABSTRACT A high-performance of cotinine internal
liquid chromatographic
and trans-3’-hydroxycotinine
standard,
N-ethylnorcotinine,
water-methanol-O.1
M sodium
limit of quantitation
observed
useful for the determination
method
in human before
chromatography.
acetate-acetonitrile with this method
with ultraviolet
(67:24.5:6.5:2,
procedure
has been developed was performed
v/v), pH 4.3, prevented
the co-elution
1992 Elsevier Science Publishers
correlating
with nicotine
for the quantitation
for the analytes
column
was 5 ng/ml for both cotinine and trans-3’-hydroxycotinine.
of serum levels of these metabolites,
The major metabolic pathways of nicotine [l] in the mammalian species involve a series of oxidations of the pyrrolidine ring to produce more polar and pharmacologically less active compounds. The y-lactam cotinine, a major metabolite, has been reported to be further metabolized to trans-3’-hydroxycotinine (Fig. 1) [2,3]. The latter is the most abundant nicotine metabolite in 0
detection
extraction
The use of a 30-cm reversed-phase
INTRODUCTION
0378-4347/92/$05.00
photometric
serum. A solid-phase
and a mobile
and the phase
of caffeine with cotinine.
of The
The present method proved
daily intake.
the urine of habitual smokers, and its steadystate plasma concentration is second only to that of cotinine [4].
I Fig.
1. Structures
(II).
B.V. All rights reserved
II of cotinine
(I) and trans-3’.hydroxycotinine
359
SHORT COMMUNICATIONS
Several chromatographic methods have been developed to determine nicotine metabolites in biological samples [5-71. However, only a few articles describe the simultaneous quantitation of cotinine and trans-3’-hydroxycotinine [5,8,9]. The principal difficulty is the extraction of trans-3’-hydroxycotinine from aqueous media, because of its solubility in water [&lo]. In addition, determinations based on gas chromatography (GC) are usually preceded by derivatization [l l] and, if not, poor sensitivity is observed [12]. chromatographic High-performance liquid (HPLC) methods usually require the formation of a coloured complex [5,13,14]. Furthermore, assays have mostly been performed on urine samples, but rarely on blood samples. Nevertheless, plasma steady-state levels of nicotine metabolites could be used to estimate nicotine intake after both active and passive smoking [ 15,161, or to indicate compliance to a non-smoking clinical trial [17]. A radiometric HPLC assay for nicotine metabolites has been reported by Kyerematen et al. [9] in plasma samples from rats, but it appears to be of low applicability for routine determinations in humans [7]. To improve the investigation of serum concentrations of cotinine and trans-3’-hydroxycotinine in smokers, we have developed a simple, reliable isocratic method for both metabolites by HPLC with UV detection. A solid-phase extraction was performed for serum samples, using N-ethylnorcotinine as an internal standard.
tained from non-smokers who were not exposed to environmental tobacco smoke for at least seven days before the samples were taken. All samples were immediately centrifuged at 1000 g for 5 min. Serum was collected and stored at -20°C until analysis.
EXPERIMENTAL
Sample preparation
Materials
Cotinine was purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). trans-3’-Hydroxycotinine and N-ethylnorcotinine were obtained from Dr. Georg B. Neurath (Hamburg, Germany). Extrelut-1 extraction columns were from Merck (Bracco, Milan, Italy). All solvents were analytical grade. Blood samples (5 ml) from ten smokers were obtained by venipuncture with silicone-coated vacutainers. The samples were collected cu. 8 h after the last cigarette. Blank samples were ob-
High-performance
liquid chromatography
The HPLC system consisted of a Merck-Hitachi L6200 intelligent pump, a Merck-Hitachi L4200 UV-VIS detector set to 254 nm and a D2000 chromate-integrator Merck-Hitachi (Bracco). The column was a reversed-phase PBondapak Cl8 steel column (10 pm particle size, 30 cm X 3.9 mm I.D.; Waters, Milford, MA, USA). The column was equilibrated with the mobile phase for 30 min prior to analysis of samples. The mobile phase was water-methanol-O.1 M sodium acetate-acetonitrile (67:24.5:6.5:2, v/v), adjusted to pH 4.3 with acetic acid and used at a flow-rate of 1.5 mlimin. Standards and controls
Solutions of stock reference standards (1 mg/ ml, 10 pg/ml, 1 pg/ml) were prepared in methanol and stored below 0°C. Dilutions were made fresh daily for each analysis. Serum standards were prepared daily by adding known amounts of the stock standards to drug-free human serum; these standards were used to create calibration curves as a control.
A 0.5-ml aliquot of serum, with 100 ~1 of Nethylnorcotinine (3 pg/ml) and 0.4 ml of 0.5 M sodium hydroxide added, was placed in a glass tube, shaken on a vortex-mixer, and transferred to an Extrelut 1 glass column, which was preconditioned with 5 ml of dichloromethane the day before. After 5 min, the analytes were eluted under the force of gravity with 5 ml of dichloromethane. The organic phase was evaporated to dryness under nitrogen and redissolved in 100 ~1 of mobile,phase. A 20-~1 volume was injected into the HPLC column.
360
RESULTS
SHORT
COMMUNICATIONS
AND DISCUSSION
Extraction procedure
Solid-phase extraction was used in preference to classical liquid-liquid extraction under alkaline conditions. Using the procedures described in literature [7,11,12], we did not obtain a good recovery of trans-3’-hydroxycotinine. Furthermore, the reproducibility of the extraction was not satisfactory. Extrelut pre-packed columns, filled with special diatomaceous earth, are able to absorb and retain hydrophilic fluids, and release low-molecular-mass compounds on elution with organic solvents. We modified an extraction procedure with Extrelut columns for serum cotinine [18,19] by using serum alkalization with 0.5 M sodium hydroxide and dichloromethane for the extraction of the analytes. The day before sample extraction, we conditioned the columns with dichloromethane because we noticed that, without this procedure, the elution was too fast and the recovery of the analytes decreased. Furthermore, serum was not retained. Other concentrations of sodium hydroxide led to a decrease in the percentage recovery of trans-3’-hydroxycotinine and the appearance of an interfering peak. Dichloromethane was found to be the best extraction solvent. High-performance
min Fig. 3. Chromatogram
from
truns-3’-hydroxycotinine
(80 ng/ml); 2 = cotinine
(200 ng/ml); 3
= caffeine (380 mg/ml);
4 = N-ethylnorcotinine
( 3 pg/ml)
a smoker’s
serum.
Peaks:
TABLE
I DAILY
INTAKE
TION OF COTININE
Subject
AND
AND SERUM
Concentration
Nicotine
CONCENTRA-
trans-3’-HYDROXYCOTININE
(ng/ml)
daily intake
I
(mg per day)
Cotinine
trans-3’Hydroxycotinine
--I----G
061;
0-2
062
min Fig. 2. Chromatograms of (a) reagent blank, (b) extract of 0.5-m] serum blank sample from a non-smoker, and (c) extract of 0.5-ml serum sample spiked with 200 ng/ml trans-3’-hydroxycotinine (l), 200 ng/ml cotinine
(2) and 3 pg/ml N-ethylnorcotinine
(3).
1 =
spiked serum sample is presented in Fig. 2: the retention times were 3.3, 6.0 and 9.1 min, respectively. To optimize the separation of the analytes on the reversed-phase column, we investigated the effect of pH in the range 4. I-5.0. We found that a pH value of 4.3 gave the best separation of the substances, and prevented the coelution of cotinine with caffeine, which was present in 80% of our serum samples (Fig. 3.). The limit of quantitation observed with this method was 5 ng/ml for cotinine (coefficient of
1
C
b
6
NICOTINE
liquid chromatography
A typical chromatogram of trans-3’-hydroxycotinine, cotinine and N-ethylnorcotinine in a a
‘1;
0
1
11.0
145.0
18.1
2
10.0
110.0
61.2
3 4
16.0 8.8
279.0 128.0
64.0 43.3
5
20.0
175.0
6
11.0
120.0
61.0 61.2
7
14.3
179.0
25.0
8 9
16.5 8.0 13.0
182.0 161.0 129.0
28.1 41 .o
160.8 f 48.9
49.0 f 21.5
10 Mean
f
SD.
12.9 f
3.8
87.0
SHORT
361
COMMUNICATIONS
variation = 8%) and 5 ng/ml for tram-3’-hydroxycotinine (coefficient of variation = 12%). At a detection wavelength of 254 nm and using the solid-phase extraction described, nicotine (retention time 2.7 min) was not detectable below the concentration of 200 ng/ml. An example of the method’s application was the determination of cotinine and tram-3’-hydroxycotinine in the serum from ten smokers. Table I shows serum levels of the compounds (ng/ml) compared with nicotine daily intake (mg per day), calculated from the number of cigarettes smoked per day and the mass of nicotine per cigarette. Calibration curves, recovery and precision
The calibration curves of the peak-height ratio of analytes to the internal standard (‘y) verms the concentration of the analytes (x) were prepared and checked daily from spiked serum carried through the entire procedure; they were linear over the range 5-500 ng/ml (regression equations: y = 0.59x - 0.04, r = 0.997, for continine, and y = 1.l lx + 0.004, r = 0.999, for tram-3’hydroxycotinine. Over the concentration ranges tested in the analysis, recoveries were 88-90% for cotinine and 5&55% for trans-3’-hydroxycotinine. The analytical imprecision was determined from analyses of five spiked serum samples performed for up to six days. The within-day and between-day coefficients of variation were 2.8 and 4.1% for 200 ng/ml cotinine, and 4.1 and 6.2% for 200 ng/ml trans-3’-cotinine in spiked serum.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors thank Ms. Simonetta Di Carlo, Mrs. Antonella Bacosi and Ms. AnnaRita Passa for technical assistance, and Dr. Carla Balestreri for the preparation of the manuscript. This study was supported in part by Grant No. 361 from Minister0 delle Finanze, Monopoli di Stato. REFERENCES
1 H. McKennis, Jr., S. L. Schwartz Chem., 239 (1964) 3990. 2 P. Jacob,
III, N. L. Benowitz
J. Biol.
Pharmacol.
and A. T. Shulgin,
Biochem. Behav., 30 (1988) 249. 3 E. Dagne 356.
and N. Castagnoli,
4 G. B. Neurath,
M. Dunger,
Jr., J. Med. Chem., 15 (1972) D. Orth
and F. G. Pein, Znt.
Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 59 (1987) 199. 5 J. Moore,
and N. Sinclair, J. Pharm. Biomed.
M. Greenwood
Anal., 8 (1990) 1051. 6 R. D. Barlow,
P. A. Thompson
and R. B. Stone, J. Chroma-
togr., 419 (1987) 375. 7 G. A. Kyerematen, deBethizy
M. L. Morgan,
B. Chattopadhyay,
J. D.
and E. S. Vesell, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 48 (1990)
641. 8 S. O’Doherty,
A. Revans,
C. L. Smith, M. McBride
and M.
Cooke, J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. Chromatogr. Commun., 11 (1988) 723. 9 G. A. Kyerematen,
L. H. Taylor,
J. D. deBethizy
and E. S.
Vesell, J. Chromatogr., 419 (1987) 191. 10 G. B. Neurath,
M. Dunger,
0. Krenz,
D. Orth
and F. G.
Pein, Klin. Wochenschr., 66 (Suppl. XI) (1988) 2. and F. G. Pein, J. Chromatogr., 415 (1987)
11 G. B. Neurath 400. 12 P. Voncken,
G. Schepers
and K. H. Schafer,
J. Chromatogr.,
479 (1989) 410. 13 M. T. Parviainen, Savolainen,
E. V. J. Puhakainen,
J. Herranen
and R. Barlow,
R. Laatikainen,
K.
J. Chromatogr., 525
(1990) 193. 14 S. O’Doherty,
CONCLUSION
and E. R. Bowman,
A. Revans,
C. L. Smith, M. McBride
and M.
Cooke, J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. Chromatogr. Commun., 11 (1988) 723.
This method is simple and easy to perform. The main advantages are that solid-phase extraction is a reliable and quick procedure, and there is the possibility of simultaneous determination of cotinine and trans-3’-hydroxycotinine. The serum levels of these metabolites should be of great help in observational studies of nicotine intake and in bioavailability studies of transdermal nicotine systems used in smoking cessation programs.
15 R. L. Galeazzi,
P. Daenens
and M. Gugger,
Eur. J. Clin.
Pharmacol., 28 (1985) 301. 16 M. Curvall,
E. Kazemi
Vala, C. R. Enzell and J. Wahren,
Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 47 (1990) 42. 17 D. W. Sepkovic
and N. J. Haley,
Am. J. Public Health, 75
(1985) 663. 18 S. Pichini, I. Altieri, R. Pacifici, M. Rosa and P. Zuccaro, Chromatogr.. 568 (1991) 267. 19 A. Sioufi, C. Parisot,
N. Sandreman
and J. P. Dubois,
ods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol., 11 (1989) 179.
J.
Meth-
