Letters to Editor
Thus to conclude, the anesthetic management of the present patient was challenging, but successful due to meticulously executed peri-operative care. Vanita Ahuja, Satinder Gombar, Deepak Singla Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India Address for correspondence: Dr. Vanita Ahuja, Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Government Medical College and Hospital, Sector 32, Chandigarh, India. E-mail: [email protected]
References 1. 2. 3.
4.
5. 6. 7. 8.
9. 10.
11. 12.
13.
14.
Schuchat A. The state of immunization 2013: We are the world. S D Med 2013;Spec no:27-32. Lambert DA, Giannouli E, Schmidt BJ. Postpolio syndrome and anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2005;103:638-44. Srivastava VK, Laisram N, Srivastava RK. Immunization status in paralytic poliomyelitis – A hospital based study. Indian Pediatr 1989;26:430-3. Jagadeesh A, Manjunath N, Rao VR, Sathyakumari SA. Anaesthetic management of closed mitral valvotomy for severe mitral stenosis with traumatic kyphoscoliosis. Indian J Anaesth 2010;54:62-4. Fischer DA. Sleep-disordered breathing as a late effect of poliomyelitis. Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser 1987;23:115-20. Buchholz DW, Jones B. Post-polio dysphagia: Alarm or caution? Orthopedics 1991;14:1303-5. Sonies BC, Dalakas MC. Dysphagia in patients with the post-polio syndrome. N Engl J Med 1991;324:1162-7. Driscoll BP, Gracco C, Coelho C, Goldstein J, Oshima K, Tierney E, et al. Laryngeal function in postpolio patients. Laryngoscope 1995;105:35-41. Bruno RL, Cohen JM, Galski T, Frick NM. The neuroanatomy of post-polio fatigue. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1994;75:498-504. Schwartz JJ. Skin and musculoskeletal diseases. In: Paul AK, adapting editor. Stoelting’s Anesthesia and Co-existing Disease. 5th ed. India: Elsevier; 2010. p. 505. Gyermek L. Increased potency of nondepolarizing relaxants after poliomyelitis. J Clin Pharmacol 1990;30:170-3. Magi E, Recine C, Klockenbusch B, Cascianini EA. A postoperative respiratory arrest in a post poliomyelitis patient. Anaesthesia 2003;58:98-9. Hebl JR, Horlocker TT, Schroeder DR. Neuraxial anesthesia and analgesia in patients with preexisting central nervous system disorders. Anesth Analg 2006;103:223-8. Costello JF, Balki M. Cesarean delivery under ultrasoundguided spinal anesthesia [corrected] in a parturient with poliomyelitis and Harrington instrumentation. Can J Anaesth 2008;55:606-11. Access this article online Quick Response Code:
Website: www.joacp.org
DOI: 10.4103/0970-9185.155206
268
Simulation Based Learning: Indian Perspective To the Editor, I am writing to you in response to an editorial by Pankaj Kundra and Anusha Cherian entitled, “Simulation Based Learning — An Indian Perspective.”[1] I would like to start off by stating that I could not agree more with what the authors have to say with regard to the resistance faced in India in incorporating simulation-based learning in the training curriculum as the thought process has always been “let’s do a bunch of simulations for resident × as he seems to have a knowledge gap.” The real value of simulation is in fostering adult learning as the authors point out. Adult learning is a very different and distinct form of learning and the medical community at large has to accept this before simulation-based learning is accepted whole heartedly. I make reference here to Malcolm Shepherd Knowles,[2] a famous American educator who was also very well known for using the term andragogy as synonymous to adult learning. He proposed the five assumptions of adult learning as below: 1. Self-concept: As a person matures his/her self-concept moves from one of being a dependent personality toward one of being a self-directed human being. 2. Adult learner experience: As a person matures he/she accumulates a growing reservoir of experience that becomes an increasing resource for learning. 3. Readiness to learn: As a person matures his/her readiness to learn becomes oriented increasingly to the developmental tasks of his/her social roles. 4. Orientation to learning: As a person matures his/her time perspective changes from one of postponed application of knowledge to immediacy of application, and accordingly his/her orientation toward learning shifts from one of subject-centeredness to one of problem-centeredness. 5. Motivation to learn: As a person matures the motivation to learn is internal. Based on these assumptions, he also suggested four principles that are applied to adult learning as below: 1. Adults need to be involved in the planning and evaluation of their instruction. 2. Experience (including mistakes) provides the basis for the learning activities. 3. Adults are most interested in learning subjects that have immediate relevance and impact to their job or personal life.
Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology | April-June 2015 | Vol 31 | Issue 2
Letters to Editor
4. Adult learning is problem-centered rather than content-oriented.[3]
that we could reach the higher levels of thinking skills like synthesis and evaluation.
If the medical community wants to really educate the adult learners and wants to incorporate simulation based learning, we need buy in — not only from the educators and program directors but more importantly from the trainees themselves, and this is a bigger challenge facing simulation-based learning in my opinion. One way of making this happen more consistently is to educate our trainees that when they come in for a simulation-based learning experience, we all work with a basic assumption that all personnel visiting the simulation center are intelligent, knowledgeable and genuinely have a desire to improve and keep getting better at what they do. This brings us to the question, what really are we trying to teach with simulation-based learning?
I also agree to a great extent on the fact that the debriefing after simulation is really the most important aspect of simulation-based education and this offers a very unique atmosphere wherein the participants can discuss without fear of retaliation as well as without any potential harm to one of our patients. And the beauty of this is that you really do not need the most advanced simulation equipment or dummy to accomplish the goals of simulation-based learning effectively even though we wrongly think that we can’t incorporate simulation-based training in our curriculum because we don’t have a big enough simulation center or our simulation equipment is a little dated. As one of my teachers during a simulation instructor course put it “the meat is in the content dummy, not the dummy, dummy!”
The answer to this question is not simple. Most simulation centers and simulation-based activities in the field of anesthesiology are focused around creating scenarios of rare but serious events in the operating room (OR) like malignant hyperthermia, cardiac arrest in the OR, local anesthetic systemic toxicity and so on. This is done with the intent that the trainee will have been exposed to this complication in the simulation setting with the aim that they will be able to deal with this better when a situation similar to this presents in real life. The further questions that remain unanswered with this approach are if this approach really works and how many sessions do we need — is one exposure early in training to one of these scenarios enough to foster adequate memory and judgment for the future or do we need to do repeated sessions at regular intervals?
Tejinder Singh Swaran Singh Department of Anesthesiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA Address for correspondence: Dr. Tejinder Singh Swaran Singh, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52245, USA. E-mail: [email protected]
References 1 2. 3. 4.
Bloom described a continuum of stages of learning from the lower order thinking skills to higher order thinking skills as follows: Knowledge, comprehension, analysis, application, synthesis, and evaluation. Anderson et al.[5] revised this taxonomy in 2001 using the following stages: Remembering, understanding, analyzing, applying, evaluating and creating. Also, specific scenarios and testing if the trainee knows how to manage a particular complication is working at a low level per Bloom’s taxonomy. If we work with the basic assumption as mentioned above, there is not much point in scenarios of this kind for an individual trainee as they tend to test the knowledge base working at the lower end of the thinking skills spectrum. Simulation should ideally be used to foster the analyzing/applying skills because if we can help trainees/practitioners get better at this level, it will foster appropriate skill sets to ensure [4]
5.
Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology | April-June 2015 | Vol 31 | Issue 2
Kundra P, Cherian A. Simulation based learning: Indian perspective. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2014;30:457-8. Knowles M. The Adult Learner: A Neglected Species. 3rd ed. Houston, TX: Gulf Publishing; 1984. Kearsley G. Andragogy (M. Knowles). The theory into practice database. Retrieved from http://tip.psychology org; 2010. Bloom BS. Reflections on the development and use of the taxonomy. In: Rehage KJ, Anderson LW, Sosniak LA, editors. Bloom’s Taxonomy: A Forty-year Retrospective. Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education. Chicago: National Society for the Study of Education; 1994. p. 93. Airasian PW, Cruikshank KA, Mayer RE, Pintrich PR, James R, Wittrock MC. In: Anderson LW, Krathwohl DR, editors. A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing: A Revision of Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. Boston: Allyn and Bacon; 2000.
Access this article online Quick Response Code:
Website: www.joacp.org
DOI: 10.4103/0970-9185.155207
269
Copyright of Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology is the property of Medknow Publications & Media Pvt. Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.
Thus to conclude, the anesthetic management of the present patient was challenging, but successful due to meticulously executed peri-operative care. Vanita Ahuja, Satinder Gombar, Deepak Singla Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India Address for correspondence: Dr. Vanita Ahuja, Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Government Medical College and Hospital, Sector 32, Chandigarh, India. E-mail: [email protected]
References 1. 2. 3.
4.
5. 6. 7. 8.
9. 10.
11. 12.
13.
14.
Schuchat A. The state of immunization 2013: We are the world. S D Med 2013;Spec no:27-32. Lambert DA, Giannouli E, Schmidt BJ. Postpolio syndrome and anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2005;103:638-44. Srivastava VK, Laisram N, Srivastava RK. Immunization status in paralytic poliomyelitis – A hospital based study. Indian Pediatr 1989;26:430-3. Jagadeesh A, Manjunath N, Rao VR, Sathyakumari SA. Anaesthetic management of closed mitral valvotomy for severe mitral stenosis with traumatic kyphoscoliosis. Indian J Anaesth 2010;54:62-4. Fischer DA. Sleep-disordered breathing as a late effect of poliomyelitis. Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser 1987;23:115-20. Buchholz DW, Jones B. Post-polio dysphagia: Alarm or caution? Orthopedics 1991;14:1303-5. Sonies BC, Dalakas MC. Dysphagia in patients with the post-polio syndrome. N Engl J Med 1991;324:1162-7. Driscoll BP, Gracco C, Coelho C, Goldstein J, Oshima K, Tierney E, et al. Laryngeal function in postpolio patients. Laryngoscope 1995;105:35-41. Bruno RL, Cohen JM, Galski T, Frick NM. The neuroanatomy of post-polio fatigue. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1994;75:498-504. Schwartz JJ. Skin and musculoskeletal diseases. In: Paul AK, adapting editor. Stoelting’s Anesthesia and Co-existing Disease. 5th ed. India: Elsevier; 2010. p. 505. Gyermek L. Increased potency of nondepolarizing relaxants after poliomyelitis. J Clin Pharmacol 1990;30:170-3. Magi E, Recine C, Klockenbusch B, Cascianini EA. A postoperative respiratory arrest in a post poliomyelitis patient. Anaesthesia 2003;58:98-9. Hebl JR, Horlocker TT, Schroeder DR. Neuraxial anesthesia and analgesia in patients with preexisting central nervous system disorders. Anesth Analg 2006;103:223-8. Costello JF, Balki M. Cesarean delivery under ultrasoundguided spinal anesthesia [corrected] in a parturient with poliomyelitis and Harrington instrumentation. Can J Anaesth 2008;55:606-11. Access this article online Quick Response Code:
Website: www.joacp.org
DOI: 10.4103/0970-9185.155206
268
Simulation Based Learning: Indian Perspective To the Editor, I am writing to you in response to an editorial by Pankaj Kundra and Anusha Cherian entitled, “Simulation Based Learning — An Indian Perspective.”[1] I would like to start off by stating that I could not agree more with what the authors have to say with regard to the resistance faced in India in incorporating simulation-based learning in the training curriculum as the thought process has always been “let’s do a bunch of simulations for resident × as he seems to have a knowledge gap.” The real value of simulation is in fostering adult learning as the authors point out. Adult learning is a very different and distinct form of learning and the medical community at large has to accept this before simulation-based learning is accepted whole heartedly. I make reference here to Malcolm Shepherd Knowles,[2] a famous American educator who was also very well known for using the term andragogy as synonymous to adult learning. He proposed the five assumptions of adult learning as below: 1. Self-concept: As a person matures his/her self-concept moves from one of being a dependent personality toward one of being a self-directed human being. 2. Adult learner experience: As a person matures he/she accumulates a growing reservoir of experience that becomes an increasing resource for learning. 3. Readiness to learn: As a person matures his/her readiness to learn becomes oriented increasingly to the developmental tasks of his/her social roles. 4. Orientation to learning: As a person matures his/her time perspective changes from one of postponed application of knowledge to immediacy of application, and accordingly his/her orientation toward learning shifts from one of subject-centeredness to one of problem-centeredness. 5. Motivation to learn: As a person matures the motivation to learn is internal. Based on these assumptions, he also suggested four principles that are applied to adult learning as below: 1. Adults need to be involved in the planning and evaluation of their instruction. 2. Experience (including mistakes) provides the basis for the learning activities. 3. Adults are most interested in learning subjects that have immediate relevance and impact to their job or personal life.
Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology | April-June 2015 | Vol 31 | Issue 2
Letters to Editor
4. Adult learning is problem-centered rather than content-oriented.[3]
that we could reach the higher levels of thinking skills like synthesis and evaluation.
If the medical community wants to really educate the adult learners and wants to incorporate simulation based learning, we need buy in — not only from the educators and program directors but more importantly from the trainees themselves, and this is a bigger challenge facing simulation-based learning in my opinion. One way of making this happen more consistently is to educate our trainees that when they come in for a simulation-based learning experience, we all work with a basic assumption that all personnel visiting the simulation center are intelligent, knowledgeable and genuinely have a desire to improve and keep getting better at what they do. This brings us to the question, what really are we trying to teach with simulation-based learning?
I also agree to a great extent on the fact that the debriefing after simulation is really the most important aspect of simulation-based education and this offers a very unique atmosphere wherein the participants can discuss without fear of retaliation as well as without any potential harm to one of our patients. And the beauty of this is that you really do not need the most advanced simulation equipment or dummy to accomplish the goals of simulation-based learning effectively even though we wrongly think that we can’t incorporate simulation-based training in our curriculum because we don’t have a big enough simulation center or our simulation equipment is a little dated. As one of my teachers during a simulation instructor course put it “the meat is in the content dummy, not the dummy, dummy!”
The answer to this question is not simple. Most simulation centers and simulation-based activities in the field of anesthesiology are focused around creating scenarios of rare but serious events in the operating room (OR) like malignant hyperthermia, cardiac arrest in the OR, local anesthetic systemic toxicity and so on. This is done with the intent that the trainee will have been exposed to this complication in the simulation setting with the aim that they will be able to deal with this better when a situation similar to this presents in real life. The further questions that remain unanswered with this approach are if this approach really works and how many sessions do we need — is one exposure early in training to one of these scenarios enough to foster adequate memory and judgment for the future or do we need to do repeated sessions at regular intervals?
Tejinder Singh Swaran Singh Department of Anesthesiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA Address for correspondence: Dr. Tejinder Singh Swaran Singh, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52245, USA. E-mail: [email protected]
References 1 2. 3. 4.
Bloom described a continuum of stages of learning from the lower order thinking skills to higher order thinking skills as follows: Knowledge, comprehension, analysis, application, synthesis, and evaluation. Anderson et al.[5] revised this taxonomy in 2001 using the following stages: Remembering, understanding, analyzing, applying, evaluating and creating. Also, specific scenarios and testing if the trainee knows how to manage a particular complication is working at a low level per Bloom’s taxonomy. If we work with the basic assumption as mentioned above, there is not much point in scenarios of this kind for an individual trainee as they tend to test the knowledge base working at the lower end of the thinking skills spectrum. Simulation should ideally be used to foster the analyzing/applying skills because if we can help trainees/practitioners get better at this level, it will foster appropriate skill sets to ensure [4]
5.
Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology | April-June 2015 | Vol 31 | Issue 2
Kundra P, Cherian A. Simulation based learning: Indian perspective. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2014;30:457-8. Knowles M. The Adult Learner: A Neglected Species. 3rd ed. Houston, TX: Gulf Publishing; 1984. Kearsley G. Andragogy (M. Knowles). The theory into practice database. Retrieved from http://tip.psychology org; 2010. Bloom BS. Reflections on the development and use of the taxonomy. In: Rehage KJ, Anderson LW, Sosniak LA, editors. Bloom’s Taxonomy: A Forty-year Retrospective. Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education. Chicago: National Society for the Study of Education; 1994. p. 93. Airasian PW, Cruikshank KA, Mayer RE, Pintrich PR, James R, Wittrock MC. In: Anderson LW, Krathwohl DR, editors. A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing: A Revision of Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. Boston: Allyn and Bacon; 2000.
Access this article online Quick Response Code:
Website: www.joacp.org
DOI: 10.4103/0970-9185.155207
269
Copyright of Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology is the property of Medknow Publications & Media Pvt. Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.
