Serologic Survey for Selected Arboviruses and Other Potential Pathogens in Wildlife from Mexico Author(s): A. Alonso Aguirre, Robert G. McLean, Robert S. Cook, and Thomas J. Quan Source: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 28(3):435-442. Published By: Wildlife Disease Association DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-28.3.435 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.7589/0090-3558-28.3.435

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SHORT

COMMUNICATIONS Journal

of Wildlife

Diseases,

28(3),

© Wildlife

Serologic

Survey

Pathogens

for Selected

in Wildlife

from

A. Alonso Aguirre,3 Robert G. McLean,2 Wildlife Biology, Colorado State University, Diseases, Center for Infectious Collins, Colorado 80522, USA, 105, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4802,

Arboviruses

and Other

pp. 43.5-442

1992,

Disease

Association

1992

Potential

Mexico Robert S. Cook,’ and Thomas J. Quan,2 Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA; 2 Division

Department of Fishery and of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Public Health Service, P.O. Box 2087, Fort Present address: Oregon State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Magruder USA. Correspondence to: A. Alonso Aguirre, P.O. Box 1522, Fort Collins, Colorado 1

80522.

During 1988 and 1989, a serologic wildlife was conducted in northeastern Mexico to determine the presence, prevalence, and distribution of arboviruses and other selected disease agents. Eighty mammal specimens were tested. Antibodies to vesicular sto-

Much

ABSTRACT:

survey

of

matitis-Indiana, tis-Mena

II,

Rio

Venezuelan Grande

Jersey

has

been

serologic

surveys.

A

number

such

tion,

equine encephalivirus, and vesicular

as

antivector

bias

may

rology

were

results.

ping

viremia

the

technique

bias

these limiting are considered

veys reveal

evidence

apparent

of the infections

have

not been

detected.

disease

vertebrates

in Mexico (De

have

in that

country.

of

been

Mexico.

has

about

area. in wild

been

previously 1963;

from

example,

isolated of

wildlife

Varela Yersinia

Mexican

plague

we know

for was

and pestis

prairie

trapped

demonstrating

that sy!vatic However,

of

determined

is known

mexicanus)

Coahuila,

time

surthey

presence

be

reported For

spleens

(Cynomys

Also, may

M ucha-Macias,

(1954)

from

serologic in that

1969; Scherer et al., 1971; al., 1972b). Other disease

et

agents

flock trap-

composition

in a geographic of arboviruses

documented

Vazquez

the

information

a specific disease The prevalence

Campillo-Sainz, Dickerman

of

a single Also, the

presence of disease and clinical cases

agents

limited

when

of se-

distribution

factors, important

when selected

and

resulting in a non-repof wildlife tested. De-

of

spite

dura-

longevity

limitation

size

may

factors,

and

and

Samples from be insufficient.

the collection, resentative sample

from

of titer

Another

includes

about

aquired

behavior,

the samples. or herd may

435

known

in wildlife

however,

detected predominately in small mammals. Deer and mouflon (Ovis musimon) had antibodies to bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease. Two species had serologic evidence of recent exposure to Francisella tularensis. A white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) had antibodies to Anaplasma marginale. All specimens tested for antibodies against Yersinia pestis and Brucella abort us were negative. Sera from 315 birds were tested for antibody against five equine encephalitis viruses and six avian pathogens. During 1988, antibodies to Venezuelan equine encephalitis-Mena II, Venezuelan equine encephalitisTC83, St. Louis encephalitis, eastern equine encephalitis, and western equine encephalitis were detected in birds of several species. Antibodies to Pasteurella multocida and Newcastle disease virus were also detected. Birds from five species presented antibodies to Mycoplasma meleagridis. Specimens tested for M. gallisepticum, M. synoviae, and Chiamydia psittaci were negative. To the best of our knowledge, this survey represents the first serologic evidence of bluetongue, Cache Valley virus, epizootic hemorrhagic disease, Jamestown Canyon virus, vesicular stomatitis-Indiana, vesicular stomatitisNew Jersey, Rio Grande virus, and tularemia reported among wildlife in Mexico. Key words: Arboviruses, avian cholera, disease survey, Newcastle disease, tularemia, wildlife. stomatitis-New

of the information

diseases

dogs

in the

State

the

first

present

of no serologic

in

436

JOURNAL

OF WILDLIFE

DISEASES,

VOL. 28, NO. 3, JULY

1992

the time of this species

survey,

were

several

wild-caught

temporarily

held

in

corrals

and pens at Rancho San Francisco, Coahuila. For the purposes of this study, a wild-caught captive animal included any mammal or bird held in week or longer. Wild birds using mist of 560 net

nets hours

net operated et a!., 1989). hr.

Mist

1.

Study

collected

Mexico

areas

from

from

which

wildlife

for

serum

survey,

1988-89.

by surveys

performed

in

since that time. was to determine, the

vey,

presence

boviruses resident Mexico. The

The

wildlife

in

and

prevalence

and other potential wildlife species from study

Coahuila, Republic

areas,

Mexico

objective of this through a serologic

located

study surof

ar-

pathogens northeastern in the

in

states

of

Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas, of Mexico (Fig. 1), have been

previously

described

Mammals

and

(Bennett

birds were

et a!.,

captured

1991).

in all

specimens moved, ice. were

summers.

mammals were with ketamine tories, Syracuse, recommended

Carnivores

and

chemically (Ketaset, New dosages

other

the large

immobilized Bristol Labora-

York 66201, (Jessup,

USA) 1982).

and tested tralization

(McLean every

1 to

2

3 days

nesting

on day. were

boxes

by test

or

hand

centrifuged, in vials and

sera frozen

were on

redry

neu1989)

1985,

following (SLE)

arbo(TBH-

equine encephalitis Venezuelan equine (TC83,

1E strain), (WEE)

vesicular

taken radial,

serum specimens at 56 C for 30 mm

the plaque-reduction (McLean et a!.,

(VEE)

at

allowed to clot and at 4 C. After blood

28 strain), eastern (EEE) (NJ-160 strain), Mena II, cephalitis

by

(0.5-10 ml) were from the heart,

for antibody against the viruses: St. Louis encephalitis

lAB

strain

western (Fleming

and

equine enM I-2959B

stomatitis-Indiana

(VSV-

In) (lab strain), vesicular stomatitis-New Jersey (VSV-NJ) (Haze!hurst strain), epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) (New Jersey strain), bluetongue (BT) [BT-13 (6741B) and BT-17 strains], Cache Valley virus (CV) (M23355 strain), Jamestown Canyon virus

virus

(JC)

(NEP)

Grande Samples at At

for a total 12-m mist

captured

In the laboratory, heat-inactivated

strain),

two

in

were a spotlight.

were placed

this study were similar to those described by Sudia et al. (1970). Sherman traps and leghold traps for mammals were operated for not more than 3 days in the same study area and were visited once a day early in the morning. An average of 41 Sherman five leg-hold trap-nights a 65-day period over

for

tarsal or jugular veins, refrigerated overnight

encephalitis

and during

set

Blood specimens venipuncture

study areas from 18 May to 8 August 1988 and 10 June to 11 August 1989. Capture techniques and field procedures used in

trap-nights were used

were

a

ground nests (Markum and Ba!1989a, b). A number of nesting whistling ducks (Dendrocyg-

na autumnalis) night using

samples

serologic

level one

1 hr of daylight) were checked

captured

while on dassarre, black-bellied FIGuRE

Nets

=

sites from 8:00 to 17:00 each and other birds species

manually

were

for

nets

the study Waterfowl

at ground (1 net hr

captivity for were captured

(61V2235 (HBL7-2BG

strain),

Nepuyo

strain),

and

Rio

virus (RG) (TBM4-719 strain). presenting a linear neutralization

index

of

pared

with

100.8 log controls

of plaque were

counts considered

compos-

SHORT

itive

et a!.,

(McLean

sive hemagglutmnation hemagglutination

1985,

pestis 16

were

sure.

antibodies Hudson,

against Y. 1974). Titers

indicative

antibodies Titers

provide

evidence

(Stewart,

of

Francisella considered

Pasteurella

ing the Systems,

multocida antibodies ELISA Antibody Inc., Portland,

USA).

Values (S/P)

for

samples

ratio

evidence

Bird

to

Health

Reference

50010,

USA)

Animal (Ames,

exposure

M.

gallisepticum,

M.

synoviae,

psittaci.

Serum

during

summer

1989

gallisepticum by the stained

were

and M. antigen

test

and

samples synoviae rapid

(Intervet

14 families

America

and

21 species

against 13 F. tularensis,

marginale.

Results antigens 1. During

arboviral in Table

Francisco

VSV-NJ

Inc.,

to

seven Of

VSV-In.

antibodies

to

bodies

to

were

present

nated by VEE-TC83

for serologic in mammals 1988,

species

these,

both

enzootic

in small strain

six viruses. strain

seven

to

Y.

of

tested

12

for A.

tests for are listed species

In

three

titers

B.

315

(128)

abortus

birds

were

F.

to

serum had to A. marof exposure in

of 24

tested

for

six

other

and

the

mam-

families

14 species

and

antibody

to

selected

2). During

(Table

from

me phihad di-

tested.

summer

had

five

avian 1988,

serologic

evidetwo vi-

rus antibodies were also identified in two species for both years. A scaled quail (Cal-

species and

in 27 species had

no

of birds.

antibodies

Newcastle

disease.

dence of exposure synoviae and C.

Birds

No

to M. psittaci

of at least

prior to the the mammal

Previous

II

to

Mexico (Scherer Gonzalez-Cortes strain

of VEE

serologic

evi-

was

M.

identified

that

in

trans-

occurred

of 1988 and 1989 tested in northeastern evidence

was

in

of exposure

viruses in wild and has been reported and et a!.,

virus

18

cholera

gallisepticum,

12 arboviruses

summers species

encephalitis mammals

from

to avian

the bird specimens tested. The present study indicates

equine mestic

predomi-

mammals. Antibody was detected in

from

arboviruses

Mexico. anti-

VEE-Mena

species

to

presented 1988,

and

specimens

species

mission

from

antibodies had antibody species

significant

pestis

malian

found mammals

were

Desert

lipepla squamata) had a positive titer of 160 to M. meleagridis. No serologic evidence to selected arboviral antigens was

Mills-

selected arboviruses, B. abortus, and

presented

and

M.

antibodies plate agglu-

boro, Delaware 19966, USA). Serum specimens from 80 antibody Y. pestis,

Chlafor

disease.

dence to the enzootic strain of VEE-Mena II. Antibodies to P. multocida were tected in five bird species in 1988 and bird species in 1989. Newcastle disease

obtained

tested

species with to both BT

tularensis. A white-tailed deer serologic evidence of exposure ginale. There was no evidence

birds

Iowa

to

mydia

to hemorrhagic

pathogens

1988

to test for serologic evidence Myco plasma meleagridis,

of

tination

in

National

Laboratory

negative

Sera

ex-

obtained

the

ed

44

previous

the only of exposure

and EHD. During 1989, two of sheep (Ovis musimon) had anto BT. All other ungulate sera test-

tibodies

posi-

considered

of

specimens

submitted

known

was

evidence

agnostically

Newcastle

were

texanus)

serologic

10) and a striped skunk (Mephitis tis) trapped during summer 1988,

tested by usKit (Agritech Maine 04101, to

0.2

of

providing

posure.

San

U.S.

against margin-

and

were Test

virus

were

from

of antibodies Ana plasma

ginianus

cottontail (Sylvilagus auduboni) was the only species with serologic evidence to NEP (1/6). Jackrabbits (Lepus calif ornicus) (3/

of Agriculture Brucellosis (Denver, Colorado 80211,

disease

as not

tuto

to the

deer and two species of all the ruminants tested deer (Odocoileus vir-

six mouflon

exposure

submitted

437

species including lagomorphs. From in 1988, white-tailed

serotypes

used

specimens

were

USA) for the detection Brucella abortus and

tive

expo-

was

previous

Serum

species

Department Laboratory

test

against 128 were

1988).

ungulate

ale.

of

micro-agglutination

to detect larensis.

pas-

inhibition

considered

The

The

and passive control test

used to detect (Wolff and

were

1989).

test

COMMUNICA11ONS

Dickerman, 1975). An isolated

to doin

1972; endemic

from

opos-

438

JOURNAL

1.

TABLE

OF WILDLIFE

DISEASES,

VOL. 28, NO. 3, JULY

Serologic results of wild test in Mexico, 1988-89.

tralization

VSV-

vSV-

NJ’

In

Species”

tested

mammals

1992

for

selected

vEETC83

VEEMena

arboviruses

IF

by

WEE

SLE

the

plaque

cv

reduction

neu-

RG’

JC’

1988 Rancho

San

Francisco

Urocyon teus

clnereoargen-

Ursus

americanusd

Procyon

lotor

Mephitis

mephitis

rufusd

Lynx

Taya.ssu

tajacw’

1/1

1/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

1/1

1/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

1/1 1/1

2/2

0/2

0/2

1/2

0/2

0/2

0/2

0/2

2/2

1/1

1/1

0/1

1/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

-

-

0/1

1/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

-

-

3/5

1/5

0/5

0/5

0/5

0/5

0/5

-

-

Odocoileus

virginianus

3/5

5/5

1/5

1/5

0/5

0/5

2/5

1/5

Dipodomys

merriaml

1/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

1/1

leucopus

3/4

1/4

0/4

2/4

0/4

0/4

0/4

0/4

2/4

1/1

0/1 0/5 4/10

0/1 1/5 1/10

0/1 0/5 1/10

0/1 0/5 1/10

0/1 0/5 2/10

0/1 0/5 5/10

0/1 2/5 0/10

Peromyscus

-

Neotoma mexicana Lepuscalifornicus

3/5 8/10

0/1 0/5 3/10

Sylvilagus

1/6

0/6

1/6

2/6

1/6

0/6

0/6

0/6

0/6

Baiomys

Presa

taylori

auduboni

Cerro

Prieto

Procyon

lotor

1/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

Sciurus

griseus

0/2

0/2

0/2

0/2

0/2

0/2

0/2

0/2

1/2

1/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

4/7

0/7

0/7

0/7

0/7

0/7

0/7

0/7

0/7

0/6

0/6

0/6

0/6

0/6

0/6

1/6

0/6

0/6

0/1

0/1

1/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

1/1

7/14

1/14

0/14

0/14

0/14

0/14

1/14

0/14

0/14

Laguna

La Nacha

Myocastor

coypu

1989 Hancho

San

Antilope

Ovis

Francisco cervicapra”

mu.simon”

Dipodomys

merriami

Lepuscalifornicus 8O%

plaque

reduction

“Negative mammals lepida (1). Vesicular

in Vero-cell

(number

stomatitis-New

encephalitis-Mena Grande Captive

culture.

were Sus

tested)

Jersey; II; western

Vesicular equine

scrofa

(1),

Sperrnophilus

Stomatitis-Indiana,

encephalitis;

St.

Louis

(Didelphis marsupialis) and bats. Antibodies were detected in seven of 10 species of wild terrestrial mammals in two endemic areas of Veracruz, Mexico (Scherer et al., 1971). Our survey identified antibodies to white-footed and with

evidence identified evidence striped

Venezuelan encephalitis;

equine Cache

(2),

Peromyscus

erernicus

encephalitis-TC83; Valley

virus;

(1),

Venezuelan

Jamestown

Canyon

Neotorna equine virus;

Rio

virus. wildlife.

sums

pus), cies

mexicanus

VEE in mouse a raccoon historical

a cottontail (Peromyscus (Procyon serologic

rabbit, a leucolotor), speor virologic

to VEE in Mexico. This survey five new species with serologic to VEE in Mexico including skunk,

rat (Dipodomys otoma mexicana),

white-tailed

deer,

kangaroo

merriami), woodrat (Neand jackrabbit. It is un-

known, however, if all of these species act as effective reservoir hosts. Nepuyo virus was isolated for the first time in Mexico in 1966 (Dickerman et al., 1971). There is evidence that this virus is widely distributed

and

can

cause

epidemics

similar to dengue. The vides the only serologic

in humans

present study proevidence of this

arbovirus in cottontails in Mexico since that year. Vesicular stomatitis and hemorrhagic disease are enzootic in domestic cattle in Mexico (Mason and Gutierrez, 1984; Stott et a!., 1989). The role of wildlife in the transmission of these arboviruses is still un-

SHORT

2.

TABLE

Serologic

results of wild

birds tested

for

selected

pathogens

in

Mexico,

COMMUNICA11ONS

1988-89.

Mycoplasma VEESpecies’

melea-

VEE-

TC83b

Mena

II”

WEEb

SLEb

EEEb

439

gridis

New. Pas-

teurella multocida

castle disease virus

1988 Rancho

San

Francisco 1/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

Cathartes

aura

vociferus

1/1

1/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

1/1

0/1

Callipepla

squamata

0/6

0/6

0/6

0/6

0/6

1/6

0/6

0/6

Meleagris

gallopavo’

Charadrius

0/1

1/4

4/4

0/4

0/4

2/4

0/4

ater

0/4 0/4

1/4

Molothrus

1/4

0/4

0/4

0/4

0/4

0/4

0/4

Molothrus

aeneus

1/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

0/10

2/10

0/10

0/10

0/10

0/10

0/10

0/10

0/6

1/6

0/6

0/6

0/6

0/6

1/6

0/6

0/1

1/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

1/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

La Boca

Presa

Dendrocygna

autumnalis

Cerro

Presa

Colinus

Prieto virginianus’

Fulica

americana

Columbina

inca

Crotophaga

sulcirostris

0/3

1/3

0/3

0/3

0/3

0/3

0/3

0/3

Psilorhinus

mono

0/5

1/5

0/5

0/5

1/5

0/5

3/5

0/5

Laguna

La Nacha ibis

Bubulcus Egretta

tricolor

1/6

1/6

0/6

0/6

0/6

0/6

0/6

1/6

0/2

0/2

0/2

1/2

0/2

0/2

0/2

0/2

Dendrocygna

autumnalis

1/17

4/17

0/17

0/17

0/17

0/17

1/17

0/17

Dendrocygna

bicolor

0/1

1/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

0/1

1/3

1/3

0/3

0/3

0/3

0/3

0/3

0/3

0/3

0/3

0/3

0/3

1/3

0/3

0/3

0/3

0/11

0/11

0/11

2/11

0/11

0/11

0/11

0/11

0/8

1/8

1/8

0/8

1/8

0/8

0/8

0/8

0/4

1/4

1/4

0/4

0/4

0/4

0/4

0/4

0/16

3/16

0/16

0/16

0/16

0/16

1/16

0/16

0/22

0/22

0/22

0/22

2/22

0/22

0/22

2/22

0/2

0/2

0/2

0/2

1/2

0/2

0/2

0/2

0/3

0/3

0/3

0/3

0/3

0/3

0/3

1/3

0/110

5/110

0/110

1/110

4/110

0/110

3/110

3/110

Tytoalba Quiscalus La

mexicanus

Pesca

Zenaida Rancho

asiatica Cotriza

and

Rancho

Palmas

ibis

Bubulcus 1989

Rancho

San

Anas

diazi

Presa

La

Francisco

Boca

Dendrocygna Anas Presa

autumnalis

diazi Cerro

Icteria Laguna

Prieto

virens La

Nacha

ibis

Bubulcus Dendrocygna

autumnali.s

(number tested) were Phalacrocorax olivaceous (1), Butorldes strlatus (5), Dendrocygna bicolor (1), Cairina Ortalts vetula (1), Phaslanus colchicus (2), Gallinula chloropus (1), Limnodromus scolopaceus (1), Hlmantopus mexicanus (1), Rhynchops niger (1), Zenaida macroura (2), Zenaida asiatica (6), Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha (4), Ara militarls (3), Speotyto cunicularia (1), Chordeiles minor (1), Melanerpes aurlfrons (2), Myiarchus cinerascens (3). Camptostoma intherbe (3), Sporophlla torqueola (1), Cardinalis sinatus (1), Passenina irIs (3), Amphisplza bilineata (I), Parus

‘Negative

birds

moschata

bicolor “Venezuelan

(15),

(I),

Agelaius

(1),

encephalitis-TC83;

eastern

equine

encephalitis; Captive

phoeniceu.s

equine wildlife.

encephalitis.

Corvus

brachyrhynchos

Venezuelan

equine

(2). encephalitis-Mena

II;

western

equine

encephalitis;

St.

Louis

440

JOURNAL OF WiLDLIFE (SEASES,

determined. three capra)

During

present

survey,

of five blackbuck (Antilope obtained from Texas were

cerviseropos-

itive to VS V-NJ. pled

the

same

plications wildlife

were

arrived

at Rancho

of disease translocations

movement should

every

extensive

dence

BT

VSV

was not atof VSV into is indigenous and epizootics

in southeastern

United

States

year

1981).

There

(Karstad,

serologic

of

caused by be consid-

virus isolation introduction

occurred

almost

sam-

These results may in Texas. The im-

is a possibility. western hemisphere

have is

animals

they

Coahuila. of VSV

ered. Although tempted, the Mexico to the

These day

San Francisco, indicate activity

the

VOL. 28, NO. 3, JULY 1992

virus

and

virologic

infection

in

evi-

domestic

It isknown may

that some

develop

mammals

persistent

and birds

viremias

and

act

as amplifying hosts of these diseases in epizootic situations (Dickerman et a!., 1972b; McLean 1985).

At

and Bowen, 1980; McLean et al., least three of the equine en-

cephalitis viruses (EEE, SLE, and VEE) have caused epidemics in humans and epizootics wildlife

in horses in Mexico. The in any of these outbreaks appear

role of is un-

known.

Birds

portant Mammals natural

in the ecology of arboviral diseases. play an incidental role in the cycle, but this fact does not exclude

to be particularly

im-

the possibility of infection

during

situations. SLE and other been present in Mexico

flaviviruses have for many years

epizootic

livestock from Mexico (Stott et a!., 1989). This study confirms exposure of whitetailed deer to BT-13 and BT-17, strains previously isolated in Mexico. To the best of our knowledge this is the first confirmed

(Sosa-Martinez, 1963). To the best of our knowledge this is the first laboratory confirmed serologic report of EEE in wild birds in Mexico. Further studies in the ecology

of

report of serologic evidence NJ, VS-In, CV, JC, and RG

selected diseases in wildlife populations Mexico are required. Increasing data

in on

Mexico.

These

arboviruses

to EHD, in wildlife are

enzootic

areas of the United States ico (Karabatsos, 1985). Tularemia titers obtained

bordering

and

the

a skunk

indicate

that

VSin in Mex-

in jackrabbits disease

may

be active in Mexico. Implications to human health are important since it is known that jackrabbits are a source of food to people in Mexico. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first serologic evidence of tularemia reported in wild mammals from Mexico. The present species sampled four encephalitis

study indicates were exposed viruses, of

that the bird recently to which three

have been reported previously birds. Campillo-Sainz (1969) and egrets from five species ies to SLE from water

and WEE. birds in

(Dickerman et a!., vey of waterbirds bers

of reactors

ported for VEE in southeastern 1972b).

SLE was Veracruz,

1972a). identified

to the

in Mexican found herons with antibod-

ones

The

disease

transmission,

agents

cies and regarding duction

and

in a greater

number

of spe-

scattered locations raise questions the possibilities of disease introand exchange between geograph-

ical areas. There is supported evidence annual reintroduction of arboviruses areas tory

south birds

Calisher 1980).

of the (Stamm

United and

et a!., 1971;

Surveillance

States by Newman,

of from migra1963;

Dickerman

for currently

et al.,

known

dis-

eases and isolation of new etiologic agents can be the initial attempt to establish the laboratory confirmed status of selected diseases in Mexico. The systematic collection of samples to establish the presence of disease is essential in the continental management of migratory species as well as other wildlife in North America.

isolated Mexico

Funding

present similar

surnum-

previously

re-

in resident birds Mexico (Dickerman

prevalence,

collected et al.,

for this study

was

granted

by

Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT, Mexico) and Ducks Unlimited de Mexico

A.C.

(DUMAC).

Field

sistance was provided by M. A. Cruz, Hernandez and E. Cisneros. Special ognition is extended to T. R. Spraker,

as-

J.

R. recW.

SHORT COMMUNICATiONS

J.

J.

Adrian,

E. Ogg,

J.

L.

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