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Biodemography and Social Biology Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/hsbi20
Selection intensities and consanguineity in the Yadava and Vadabalija of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India a
a
b
G.R. Rajeswari , B.R. Busi , J.S. Murty , V.V. b
Rao & S. Narahari
a
a
Department of Anthropology , Andhra University , Visakhapatnam, 530 003, India b
Department of Genetics , Osmania University , Hyderabad, 500 007, India Published online: 23 Aug 2010.
To cite this article: G.R. Rajeswari , B.R. Busi , J.S. Murty , V.V. Rao & S. Narahari (1992) Selection intensities and consanguineity in the Yadava and Vadabalija of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India, Biodemography and Social Biology, 39:3-4, 316-319, DOI: 10.1080/19485565.1992.9988828 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19485565.1992.9988828
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and
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This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-andconditions
Selection Intensities and Consanguineity in the Yadava and Vadabalija of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
a
G.R. Rajeswari, aB.R. Busi, b J.S. Murty, bV.V. Rao, and aS. Narahari
a
Department of Anthropology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530 003, India; and Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500 007, India
Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 12:11 16 January 2015
b
ABSTRACT: The opportunity for intensity of selection is studied in two backward caste groups with different occupations, namely Yadava (pastoral) and Vadabalija (fishing) of Bheemunipatnam Taluk of Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh. The amount of selection intensity is found to be higher in Vadabalija (0.8583) than Yadava (0.5827). The contribution of mortality to the total index of selection is greater in Vadabalija (0.6095) than in Yadava (0.3326). When consanguineity is considered, the fertility components of selection intensity (0.1885) are lower in the consanguineous group of Yadava than in the nonconsanguineous group (0.2845), whereas in Vadabalija they are higher in the consanguineous group (0.5261) than in the nonconsanguineous group (0.2223).
Selection, one of the micro-evolutionary forces is responsible for gene frequency variation in a population which in turn could be deciphered through differential fertility and mortality. This was first devised by Crow (1958) using census data on birth distribution. Changes in differential fertility and mortality components due to socioeconomic and cultural factors have an effect on natural selection (Cavalli-Sforza and Bodmer, 1971). Studies on the Indian tribal and caste populations (Murty and Ramesh, 1978; Barua, 1976; Rao and Murty, 1984; Rajanikumari et al., 1985; and others) have supported this observation. The inbreeding also influences the intensity of natural selection as its effect is found to be greater on mortality than fertility (Cavalli-Sforza et al., 1971). The present paper reports on selection intensities in relation to inbreeding among two endogamous caste groups—the Yadava and the Vadabalija.
The Yadava is a pastoral community while the Vadabalija is a fishing community. Both are socially backward. MATERIALS AND METHODS Reproductive histories and family pedigrees were obtained from the Yadava and the Vadabalija of Bheemunipatnam Taluk of Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh, India, during 1986-87. Necessary information was collected from 310 Yadava and 273 Vadabalija women through interviewschedule method. For the estimation of Selection Intensity (I), only the reproductive histories of 114 Yadava and 135 Vadabalija women, who had completed their fertility are considered. The method of Crow (1958) is adopted in the calculation of Index. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION From Table 1, it is evident that the mortality component (Im) is higher in
316
Vol. 39, No. 3-4
Brief Notes
Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 12:11 16 January 2015
Vadabalija (0.6095) than in Yadava (0.3326), while the fertility component (/y) is almost equal in both groups. However, the differences of these components between consanguineous and nonconsanguineous in each group is not uniform, though the frequency of consanguineity (Rajeswari, 1988) is lower among the Yadava (33.46 per cent) than the Vadabalija (35.71 per cent). It can be noted that (Table 1) higher selection intensity is associated with higher mean live births and higher mortality component (71.1 per cent) and the corresponding low fertility differential (28.99 per cent) may be due to inadequate sample size and higher prereproductive mortality. In the Yadava, the fertility component of selection intensity (0.1888) is lower in consanguineous than in non-consanguineous (0.2845) which is in contrast to the Vadabalija. Table 2 compares the estimates of selection intensities available for some Indian caste populations. The total selection indices are generally high in tribes and low socioeconomic groups by higher inbreeding levels compared to urban and high socioeconomic
317
groups with low inbreeding levels (Rao and Murty, 1984). The index value (I) ranges from 0.23 to 3.69 in 64 populations from all over the world (Sphuler, 1973), whereas in Indian caste populations, it ranges from 0.24 to 2.11. A value greater than 1 is mostly restricted to tribal and a few caste populations (Pattusalis and Malas). Studies on rural populations (Mala, Madiga and Malia) exhibit middle order values and Vaddes and Malas exhibit the lowest value. In the present study, it is observed that selection is due to mortality component rather than fertility component. Hence, there is more scope for selection to act through differential mortality than fertility. The higher mortality among these populations may be due not only to their socioeconomic, cultural, and other environmental factors but also to some genetic factors. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was carried out under a Research subproject sanctioned by Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi. Their financial assistance is gratefully acknowledged.
TABLE 1 SELECTION INTENSITIES BASED ON LIVE BIRTHS AND SUBSEQUENT PRE-REPRODUCTIVE MORTALITY
No.
Mean live births
/
im
¥P,
Percentage atl,ip,
Yadava Consanguineous Non-consanguineous Total
39 75 114
6.3 5.8 5.9
0.5328 0.6107 0.5827
0.3443 0.3262 0.3326
0.1885 0.2845 0.2501
35.38 46.59 42.92
Vadabalija Consanguineous Non-consanguineous Total
55 80 135
6.5 6.6 6.5
2.4708 0.8279 0.8583
1.9507 0.6055 0.6095
0.5261 0.2223 0.2488
21.24 26.23 28.99
Population
318
Social Biology
Brief Notes
TABLE 2 INDICES OF OPPORTUNITY OF SELECTION IN SOME INDIAN CASTE POPULATIONS Population
No.
Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 12:11 16 January 2015
1. Yadava. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Vadabalija. Madiga-I... Vadde-II... Mala-II Vadde-I.... Pattusalis...
8. Madigas. 9. Madigas. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15 16. 17. 18. 19.
Malas Madiga (Non-Con). Madiga (Con) Mala (Non-Con).... Mala (Con) Reddy (Non-Con).. Reddy (Con) Vysya (Non-Con)... Vysya (Con) Kodavas
20. 21. 22. 23. 24.
Amma Kodava. Vadabalija Vadabalija Jalari Maheswaris
25. Malias 26. Maheswari (Non-Con). 27. Brahmins 28. Jalaris.
Place/ State
I
If'P.
Percentage of I f /P,
Source
Andhra 0.58 Pradesh n 0.86 w 0.39 w 0.33 " 0.24 w 0.58 w 2.11
0.33
0.25
21.24
Present study
0.61 0.30 0.07 0.01 0.03 0.04
0.25 0.07 0.34 0.21 0.76 2.07
28.99
" "
0.87 0.77
0.43 0.24
0.31 0.43
0.58 1.66 1.42 1.62 1.69 0.76 0.73 0.87 0.61 0.35
0.22 1.16 0.91 0.88 1.16 0.41 0.44 0.42 0.43 0.09
0.29 0.51 0.51 0.74 0.54 0.34 0.29 0.45 0.18 0.24
-doMukherjee, 1974 -do-doMukherjee, 1974 Reddy & Mukherjee 1975 Saheb et al., 1978 Reddy and Lakshma nudu,1979 -doRao and Murty, 1984 -doRao & Murty, 1984 -do-doRao & Murty, 1984 Rao & Murty, 1984 -doSaheb et al., 1981
0.33 0.85 0.63 1.08 0.56
0.06 0.54 0.34 0.74 0.29
0.25 0.20 0.21 0.20 0.20
0.96 0.54 0.59
0.20 0.21
0.34 0.35
62.46 64.98
0.51
0.32
0.15
38.53
Karnataka Orissa Maharashtra W.B.
. ..
30.42 36.42 45.59 31.55 45.24 39.63 51.73 29.69
-do-, 1982 Reddy, 1983 -do-doGandhi, 1979 Sahu,1976 Gandhi, 1978 Rajanikumari et al. 1985 -do-
Vol. 39, No. 3-4
Brief Notes
319
REFERENCES BARUA, S. 1976. Selection intensity among the consanguineous and non-consanguineous groups of a Muslim population of 24 paraganas. Man in India. 56:359-363. CAVALU-SFORZA, R. L., and W. F. BODMER.
Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 12:11 16 January 2015
1971. Genetics of human populations. Freeman & Co., San Francisco. CROW, J. F. 1958. Some possibilities for measuring selection intensities in man. Hum. Biol. 30:1-13. GANDHI, L. P. 1978. Fertility and opportunity of natural selection among the Maheswaris. Proc. Sem. Gen. Demography in India. Anthrop. Surv. India, Calcutta. . 1979. Opportunity of natural selection among the Maheswaris. Indian J. Phys. Anthrop. & Hum. Genet. 5:171-178.
MURTY, J. S., and H. RAMESH. 1978. Selection
intensities among the tribal populations of Adilabad district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Soc. Biol. 25:302-305.
lection opportunities with changing sociocultural environments. Human. Hered. 35:218-222. RAJESWARI, G. R. 1988. A demographic study of Yadava and Vadabalija communities of Visakhapatnam, A. P. Ph.D. Thesis, Andhra University, Waltair, India. (Unpublished). REDDY, G., and D. P. MUKHERJEE. 1975. Vari-
ability and heritability of fertility in the Pattusali; A genetic isolate. The Anthropologist 22 (1&2):65-72. REDDY, P. C., and M. LAKSHMANUDU. 1979. In-
dices of opportunity of selection in Mala, Madiga and other Indian populations. J. Indian Anthrop. Soc. 14:245-52. RAO, V. V., and J. S. MURTY. 1984. Selection in-
tensities and inbreeding among some caste groups of Andhra Pradesh, India. Soc. Biol. 31:114-119. SAHEB, S. Y., S. M. SIRAJUDDIN, and A. A. SA-
HEB. 1978. Population structure of the Madiga population of Chittoor District, Andhra tion among the three migrant groups of fishPradesh, Proc. Annual Conf. Indian Anermen of Puri, India. Social Biol., Vol. 30, throp. Soc., Calcutta. No. 3, p. 335-338. SAHU, P. N. 1976. Genetical demography of MaRAJANI KUMARI, J., C. R. SRIKUMARI, and T. lia. J. Indian Anthrop. Soc. 22:175. MOHAN, REDDY, B. 1983. Opportunity for selec-
VENKATESWARA RAO. 1985. Variability of se-
Biodemography and Social Biology Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/hsbi20
Selection intensities and consanguineity in the Yadava and Vadabalija of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India a
a
b
G.R. Rajeswari , B.R. Busi , J.S. Murty , V.V. b
Rao & S. Narahari
a
a
Department of Anthropology , Andhra University , Visakhapatnam, 530 003, India b
Department of Genetics , Osmania University , Hyderabad, 500 007, India Published online: 23 Aug 2010.
To cite this article: G.R. Rajeswari , B.R. Busi , J.S. Murty , V.V. Rao & S. Narahari (1992) Selection intensities and consanguineity in the Yadava and Vadabalija of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India, Biodemography and Social Biology, 39:3-4, 316-319, DOI: 10.1080/19485565.1992.9988828 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19485565.1992.9988828
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and
Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content.
Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 12:11 16 January 2015
This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-andconditions
Selection Intensities and Consanguineity in the Yadava and Vadabalija of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
a
G.R. Rajeswari, aB.R. Busi, b J.S. Murty, bV.V. Rao, and aS. Narahari
a
Department of Anthropology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530 003, India; and Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500 007, India
Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 12:11 16 January 2015
b
ABSTRACT: The opportunity for intensity of selection is studied in two backward caste groups with different occupations, namely Yadava (pastoral) and Vadabalija (fishing) of Bheemunipatnam Taluk of Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh. The amount of selection intensity is found to be higher in Vadabalija (0.8583) than Yadava (0.5827). The contribution of mortality to the total index of selection is greater in Vadabalija (0.6095) than in Yadava (0.3326). When consanguineity is considered, the fertility components of selection intensity (0.1885) are lower in the consanguineous group of Yadava than in the nonconsanguineous group (0.2845), whereas in Vadabalija they are higher in the consanguineous group (0.5261) than in the nonconsanguineous group (0.2223).
Selection, one of the micro-evolutionary forces is responsible for gene frequency variation in a population which in turn could be deciphered through differential fertility and mortality. This was first devised by Crow (1958) using census data on birth distribution. Changes in differential fertility and mortality components due to socioeconomic and cultural factors have an effect on natural selection (Cavalli-Sforza and Bodmer, 1971). Studies on the Indian tribal and caste populations (Murty and Ramesh, 1978; Barua, 1976; Rao and Murty, 1984; Rajanikumari et al., 1985; and others) have supported this observation. The inbreeding also influences the intensity of natural selection as its effect is found to be greater on mortality than fertility (Cavalli-Sforza et al., 1971). The present paper reports on selection intensities in relation to inbreeding among two endogamous caste groups—the Yadava and the Vadabalija.
The Yadava is a pastoral community while the Vadabalija is a fishing community. Both are socially backward. MATERIALS AND METHODS Reproductive histories and family pedigrees were obtained from the Yadava and the Vadabalija of Bheemunipatnam Taluk of Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh, India, during 1986-87. Necessary information was collected from 310 Yadava and 273 Vadabalija women through interviewschedule method. For the estimation of Selection Intensity (I), only the reproductive histories of 114 Yadava and 135 Vadabalija women, who had completed their fertility are considered. The method of Crow (1958) is adopted in the calculation of Index. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION From Table 1, it is evident that the mortality component (Im) is higher in
316
Vol. 39, No. 3-4
Brief Notes
Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 12:11 16 January 2015
Vadabalija (0.6095) than in Yadava (0.3326), while the fertility component (/y) is almost equal in both groups. However, the differences of these components between consanguineous and nonconsanguineous in each group is not uniform, though the frequency of consanguineity (Rajeswari, 1988) is lower among the Yadava (33.46 per cent) than the Vadabalija (35.71 per cent). It can be noted that (Table 1) higher selection intensity is associated with higher mean live births and higher mortality component (71.1 per cent) and the corresponding low fertility differential (28.99 per cent) may be due to inadequate sample size and higher prereproductive mortality. In the Yadava, the fertility component of selection intensity (0.1888) is lower in consanguineous than in non-consanguineous (0.2845) which is in contrast to the Vadabalija. Table 2 compares the estimates of selection intensities available for some Indian caste populations. The total selection indices are generally high in tribes and low socioeconomic groups by higher inbreeding levels compared to urban and high socioeconomic
317
groups with low inbreeding levels (Rao and Murty, 1984). The index value (I) ranges from 0.23 to 3.69 in 64 populations from all over the world (Sphuler, 1973), whereas in Indian caste populations, it ranges from 0.24 to 2.11. A value greater than 1 is mostly restricted to tribal and a few caste populations (Pattusalis and Malas). Studies on rural populations (Mala, Madiga and Malia) exhibit middle order values and Vaddes and Malas exhibit the lowest value. In the present study, it is observed that selection is due to mortality component rather than fertility component. Hence, there is more scope for selection to act through differential mortality than fertility. The higher mortality among these populations may be due not only to their socioeconomic, cultural, and other environmental factors but also to some genetic factors. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was carried out under a Research subproject sanctioned by Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi. Their financial assistance is gratefully acknowledged.
TABLE 1 SELECTION INTENSITIES BASED ON LIVE BIRTHS AND SUBSEQUENT PRE-REPRODUCTIVE MORTALITY
No.
Mean live births
/
im
¥P,
Percentage atl,ip,
Yadava Consanguineous Non-consanguineous Total
39 75 114
6.3 5.8 5.9
0.5328 0.6107 0.5827
0.3443 0.3262 0.3326
0.1885 0.2845 0.2501
35.38 46.59 42.92
Vadabalija Consanguineous Non-consanguineous Total
55 80 135
6.5 6.6 6.5
2.4708 0.8279 0.8583
1.9507 0.6055 0.6095
0.5261 0.2223 0.2488
21.24 26.23 28.99
Population
318
Social Biology
Brief Notes
TABLE 2 INDICES OF OPPORTUNITY OF SELECTION IN SOME INDIAN CASTE POPULATIONS Population
No.
Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 12:11 16 January 2015
1. Yadava. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Vadabalija. Madiga-I... Vadde-II... Mala-II Vadde-I.... Pattusalis...
8. Madigas. 9. Madigas. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15 16. 17. 18. 19.
Malas Madiga (Non-Con). Madiga (Con) Mala (Non-Con).... Mala (Con) Reddy (Non-Con).. Reddy (Con) Vysya (Non-Con)... Vysya (Con) Kodavas
20. 21. 22. 23. 24.
Amma Kodava. Vadabalija Vadabalija Jalari Maheswaris
25. Malias 26. Maheswari (Non-Con). 27. Brahmins 28. Jalaris.
Place/ State
I
If'P.
Percentage of I f /P,
Source
Andhra 0.58 Pradesh n 0.86 w 0.39 w 0.33 " 0.24 w 0.58 w 2.11
0.33
0.25
21.24
Present study
0.61 0.30 0.07 0.01 0.03 0.04
0.25 0.07 0.34 0.21 0.76 2.07
28.99
" "
0.87 0.77
0.43 0.24
0.31 0.43
0.58 1.66 1.42 1.62 1.69 0.76 0.73 0.87 0.61 0.35
0.22 1.16 0.91 0.88 1.16 0.41 0.44 0.42 0.43 0.09
0.29 0.51 0.51 0.74 0.54 0.34 0.29 0.45 0.18 0.24
-doMukherjee, 1974 -do-doMukherjee, 1974 Reddy & Mukherjee 1975 Saheb et al., 1978 Reddy and Lakshma nudu,1979 -doRao and Murty, 1984 -doRao & Murty, 1984 -do-doRao & Murty, 1984 Rao & Murty, 1984 -doSaheb et al., 1981
0.33 0.85 0.63 1.08 0.56
0.06 0.54 0.34 0.74 0.29
0.25 0.20 0.21 0.20 0.20
0.96 0.54 0.59
0.20 0.21
0.34 0.35
62.46 64.98
0.51
0.32
0.15
38.53
Karnataka Orissa Maharashtra W.B.
. ..
30.42 36.42 45.59 31.55 45.24 39.63 51.73 29.69
-do-, 1982 Reddy, 1983 -do-doGandhi, 1979 Sahu,1976 Gandhi, 1978 Rajanikumari et al. 1985 -do-
Vol. 39, No. 3-4
Brief Notes
319
REFERENCES BARUA, S. 1976. Selection intensity among the consanguineous and non-consanguineous groups of a Muslim population of 24 paraganas. Man in India. 56:359-363. CAVALU-SFORZA, R. L., and W. F. BODMER.
Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 12:11 16 January 2015
1971. Genetics of human populations. Freeman & Co., San Francisco. CROW, J. F. 1958. Some possibilities for measuring selection intensities in man. Hum. Biol. 30:1-13. GANDHI, L. P. 1978. Fertility and opportunity of natural selection among the Maheswaris. Proc. Sem. Gen. Demography in India. Anthrop. Surv. India, Calcutta. . 1979. Opportunity of natural selection among the Maheswaris. Indian J. Phys. Anthrop. & Hum. Genet. 5:171-178.
MURTY, J. S., and H. RAMESH. 1978. Selection
intensities among the tribal populations of Adilabad district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Soc. Biol. 25:302-305.
lection opportunities with changing sociocultural environments. Human. Hered. 35:218-222. RAJESWARI, G. R. 1988. A demographic study of Yadava and Vadabalija communities of Visakhapatnam, A. P. Ph.D. Thesis, Andhra University, Waltair, India. (Unpublished). REDDY, G., and D. P. MUKHERJEE. 1975. Vari-
ability and heritability of fertility in the Pattusali; A genetic isolate. The Anthropologist 22 (1&2):65-72. REDDY, P. C., and M. LAKSHMANUDU. 1979. In-
dices of opportunity of selection in Mala, Madiga and other Indian populations. J. Indian Anthrop. Soc. 14:245-52. RAO, V. V., and J. S. MURTY. 1984. Selection in-
tensities and inbreeding among some caste groups of Andhra Pradesh, India. Soc. Biol. 31:114-119. SAHEB, S. Y., S. M. SIRAJUDDIN, and A. A. SA-
HEB. 1978. Population structure of the Madiga population of Chittoor District, Andhra tion among the three migrant groups of fishPradesh, Proc. Annual Conf. Indian Anermen of Puri, India. Social Biol., Vol. 30, throp. Soc., Calcutta. No. 3, p. 335-338. SAHU, P. N. 1976. Genetical demography of MaRAJANI KUMARI, J., C. R. SRIKUMARI, and T. lia. J. Indian Anthrop. Soc. 22:175. MOHAN, REDDY, B. 1983. Opportunity for selec-
VENKATESWARA RAO. 1985. Variability of se-
