This article was downloaded by: [University of New Hampshire] On: 12 March 2015, At: 04:04 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK
Journal of Personality Assessment Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/hjpa20
Schizophrenic Performance on Form E of Cattell's 16PF Test George Serban & Gil Katz Published online: 10 Jun 2010.
To cite this article: George Serban & Gil Katz (1975) Schizophrenic Performance on Form E of Cattell's 16PF Test, Journal of Personality Assessment, 39:2, 169-177, DOI: 10.1207/s15327752jpa3902_14 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa3902_14
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions
Journal of Personality Assessment, 1975,39, 2
Schizophrenic Performance on Form E of Cattell's 16PF Test GEORGE SERBAN and GIL KATZ New York University Bellevue Medical Center
Downloaded by [University of New Hampshire] at 04:04 12 March 2015
Summary: Form E of Cattell's 16PF test was administered to 515 hospitalized schizophrenics. This sample was compared to Cattell's standardization population for both raw scores and sten scores. Comparisons were made between males and females, acute patients and chronic patients, and amongst three categories of schizophrenia (paranoid, undiffxentiated, schizw-affectives). The results indicate that the "schizophrenic profile," reported in previous research with Form A, did not obtain expected differentiations among schizophrenic categories. The question of the usefulness of Form E in diagnosing schiophrenia was raised.
Cattell's 16PF test purports to measure functional unitary source traits representing the main dimensions of the normal personality. As such, it has not only shown promise as an instrument for assessing individual differences in personality, but also offers the possibility of structuring the abnormal personality in terms of scores, or a profile of scores, on these source traits known in the normal. The neurotic profile has been clearly differentiated by this instrument (Cattell, Ebner, & Tatsuoka, 1970) and Cattell has offered tentative data for the general psychotic profile. Specific work with the schizophrenic profile has been rather scarce, and the two major studies have been limited by small sample sizes and either a lack of differentiation between schizophrenic syndromes or between male and female schizophrenics. Furthermore, all previous work has been with Form A of the test which was designed to be used with ordinary newspaper-literate adults of high school education or better. The present research is the first for schizophrenia which uses Form E, designed specifically for use with educationally and culturally disadvantaged groups. Such a standardization sample seemed most appropriate for the socio-educational makeup of our schizophrenic population and, it would seem, for many studies using patients This research was supported by a grant from the Kittay Scientific Foundation with matching funds from the New York University Medical Center.
from state or general psychiatric hospitals having catchment areas with similar characteristics. Specifically, our population belonged to the lower socioeconomic levels according to the Hollingshed and Redlich scale (see Hollingshed & Redlich, 1958), with an average reading level of 6th to 7th grade. The present study, then, offers the opportunity to not only validate and add to the present knowledge of the schizophrenic profile (with data based on a large sample, stratified for sex, differential diagnosis, and chronicity of illness), but also to validate the comparability of these two forms of the 16PF test. The first major study in this area was done by Gleseir and Gottschalk (1967) who administered Form A to 34 malle and 35 female chronic schizophrenics. The patients were all white, 24 to 54 years of age, and hospitalized on the present admission for an average (median) of 11 years. All patients had been on one of the phenothiazine drugs continually for at least six months. An elaborate and sophisticated study was done by Cattell, Komlos, and Tatro (1968) using a "double control" design (normal population controls and matched-regressed controls). Form A was given to groups of two to six patients at a time during the fast week of hospitalization and before any medication was administered. The results for the general schizophrenic population (49 males and 76 females) were strikingly similar to those
170
Schizophrenic Performance on Form E of 16 PF Test
Downloaded by [University of New Hampshire] at 04:04 12 March 2015
of Gleser and Gottschalk, finding schizophrenics to be significantly A+ C-, F-, G-, H-, 0+,and Q2t when compared to normals. In addition, Cattell also found his sample to be significantly E- and Q3t. While these findings did not reach significance in the Gleser and Gottschalk data, they were in the same direction. In summary, then, these two studies suggest the existence of a "general schizophrenic profile" on Form A of the 16PF. Despite the fact that no studies exist which have sought to determine the comparability of Form A and Form E, we - may expect this profile to emerge also on Form E.
Method Subjects Subjects were taken from a group of 904 schizophrenic patients admitted to Bellevue Psychiatric Hospital during a 22-month period from January 1971 to November 1972. The patients were diagnosed at admission as schizophrenics, revaluated by the ward psychiatrist, and verified by the project psychiatrist. The concordance rate for diagnosis was 96%. Of these, 278 patients were eliminated from the study to insure a well-defined population of clearly diagnosed schizophrenics without history of prolonged institutionalization, childhood schizophrenia, or mental retardation. Alcoholics and heroin addicts over 35 and current methadone usen also were removed. Of the remaining group, 515 patients (317 males and 198 females) completed Form E of the Cattell 16PF questionnaire. Age range was 18 to 52, with a mean of 32 years. The median educational level was the 12th grade, with a reading level of less than 8th grade. Of the sample population, 57.9% were single, 12.6% were married, and the remaining 29.5% were separated or divorced; 71.6% were unemployed, half of whom were on welfare. Procedure As a part of a larger study of predictive factors for readmission in schizophreriia, the 515 patients were administered Form E of the 16PF. Each patient
was tested individually. The questions were read aloud to the patients, repeated whenever necessary, and the answers were recorded by the tester, who had at least a Master's degree in psychology. Raw scores were converted to sten scores separately for males and females based on the separate standardization tables provided by P A T for Form E (1971). The average time for administration was one hour per patient. Patients were tested when judged to be in relatively good contact, generally three to seven days after admission. All patients were receiving regular medication (generally thorazine) during the entire course of their hospitalization. The total population of 515 schizophrenics was divided into male (N= 317) and female (N = 198), and into acute (N = 98) and chronic (N = 417) designations. All patients for whom the present hospitalization was their first, were designated %cute." Patients with prior history of hospitalization were designated "~hroni~." They were categorized further into eight forms of schizophrenia on the basis of admitting diagnosis with agreement by the ward and project psychiatrists: paranoid (N = 188), undifferentiated (N = 199), schizoaaffective (N = 65), latent (N = 15), psychotic episode ( N = 41), simple (N = 3), hebephrenic (N = 2), and catatonic (N = 2). The three major categories, paranoid, schizo-affective, and undifferentiated, were compared among themselves. Results Total Population Table 1 presents the means and standard deviations for all 5 15 schizophrenics in the study. These were calculated both as raw scores and sten scores. Inspection of this table indicates that all values are significantly higher than the standardization population, with the exception of Factor G, which is significantly lower and Factar Q3, which is not significantly different. These findings are not easily comparable with the general schizophrenic profile reported by Cattell et d., (1968) and
GEORGE SERBAN and GIL KATZ Table 1 Raw & Sten Scores for the Total Population
Factors
Raw Scores
.
Sten Scores
Downloaded by [University of New Hampshire] at 04:04 12 March 2015
M
*p
Journal of Personality Assessment Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/hjpa20
Schizophrenic Performance on Form E of Cattell's 16PF Test George Serban & Gil Katz Published online: 10 Jun 2010.
To cite this article: George Serban & Gil Katz (1975) Schizophrenic Performance on Form E of Cattell's 16PF Test, Journal of Personality Assessment, 39:2, 169-177, DOI: 10.1207/s15327752jpa3902_14 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa3902_14
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions
Journal of Personality Assessment, 1975,39, 2
Schizophrenic Performance on Form E of Cattell's 16PF Test GEORGE SERBAN and GIL KATZ New York University Bellevue Medical Center
Downloaded by [University of New Hampshire] at 04:04 12 March 2015
Summary: Form E of Cattell's 16PF test was administered to 515 hospitalized schizophrenics. This sample was compared to Cattell's standardization population for both raw scores and sten scores. Comparisons were made between males and females, acute patients and chronic patients, and amongst three categories of schizophrenia (paranoid, undiffxentiated, schizw-affectives). The results indicate that the "schizophrenic profile," reported in previous research with Form A, did not obtain expected differentiations among schizophrenic categories. The question of the usefulness of Form E in diagnosing schiophrenia was raised.
Cattell's 16PF test purports to measure functional unitary source traits representing the main dimensions of the normal personality. As such, it has not only shown promise as an instrument for assessing individual differences in personality, but also offers the possibility of structuring the abnormal personality in terms of scores, or a profile of scores, on these source traits known in the normal. The neurotic profile has been clearly differentiated by this instrument (Cattell, Ebner, & Tatsuoka, 1970) and Cattell has offered tentative data for the general psychotic profile. Specific work with the schizophrenic profile has been rather scarce, and the two major studies have been limited by small sample sizes and either a lack of differentiation between schizophrenic syndromes or between male and female schizophrenics. Furthermore, all previous work has been with Form A of the test which was designed to be used with ordinary newspaper-literate adults of high school education or better. The present research is the first for schizophrenia which uses Form E, designed specifically for use with educationally and culturally disadvantaged groups. Such a standardization sample seemed most appropriate for the socio-educational makeup of our schizophrenic population and, it would seem, for many studies using patients This research was supported by a grant from the Kittay Scientific Foundation with matching funds from the New York University Medical Center.
from state or general psychiatric hospitals having catchment areas with similar characteristics. Specifically, our population belonged to the lower socioeconomic levels according to the Hollingshed and Redlich scale (see Hollingshed & Redlich, 1958), with an average reading level of 6th to 7th grade. The present study, then, offers the opportunity to not only validate and add to the present knowledge of the schizophrenic profile (with data based on a large sample, stratified for sex, differential diagnosis, and chronicity of illness), but also to validate the comparability of these two forms of the 16PF test. The first major study in this area was done by Gleseir and Gottschalk (1967) who administered Form A to 34 malle and 35 female chronic schizophrenics. The patients were all white, 24 to 54 years of age, and hospitalized on the present admission for an average (median) of 11 years. All patients had been on one of the phenothiazine drugs continually for at least six months. An elaborate and sophisticated study was done by Cattell, Komlos, and Tatro (1968) using a "double control" design (normal population controls and matched-regressed controls). Form A was given to groups of two to six patients at a time during the fast week of hospitalization and before any medication was administered. The results for the general schizophrenic population (49 males and 76 females) were strikingly similar to those
170
Schizophrenic Performance on Form E of 16 PF Test
Downloaded by [University of New Hampshire] at 04:04 12 March 2015
of Gleser and Gottschalk, finding schizophrenics to be significantly A+ C-, F-, G-, H-, 0+,and Q2t when compared to normals. In addition, Cattell also found his sample to be significantly E- and Q3t. While these findings did not reach significance in the Gleser and Gottschalk data, they were in the same direction. In summary, then, these two studies suggest the existence of a "general schizophrenic profile" on Form A of the 16PF. Despite the fact that no studies exist which have sought to determine the comparability of Form A and Form E, we - may expect this profile to emerge also on Form E.
Method Subjects Subjects were taken from a group of 904 schizophrenic patients admitted to Bellevue Psychiatric Hospital during a 22-month period from January 1971 to November 1972. The patients were diagnosed at admission as schizophrenics, revaluated by the ward psychiatrist, and verified by the project psychiatrist. The concordance rate for diagnosis was 96%. Of these, 278 patients were eliminated from the study to insure a well-defined population of clearly diagnosed schizophrenics without history of prolonged institutionalization, childhood schizophrenia, or mental retardation. Alcoholics and heroin addicts over 35 and current methadone usen also were removed. Of the remaining group, 515 patients (317 males and 198 females) completed Form E of the Cattell 16PF questionnaire. Age range was 18 to 52, with a mean of 32 years. The median educational level was the 12th grade, with a reading level of less than 8th grade. Of the sample population, 57.9% were single, 12.6% were married, and the remaining 29.5% were separated or divorced; 71.6% were unemployed, half of whom were on welfare. Procedure As a part of a larger study of predictive factors for readmission in schizophreriia, the 515 patients were administered Form E of the 16PF. Each patient
was tested individually. The questions were read aloud to the patients, repeated whenever necessary, and the answers were recorded by the tester, who had at least a Master's degree in psychology. Raw scores were converted to sten scores separately for males and females based on the separate standardization tables provided by P A T for Form E (1971). The average time for administration was one hour per patient. Patients were tested when judged to be in relatively good contact, generally three to seven days after admission. All patients were receiving regular medication (generally thorazine) during the entire course of their hospitalization. The total population of 515 schizophrenics was divided into male (N= 317) and female (N = 198), and into acute (N = 98) and chronic (N = 417) designations. All patients for whom the present hospitalization was their first, were designated %cute." Patients with prior history of hospitalization were designated "~hroni~." They were categorized further into eight forms of schizophrenia on the basis of admitting diagnosis with agreement by the ward and project psychiatrists: paranoid (N = 188), undifferentiated (N = 199), schizoaaffective (N = 65), latent (N = 15), psychotic episode ( N = 41), simple (N = 3), hebephrenic (N = 2), and catatonic (N = 2). The three major categories, paranoid, schizo-affective, and undifferentiated, were compared among themselves. Results Total Population Table 1 presents the means and standard deviations for all 5 15 schizophrenics in the study. These were calculated both as raw scores and sten scores. Inspection of this table indicates that all values are significantly higher than the standardization population, with the exception of Factor G, which is significantly lower and Factar Q3, which is not significantly different. These findings are not easily comparable with the general schizophrenic profile reported by Cattell et d., (1968) and
GEORGE SERBAN and GIL KATZ Table 1 Raw & Sten Scores for the Total Population
Factors
Raw Scores
.
Sten Scores
Downloaded by [University of New Hampshire] at 04:04 12 March 2015
M
*p
