ROLE

OF

SCIENCE

ENGINEERING OF

THE

DEVELOPMENT

IN OUR COUNTRY

ACADEMY A. M .

IN THE

OF

Geselevieh

SCIENCES and

F.

(250th OF P.

OF

BIOMEDICAL

ANNIVERSARY

THE

USSR)

Kosmolinskii

UDC 061.12.091.5(47+ 57)+ 615.46 (091)

The founding of the Academy of Sciences in P e t e r b u r g in 1724 by ukase of P e t e r I indicated the p r e s sing need and p r e s e n c e of p r e r e q u i s i t e s for the development of education, science, and technology in Russia. During the f i r s t y e a r s of existence of the a c a d e m y foreign s c i e n t i s t s p r e d o m i n a t e d in its staff, but as e a r l y as 1742 the g r e a t Russian s c i e n t i s t M. V. Lomonosov, who had an e n o r m o u s influence on the development of education and science in R u s s i a and on the p r o g r e s s i v e development of the Academy of Sciences itself, was elected to the a c a d e m y . In the r e s o l u t i o n of the C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e of the CPSU, p a s s e d October 1973 and devoted to the 250th a n n i v e r s a r y of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (AS USSR), it is noted that the c r e a t i o n of the a c a d e m y was a m a j o r event in the h i s t o r y of development of science, education, and culture of our count r y . Its activities had a significant effect on the development of the e n t i r e w o r l d ' s science. F r o m the v e r y beginning of e x i s t e n c e of the a c a d e m y , natural s c i e n c e s , including medicine, d e v e l oped fruitfully in it along with m a t h e m a t i c a l and technical s c i e n c e s . It was not by chance that P e t e r I, who was p e r s o n a l l y enthusiastic about medicine, p a r t i c u l a r l y s u r g e r y , appointed his own p h y s i c i a n - i n o r d i n a r y L. L. B l u m e n t r o s t (1725-1733) the f i r s t p r e s i d e n t of the a c a d e m y . In the 18th century the Academy of Sciences conducted a n u m b e r of exhibitions which led to an e x pansion of knowledge about the e a r t h and to the d i s c o v e r y of v a r i o u s natural r e s o u r c e s . In the 19th c e n t u r y the Pulkovo o b s e r v a t o r y , s e v e r a l scientific l a b o r a t o r i e s , m u s e u m s (Mineralogical, Asiatic), e t c . , w e r e o r g a n i z e d in the Academy. Medicine gained i n c r e a s i n g i m p o r t a n c e along with the growth of the a c a d e m y and development of natural science in Russia. Of g r e a t significance for the development of medicine w e r e the m i l i t a r y hospitals c r e a t e d as long ago as the 18th century, e s p e c i a l l y the M e d i c a l - S u r g i c a l Academy (presently the S. M. K i r o v M i l i t a r y - M e d i c a l Academy), founded in 1788. Definite p r o g r e s s was made also in the a r e a of the production of m e d i c a l i n s t r u m e n t s and equipment. Thus, the w o r k s h o p s on A p t e k a r s k i i O s t r o v [ P h a r m a c e u t i c a l Island] at f i r s t grew into the P e t e r s b u r g I n s t r u m e n t F a c t o r y and in 1796 the f a c t o r y was r e o r g a n i z e d into the P e t e r s b u r g Surgical I n s t r u m e n t Plant. P r o m i n e n t surgeon I. V. B u y a l ' s k i i began directing the plant in 1829. Then for 15 y e a r s (from 1841 to 1856) the technical d i r e c t o r of the plant was the renown Russian surgeon N. I. Pirogov, who was elected a C o r r e s p o n d i n g M e m b e r of the I m p e r i a l St. P e t e r s b u r g Academy of Sciences in 1846. N . I . Pirogov laid the foundation for m e d i c a l i n s t r u m e n t m a n u f a c t u r e at the plant, which on his instructions began to m a n u f a c t u r e Weiss a p p a r a t u s "for pumping poisons f r o m the s t o m a c h , " l a r g e and s m a l l "bloodletting cups" ( s c a r i f i c a t o r s ) , etc. In 1846 N. I. Pirogov c r e a t e d a p p a r a t u s for a n e s t h e s i a , p r o p o s e d original needles, chain saw, table for applying p l a s t e r c a s t s , p r o s t h e s i s for the foot a f t e r o s t e o p l a s t i c amputation, etc. Under the guidance of N. I. Pirogov the P e t e r s b u r g I n s t r u m e n t Plant excelled the b e s t foreign f i r m s in quality and p e r f e c t i o n of its a r t i c l e s .

All-Union S c i e n t i f i c - R e s e a r c h Institute of Medical I n s t r u m e n t Manufacture, Moscow. T r a n s l a t e d f r o m M e d i t s i n s k a y a Tekhnika, No. 3, pp. 6-9, May-June, 1974. Original a r t i c l e submitted M a r c h 5, 1974.

© 19 75 Plenum Publishing Corporation, 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 1001 I. No part o f this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission of the publisher. A copy o f this article is available from the publisher for $15.00.

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Between 1856 and 1865 the technical d i r e c t o r of the P e t e r s b u r g I n s t r u m e n t Plant was surgeon P. A. Naranovieh, distinguished p r o f e s s o r of the Medical-Surgical Academy. Following P i r o g o v ' s traditions, P. A. Naranovieh did much for the development of the plant. By the s t a r t of World War I the plant was producing s u r g i c a l instruments (about 400 items), s t e r i l i z e r s , p r o s t h e s e s , some a p p a r a t u s e s and objects of medical equipment. However, this single large state e n t e r p r i s e of medical equipment in T s a r i s t R u s s i a was aimed at the manufacture of products for the m i l itary department, which was indicated in no uncertain t e r m s by its new name: "Military-Medical Products Plant." After the Great October socialist revolution a vigorous r e o r g a n i z a t i o n of the entire h e a l t h - c a r e s y s t e m began in the country. At the end of the civil war the medical industry began to be c r e a t e d for the p u r pose of meeting the needs of Soviet health s e r v i c e s . A free s y s t e m of medical s e r v i c e for w o r k e r s was c r e a t e d for the f i r s t time in the world. The organization and c o n s t r u c t i o n of a v a s t network of medical institutions began. A large amount of equipment was needed for outfitting it. The single Leningrad ' , K r a s nogvardeets" Plant (as the "Military-Medical P r o d u c t s Plant" was called in 1922) could not cope with such a task, and t h e r e f o r e the production of m e d i c a l i n s t r u m e n t s , apparatuses, and appliances was o r g a n ized on the basis of a number of small and medium unspecialized e n t e r p r i s e s . The medical industry grew and gained strength along with the growth of industrialization of the entire country. During the period of the f i r s t f i v e - y e a r plans science began to develop rapidly along with the indust r i a l potential of the country. Whereas t h e r e were only nine institutes within the AS USSR in 1928, they numbered 25 by as e a r l y as 1934. R e s e a r c h institutes w e r e also organized in the h e a l t h - c a r e s y s t e m . During World War II (June 1944) the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (AMS USSR) was founded, which presently unites about 30 institutes. All these institutes r e n d e r direct scientific a s s i s t a n c e to the c r e a t i o n of medical equipment. On the whole, problems of medical science in our country a r e being s o l v e d by 393 r e s e a r c h institutes, institutes of higher learning, and l a b o r a t o r i e s , where m o r e than 65,000 r e s e a r c h e r s work. The f i r s t scientific institutions intended for the development of m o d e r n medical equipment - the special design bureaus in Moscow and Leningrad - were c r e a t e d at the end of the 1930s. Large s c i e n tific and technical institutions were founded in Moscow during the postwar y e a r s : All-Union Scientific R e s e a r c h Institute of Medical Instruments and Equipment (presently the All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Medical I n s t r u m e n t Manufacture, Ministry of the Medical Industry) and the All-Union ScientificR e s e a r c h Institute of Surgical Apparatus and I n s t r u m e n t s (presently the All-Union Scientific-Research and T e s t Institute of Medical Equipment, Ministry of Health of the USSR). The c r e a t i o n of the Ministry of the Medical Industry in 1967 was a g r e a t step f o r w a r d in the development of the medical industry. Within the f r a m e w o r k of this ministry, the Main Administration o f Medical Equipment d i r e c t s a large number of r e s e a r c h and design organizations and multitudinous plants. In r e c e n t decades, owing to the unprecedented scientific and technical p r o g r e s s , the role of science has i n c r e a s e d in all a r e a s of the life and activities of our socialist society, including the a r e a s of health c a r e and medicine. In r e c e n t y e a r s new f o r m s of relations have been found between the AS USSR, institutes of the m i n i s t r i e s of health and medical industry, and between institutes and plants of the medical industry. Life has shown that the role of institutes of the AS USSR in the development of biomedical engineering has i n c r e a s ed: The t h e o r e t i c a l d i s c o v e r i e s of the a c a d e m y ' s institutes and l a b o r a t o r i e s are t r a n s f e r r e d for p r a c t i c a l application to institutes, design bureaus, and directly to medical equipment plants. Despite the creation of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, within the Academy of Sciences of the USSR t h e r e are some institutes of a biological specialization where basic r e s e a r c h is conducted. Outstanding scientists of our country a r e elected f r o m physiologists, biochemists, surgeons, etc., to the biological d e p a r t m e n t s of the AS USSR and republic a c a d e m i e s . They all, as a rule, participate in the c r e ation of the t h e o r e t i c a l basis of biomedical engineering. The P r e s i d e n t of the AMS USSR - surgeon N. N. Burdenko, pathologist N. N. Anichkov, surgeon A. N. Bakulev, m i c r o b i o l o g i s t V. D. Timakov, and Minister of Health of the USSR surgeon B. V. P e t r o v s k i i -were elected Academicians of the AS USSR.

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In t h e i r time, p e d i a t r i c i a n G. N. Speranskii, pathophysiologist A. D. Speranskii, and surgeon S. I. Spasokukotskii w e r e elected A c a d e m i c i a n s of the AS USSR, and s u r g e o n s N. N. P e t r o v and P. A. G e r t s e n w e r e elected C o r r e s p o n d i n g M e m b e r s of the AS USSR. The united efforts of s c i e n t i s t s of the two a c a d e m i e s have a noticeable effect on the development of a p p a r a t u s and i n s t r u m e n t s for physiological investigations and diagnosis of d i s e a s e s . Physiologists I. P. Pavlov, L. A. Orbeli, V. V. Parin, and P. K. Anokhin w e r e on the staff of the Academy of Sciences. At p r e s e n t , A c a d e m i c i a n s E. M. K r e p s and V. N. Chernigovskii and C o r r e s p o n d i n g M e m b e r O. G. Gazenko w o r k in the AS USSR. However, not only a c a d e m i c i a n s - p h y s i c i a n s affect the development of b i o m e d i c a l engineering. The functional investigations and d i s c o v e r i e s of s c i e n t i s t s in other fields also have v a s t significance for its development. Thus, A c a d e m i c i a n s N. G. Basov and A. M. l ~ o k h o r o v made a g r e a t contribution to the d e v e l o p m e n t o f l a s e r s , for which they w e r e awarded the Lenin P r i z e in 1959 and the Nobel P r i z e in t964. Num e r o u s l a s e r studies a r e being c a r r i e d out, mainly at the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, w h e r e they a r e being i m p r o v e d constantly. L a s e r s a r e finding wide use in biological investigations and in medicine. However, f u r t h e r e x p e r i m e n t a l investigations and clinical o b s e r v a t i o n s a r e needed for the wide introduction of l a s e r s into medicine. Another example is the method of u l t r a s o n i c "cutting" and "welding" of bones, thanks to which o r t h o p e d i s t s - t r a u m a t o l o g i s t s have obtained f r o m p h y s i c i s t s a method facilitating t h e i r work. This invention was awarded the State P r i z e of the USSR. Of i m p o r t a n c e is the introduction into medicine of such d i s c o v e r i e s of p h y s i c i s t s as liquid c r y s t a l s and i n f r a r e d scanning. Gas s t e r i l i z a t i o n by ethylene oxide, s t e r i l i z a t i o n by m e a n s of e l e c t r o n a c c e l e r a t o r s , etc., a r e p r e s e n t l y being introduced into p r a c t i c e . D e v e l o p m e n t s in the field of p o l y m e r c h e m i s t r y , c a r r i e d out at institutes of the AS USSR, have p e r m i t t e d organizing the production of tubular plastic a r t i c l e s (catheters, probes, conducting s y s t e m of h e a r t - l u n g and a r t i f i c i a l - k i d n e y m a c h i n e s , etc.), endop r o s t h e s e s of blood v e s s e l s and h e a r t v a l v e s . In a n u m b e r of c a s e s b i o m e d i c a l engineering is obtaining f r o m the Academy of Sciences a p p a r a t u s e s c o m p l e t e l y r e a d y for testing. F o r e x a m p l e , C o r r e s p o n d i n g M e m b e r of the AS USSR A. I. Shal'nikov at the Institute of P h y s i c a l P r o b l e m s , AS USSR, developed i n s t r u m e n t s for c r y o s u r g e r y - e r y o d e s t r u e t o r s , by m e a n s of which it was possible to p e r f o r m fine s t e r e o t a x i c operations on the b r a i n in p a r k i n s o n i s m , in u r o l o g i c a l p r a c t i c e for destroying p r o s t a t e t u m o r s , in ophthalmology, etc. Siliconization of s u r f a c e s is of i m p o r t a n c e in preventing h e m o l y s i s in h e a r t - l u n g and a r t i f i c i a l kidney m a c h i n e s . Radiological investigations of institutes of the AS USSR have had a m a j o r effect on the development of r a d i o t h e r a p y of c r i t i c a l d i s e a s e s and r a d i o l o g i c a l diagnosis. The efforts of A c a d e m i c i a n of the Ukrainian AS E. B Babskii et al. r e s u l t e d in new methods of diagnosing and t r e a t i n g the h e a r t and the m e a n s for a c c o m p l i s h i n g them: c a r d i o c y e l o g r a p h s , c a r d i a c s t i m u l a t o r s , etc. The physiological institutes of the AS USSR and Ministry of Health of the USSR play a p a r a m o u n t r o l e in the p r o g r e s s of b i o m e d i c a l engineering, e n s u r i n g the safety of s p a c e flights, and p r o m o t e the d e v elopment of a new field of science - s p a c e biology and medicine. The development of b i o m e d i c a l engineering in many r e s p e c t s is due to the d i s c o v e r i e s made at institutes of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. The s u c c e s s f u l efforts of s c i e n t i s t s of the a c a d e m y ' s institutes in the a r e a of b a s i c r e s e a r c h have unquestionably a fruitful effect on the c r e a t i o n of new technical m e a n s for medicine.

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Role of science in the development of biomedical engineering in our country (250th anniversary of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR).

ROLE OF SCIENCE ENGINEERING OF THE DEVELOPMENT IN OUR COUNTRY ACADEMY A. M . IN THE OF Geselevieh SCIENCES and F. (250th OF P. OF BIOME...
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