Archives of Sexual Behaviol, Vol. 21, No. 4, 1992
ROBERT JESSE STOLLER
1924-1991 Richard Green Bob Stoller once reflected to me as I heaped praise on one of his early works, "I'll only be a footnote." When Bob, vibrant, healthy, looking 15 years younger than his age, and with genes promising longevity (his mother lived to be 91; his father 89), was killed by a reckless teenager in an automobile crash, we suffered a premature and colossal loss. Bob's contributions, powerful and unique, sprang from a hub molded of the bedrock of personality: gender identity. From that hub, he thrust outward, on spoke after spoke, exploring the dimensions of human sexuality. No dilettante, this Stoller. These works were extensive and intensive, presented in a deceptively casual style. The most honest of reporters, he allowed us to see him naked as he published page after page of verbatim conversations, interviews, and therapy sessions (a legacy that I continue to extol in my work). For him this was the raw data in the discipline that Freud called "our science." This was the unsterilized stuff of sexology. Bob was not only the most lucid of any psychoanalytic writer since Freud, and probably including Freud because those works were translated and edited, he was also the most entertaining. He was the only writer who could evoke audible laughter from me other than Philip Roth in Portnoy's Complaint. Perhaps his writing style was conversational because he dictated his books. I never saw him at a typewriter. He did not own a computer. Constantly refining his writing for clarity, Bob lamented, "I was innocent and therefore optimistic to think that clarity was possible . . . Now I know that there is no such thing as a clear sentence. Someone will construe different meanings from any you could ever imagine . . . Maybe then, in a hundred years, sitting on my haunches like a Zen master, I shall finally write a clear sentence. But it will have no words "1 337 0004-0002/92/0800-0337506.50/0 © 1992 Plenum Publishing Corporation
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Bob's early research was with hermaphrodites. When he initially studied gender identity in the anatomically intersexed in the early 1960% the only other similar research was 2500 miles away--the work of John Money and the Hampsons. Soon Bob's perspective diverged from the Hopkins group as he perceived a "biological force" behind gender identity, an insight that anticipated research findings decades later. That insight derived from a patient who appeared to be an anatomically normal female at birth and who was raised by her parents as a girl, but who evolved behaviors that would today constitute the gender identity disorder of childhood. Surprisingly, at puberty, she virilized. This was from previously cryptic intraabdominal testes. She immediately commenced living as a male. It was to be learned years later that this patient had an enzyme deficiency interfering with the metabolism of testosterone. From this case Bob concluded that it was not axiomatic that the gender of rearing trumps the anatomic/physiologic criteria of sex. Bob was a card-carrying psychoanalyst, but a renegade. He scolded analysis for its obsession with jargon: "I cannot bring myself to such talk as exhibitionism is the cathexis of the self (self-representation, etc.), with narcissistic libido. ''2 He chided analysis for its self-appointed ascendancy to the heights of science: "Most analysts believe analysis is a science. I do not, so long as one essential is missing that is found in the disciplines accepted by others as sciences: to the extent that our data are accessible to no one else, our conclusions are not subject to confirmation. ''3 Outgrowing and then eclipsing psychoanalysis as theory, he remained faithful to its intent: discovery. He harnessed the strengths of analysis to explore otherwise inaccessible terrain. "[O]ur assignment--not a mean one--is to be the sharpest of naturalists, not natural scientists. ''4 To the chagrin of classical analysts, he was sympathetic to the transsexual's quest for sex change, by analytic theory the male's ultimate undoing (castration). But he was skeptical of its long-term benefit, characterizing the process and the people as a "Near Miss." Bob knew that so much of sex research wisdom is camouflaged by large samples, hidden in tabulated columns, and dissected beyond significance by statistical packages. "Although statistical techniques may enable • ~5 us to corroborate or deny a hypothesis, they do not produce one. It was almost quaint, Bob's adherence to listening, to comprehending the essence of one human being at a time, for a very long time. That strategy was best lObserving the Erotic hnagination, p. x. 2Sexual Excitement, p. xv. 3lbid, p. xvi. 4presentations of Gender, p. ~. 5Splitting, p. xJ.
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exemplified by his many years' work with a woman whose profound sexual aberrations were documented in the epic case history, Splitting. (It was to be called, "Mrs. G.'s Penis.") Bob's later research adopted nonanalytic strategies--visiting an S-M club to understand deadly serious devotees of bondage and discipline--Bob the ethnographer; sitting with bark-clad New Guineans, along with Gil H e r d t - - B o b the anthropologist. Bob proffered radical views for sexology. Transsexualism in the male child is the product of a conflict-free, nonneurotic process, "massive nonconflict can support a massive aberrance. ''6 The personal script for sexual excitement for all of us is the melodrama that eroticizes hostility, "It is . the desire, overt or hidden, to harm another p e r s o n - - t h a t generates and enhances sexual e x c i t e m e n t . . . (it) is an attempt, repeated over and over, to undo childhood traumas and frustrations ''7 Bob loved to work. He loved his work. At his desk at 7:30 every weekday, he was still there after 5. He could have been chair of a department but would not surrender his freedom to do creative work. He was the luckiest professional, he said, doing exactly what he wanted. But Bob also gardened, played tennis, and swam; with Sybil, his wife of 42 years, he had an enviable social calendar. What a treat to be their dinner guest, where, as Bob said, they did not eat dinner; they dined. I finally repaid Bob and Sybil for all those dinners, when for his recent book, Pain and Passion, I introduced Bob to Plenum Publishing. It was the only author's advance on royalties that he ever received. Since the beginning of my psychiatry residency in 1962 I was taken care of professionally by Bob: "Robert Stoller has provided the support, guidance, and unfailing confidence in me that permanently set the course of my career. ''8 He was the first to agree to write a chapter when I contracted to edit Transsexualism and Sex Reassignment. I edit Archives of Sexual Behavior because of Bob. Over two decades ago he nominated me to Plenum Publishing when they were looking for an editor for a new journal. He agreed to be on the original editorial board and served for 6 years. But he was not a joiner. When I founded the International Academy of Sex Research, he was the only scholar to decline charter membership. Bob and I met regularly to discuss research, to "schmooze." "Countless discussions over the years have so blurred the boundaries of the origins of many of my thoughts that many of his have been unconsciously expropriated as my own. ''9 Those meetings also saved me thousands of dollars in psychotherapy bills. Although we developed ideas in these meetings, we coauthored .
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6Presentations of Gender, p. 27. 7Sexual E:tcitement, p. 6. 8Sexual Identity Conflict in Children and Adults, pp. xvii-xviii.
91bid., p. xviii.
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few papers: one on male and female twins discordant for gender identity, two on physicians' attitudes toward sex reassignment surgery, and one on the treatment of boyhood transsexualism. H e wrote the preface to Sexual Identity Conflict in Children and Adults. I borrowed a Stollerism as an epigraph to The "Sissy Boy Syndrome" and the Development of Homosexuality: "Artists lie to tell the truth, and scientists tell the truth to lie. ''1° Bob began teaching at U C L A in 1954. In a profession in which musical chairs is academe's top tune, he remained at U C L A for his entire career. While senior professors typically slip away from students, hoarding their time, Bob remained the principal and most popular teacher of medical students, even foregoing sabbatical time to teach. Most of what graduates of U C L A medical school know about psychopathology they learned from Bob. Psychiatry residents in the time of neurotransmitters learned unique clinical skills. Who else could teach residents to observe that the Mona Lisa has no eyebrows? 11 When helicoptered to the UCLA emergency room from his auto crash, Bob was recognized by the physicians whom he had taught. They relentlessly pumped 30 units of blood into his body before surrendering to the inevitable. Perhaps the most remarkable contribution of Bob Stoller was Bob Stoller. At his U C L A memorial which I conducted, the adjective used repeatedly to describe him was "luminescent." In this Southern California ethos of flock and tinsel he was a genuine leading man. He was strikingly handsome. He and Sybil were a most attractive couple, in this land of too beautiful people. His presence commanded awe. Bob was 5 feet 8 inches tall. Some random memories. I am a resident, sitting with him in his office, listening to the news of the assassination of President Kennedy. Bob on the beach in Hawaii--paddling out on a surfboard to retrieve a son who had surfed over the horizon. Our Saturday morning Gender Clinic meetings, beginning in the late 1960s, a gathering place for sexologists including Judd Marmor, Ralph Greenson, Martin Hoffman, and Laud Humphreys, and the odd European visitor such as John Bancroft and Isaac Marks. They were all to serve on the editorial board of Archives. Bob giving me a 1929 French wine when I was awarded tenure in psychiatry in 1970. Our drinking it when I passed the California Bar law exam in 1987. I cannot believe that Bob is gone. He was always there. He was always going to be there. Two days before he died, I received an ominous medical report after I had had an ultrasound test. There were three diagnostic al1°Sexual Excitement, p. xvi. LIPsychiatry's mind-brain dialectic or the Mona Lisa has no eyebrows. Am. J. Psychiat. 141: 554-558.
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ternatives: two were terminal, the third, benign, was "unlikely." Immediately I went to Bob's office. I told him that I was to have a more sophisticated confirmatory test in 2 days, and that if the result was bad, I would need him. With great pain in his face, he nodded. That was the last time I saw him. Two days later when my test confirmed the benign result, he had already left work for an appointment. I told him on his answering machine at home that everything was OK. A few hours later I got the call that he was dead. Patients and subjects sit silent. A book remains unfinished. His office for decades is empty; his vast library dispersed. His secretary, Flora, has moved down the hall to work with me. (Still, Bob looks after me.) Provincial reading and reporting has limited the accessibility of Bob Stoller's scholarship for readers outside of psychoanalysis. Just as publications on gender identity written by analysts too often ignore the work of those in general psychiatry or psychology, developmental psychologists, while tirelessly citing each other, rarely acknowledge Bob. True to its appellation, we publish here, for our interdisciplinary readership, the bibliography of Robert Jesse Stoller to provide an enduring reference. Some footnote.
BIBLIOGRAPHY Sole or S e n i o r A u t h o r 1. The teaching of forensic psychiatry in American and Canadian medical centers. Am. J. Psychiat. 115: 150-153, 1958. 2. Measurement of medical students' acceptance of emotionally ill patienls. J. Med. Educ. 33: 585-590, 1958 (with R. H. Geertsma). 3. Construction of a final examination to assess clinical judgment in psychiatry. J. Med. Educ. 33: 837-840, 1958 (with R. H. Geertsma). 4. The occupational therapist as a medium of treatment. Proc. of the 1956 Reg. Occup. Ther. hzst. 1958. 5. The ideal patient. Psyehiat. Quart. Suppl. 33: 1-7, 1959 (with R. H. Geertsma). 6. The intersexed patient. Calif. Med. 95: 261-265, 1959 (with A. C. Rosen). 7. Testamentary capacity: Senility and arteriosclerotic brain disease. Trauma 1: 62-105, 1959. 8. Testamentary capacity: Alcoholism and alcoholic brain disease. Trauma 2: 73-100, 1960. 9. Passing and the maintenance of sexual identification in an intersexed patient. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 2: 379-384, 1960 (with H. Garfinkcl and A. C. Rosen). 10. Suicides in medical and surgical wards of general hospitals. J. Chronic Dis. 12: 592-599, 1960 (with F. M. Estess). 11. Psychiatric management of intersexed patients. Calif. Med. 96: 30-34, 1962 (with H. Garfinkel and A. C. Rosen). 12. Medical students' expectations of psychiatric training. Proc. of the btst. for Prof. of P~ychiat. West of the Mississippi River, pp. 5-18, 1962 (with R. H. Geertsma). 13. Consistency of psychiatrists' clinical judgments. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 137: 58-66, t963 (with R. H. Geertsma).
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14. A method for measuring skills in psychiatry, Proc. Joint Meeting Japanese Soc. of Neurol. and Psychiat. and APA, 1963 (with R. H. Geertsma). 15. Amnesia and memory. Trauma 4: 3-47, 1963. 16. Gender-role change in intersexed patients. 3. Am. Med. Assoc. 684-685, 1964. 17. A contribution to the study of gender identity. Int. J. Psycho-Anal. 45: 220-226, 1964. 18. The hermaphroditic identity of hermaphrodites. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 139: 453-457, 1964. 19. The sense of maleness. Psychoanal. Quart. 34: 207-218, 1965. 20. Passing and the continuum of gender identity. In Marmor J. (ed.), Sexual Inversion, Basic Books, New York, 1965. 21. Shakespearean tragedy: Coriolanus. Psychoanal Quart. 35: 263-274, 1966. 22. The treatment of transvestism and transsexualism. In Masserman, J. (ed.), Current Psychiatric Therapies, Vol. 6, Grune and Stratton, New York, 1966. 23. The mother's contribution to infantile transvestic behaviour. Int. J. Psycho-AnaL 47: 384-395, 1966. 24. The intersexed patient--Counsel and management. In Wahl, C. W. (ed.), Sexual Problems in Medical Practice, Free Press, New York, 1967, 25. Transvestites' women. Am. J. Psychiat. 124: 333-339, 1967. 26. It's only a phase. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 201: 314-315, 1967. 27. Etiological factors in male transsexualism. Trans. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 29: 431-432, 1967. 28. Effects of parents' attitudes on core gender identity. Int. J. Psychiat. 4: 57-60, 1967. 29. Cinderella: Discussion. Psychoanal. Forum, 2: 133, 1967. 30. The sense of femaleness. PsychoanaL Quart. 37: 42-55, 1968. 31. Appendix to Chapter 5. In Garfinkel, H., Studies in Ethnomethodology, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N J, 1967. 32. Coordination of psychiatric and psychological sciences in undergraduate medical education in the United States (Excerpta Medica International Congress Series, No. 150). Proceedings of the IV World Congress of Psychiatry 2: 961-965, Madrid, 1967 (with I. Mensh). 33. Gender identity and a biological force. PsychoanaL Forum 2: 317-338, 1967. 34. Sex and Gender; On the Development of Masculinity and Femininity, Science House, New York, 1968. 35. Male childhood transsexualism. J. Am. Acad. ChiM Psychiat. 7: 193-209, 1968. 36. Research on the destruction of masculinity. Midway 9: 49-64, 1968. 37. A further contribution to the study of gender identity. Int. J. Psycho-Anal. 49: 364-368, 1968. 38. On symbiotic omnipotence: Discussion. Psychoanal Forum 3: 154-157, 1969. 39. Parental influences in male transsexualism. In Green R., and Money, J. (eds.), Transsexualism and Sex Reassignment, Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore, 1969. 40. A biased view of "sex transformation" operations. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 149: 312-317, 1969. 41. Psychogenic aspects of schizophrenia. Ann. Int. Med. 70: 119-122, 1969. 42. The transsexual boy: Mother's feminized phallus. Br. J. Med. Psychol. 43: 117-128, 1970. 43. Pornography and perversion. Arch. Gen. Psychiat., 22: 490-499, 1970. 44. Psychotherapy of extremely feminine boys. hit. J. Psychiat., 9: 278-280, 1970. 45. The term "transvestism". Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 24: 230-237, 1971. 46. The bisexual identity of transsexuals: Two case examples. Arch. Sex. Behav. 1: 17-28, 1971 (with L. Newman). 47. Introduction. In Leites, N., The New Ego, Science Housc, New York, 1971. 48. Creation d'une illusion: L'extreme feminite chez les garcons. Nouv. Rev. Psychanal. 4: 55-72. 49. Transsexualism and transvestism. Psychiat. Ann. 1: 61-72, 1972. 50. The "bedrock" of masculinity and femininity: Bisexuality. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 26: 207-212, 1972. 51. Etiological factors in female transsexualism: A first approximation. Arch. Sex. Behav. 2: 47-64, 1972. 52. The hermaphroditic ideal and the voice: Discussion. Psychoanal. Forum 4: 225-228, 1972.
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53. (a) impact of new advances in sex research on psychoanalytic theory. Danish Med. Bull. 19: 287-301, 1972. (b) Overview: Impact of new advances in sex research on psychoanalytic theory. Am. J. Psychiat. 130: 241-251, 1973. 54. (a) Male transsexualism: Uneasiness. Danish Med. Bull. 19: 301-306, 1972. (b) Male transsexualism: Uneasiness. Am. J. Psychiat. 130: 536-539, 1973. 55. The male transsexual as "experiment". Int. J. Psycho-AnaL 54: 215-255, 1973. 56. Splitting, Quadrangle Books, New York, 1973. 57. Two male transsexuals in one family. Arch. Sex. Behav. 2: 323-328, 1973 (with H. Baker). 58. Faits et hypotheses: Un examen du concept Freudien de bisexualite. Nouv. Rev. Psychanal. 7: 135-155, 1973. 59. Psychoanalysis and physical intervention in the brain: The mind-body problem again. In Zubin, J., and Money, J. (eds.), Contemporary Sexual Behavior: Critical Issues in the 1970% Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore, 1973. 60. The Concept of Perversion. Strecker Monograph Series, The Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital, No. X, 1973. 61. Criteria for psychiatric diagnosis. A symposium: Should homosexuality be in the APA nomenclature? Am. Z Psychiat. 130: 1207-1208, 1973. 62. Does sexual perversion exist? Johns HopkhTs Med. J. 134: 43-57, 1974. 63. Symbiosis anxiety and the development of masculinity. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 30: 164-172, 1974. 64. Sexual Deviations. The Encyclopedia Britannica, pp. 601-609, 1974. 65. Foreword. In Green, R., Sexual Identity Conflict in Children and Adults, Basic Book~, New York, 1974. 66. Hostility and mystery in perversion, hu. J. Psycho-Anal. 55: 425-434, 1974. 67. Gender identity: Development and disorder. In Freedman, A. M., Kaplan, H. i., and Sadock, B. J. (eds.), Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 2nd ed., Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1975. 68. The Transsexual Experiment: Sex and Gender, Vol. 2, Hogarth, London, 1975. 69. Healthy parental influences on the earliest development of masculinity in baby boys. Psychoanal. Forum 5: 234-262, 1975. 70. Perversion: The Erotic Form of Hatred, Pantheon, New York, 1975. 71. Perversion and hostility. In Giovacchini, P. L. (ed.), Tactics and Techniques in Psychoanalytic Therapy, Vol. 2, Jason Aronson, New York, 1975, pp. 311-325. 72. Sexual excitement. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 33: 899-909, 1976. 73. Genetics, constitution and gender disorders: A clinician's view. In Sperber, M:, and Jarvik, L. (eds.), Psychiatry and Genetics, Basic Books, New York, 1976, pp. 41-55. 74. Two feminized male American Indians. Arch. Sex. Behav. 5: 529-538, 1976. 75. Sexual deviations. In Beach, F. A. (ed.), Human Sexuality in Four Perspectives, Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore, 1976, pp. 190-214. 76. Primary femininity. J. Am. Psychoanal. Assoc. 24: 59-78, 1976. 77. L'excitation sexuelle et les secrets. Nouv. Rev. Psychanal. 14: 159-182, 1976. 78. Reactor's Discussion of the Preparatory Commission's Report on Research, The Working Papers of the 1975 Conference on Education on Psychiatrists, APA, 1976. 79. Gender identity. In Kraus, S. (ed.), Encyclopaedic Handbook of Medical Psychology, Butterworths, London, 1976, pp. 197-199. 80. Psychoanalytic diagnosis. In Rakoff, V. M., Stancer, H. C., and Kedward, H. B. (eds.), Psychiatric Diagnosis, Brunner/Mazel, New York, 1977. 81. Gender identity. In Wolman, B. (ed.), International Encyclopedia of Psychiatry, Psychology, Psychoanalysis and Neurology, Vol. 5, Aesculapius, New York, 1977, pp. 173-177. 82. Transsexualism: Indications for surgical treatment--The indications are unclear. In Brady, J. P., and Brodie, H. K. H. (eds.), Controversy h~ Psychiatry, W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1978, pp. 846-855. 83. Boyhood gender aberrations: Treatment issues. J. Am. Psychoanal. Assoc. 26: 541-558. 1978.
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84. Homosexuality: A question of choice? Bull National Guild Catholic Psychiatrists 24: 43-59, 1978. 85. Sexual Excitement: Dynamics of Erotic Life, Pantheon, New York, 1979. 86. The gender disorders. In Rosen, I. (ed.), Sexual Deviation, 2nd ed., Oxford Univ. Press, London, 1979, pp. 109-138. 87. Disorders of masculinity and femininity. In Noshpitz, J. D. (ed.), Basic Handbook of Child Psychiatry, Vol. 2, Basic Books, New York, 1979, pp. 539-546. 88. Centerfold: An essay on excitement. Arch. Gen, Psychiat. 36: 1019-1024, 1979. 89. Fathers of transsexual children. J. Am. Psychoanal. Assoc. 27: 837-866, 1979. 90. A contribution to the study of gender identity: Follow-up. Int. J. Psycho-Anal. 60: 433-441, 1979. 91. A Problems with the term "homosexuality". Hillside J. Clin. Psychiat., 2: 3-25, 1980. 92. G e n d e r identity. In Kaplan, H. I., Freeman, A. M., and Sadock, B. J. (eds.), Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 3rd ed., Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1980, pp. 1695-1705. 93. Femininity. In Kirkpatrick, M. (ed.), Women in Context: Women's Sexual Development, Plenum Press, New York, 1980, pp. 127-145. 94. A different view of oedipal conflict. In Greenspan, S. I., and Pollock, G. H. (eds.), In
The Course of Life: Psychoanalytic Contributions Toward Understanding Personality Development. Vol. 1: Infancy and Early Childhood, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethsda, MD, 1980, pp. 589-602. 95. Les premieres origins de l'identit6 de genre. La Nef 4: 29-40, 1981. 96. A psychotic New Guinea tribesman. Ethnopsychiatrica 3: 39-62, 1981 (with G. H. Herdt). 97. Near miss: "Sex change" treatment and its evaluation. In Zales, M.R. (ed.), Eating, SleepbTg and Sexuality, Brunner/Mazel, New York, 1982, pp. 258-283. 98. Transvestism in women. Arch. Sex. Behav. 11: 99-115, 1982. 99. Erotic vomiting. Arch. Sex. Behav. 11: 361-365, 1982. 100. The development of masculinity: A cross-cultural contribution. J. Am. Psychoanal. Assoc. 30: 29-59, 1982 (with G. Herdt). 101. To teach psychopathology. In Yager, J. (ed.), In Teaching Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Grune and Stratton, New York, 1983. 102. Psychiatry's mind-brain dialectic or the Mona Lisa has no eyebrows. Am. J. P~ychiat. 141: 554-558, 1984. 103. La pcrversion el lc desir dc fairc real. Nouv. Rev. Psychanal. 29: 147-171, 1984. 104. Gender identity disorders in children and adults. In Kaplan, 1., and Sadock, B. J. (eds.), Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, Vol. 4, Williams and Wi[kins, Baltimore, 1984, pp. 1034-1043. 105. Theories of origins of male homosexuality: A cross-cultural look. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 42: 399-404, 1985 (with G. Herdt). 106. Maternal influences in creating fetishism in a two year old boy. In Anthony, E. J., and Pollock, G. H. (eds.), Parental Influences, Little, Brown, Boston, 1985, pp. 427-475. 107. Observing the Erotic bnagination, Yale University Press, New Haven, C'T, 1985. 108. Presentations of Gender; Yale University Press, New Haven, 1985. 109. The heterogeneous homosexual, hTt. J. Psychoanal. Psychother 11: 175-181, 1985. 110. Pornography: Daydreams to cure humiliation. In Nathanson, D. L. (ed.), The Many Faces of Shame, Guilford, New York, 1987, pp. 292-307. 111. Perversion and the Desire to Harm. In Stern, R. (ed.), Theories of the Unconscious and Theories of the Self Analytic Press, Hillsdale, NJ 1987, pp. 221-234. 112. Asthetik der Erotik. Z. Sexualforsch. 1: 351-364, 1988. 113. Patients' responses to their own case reports. J. Am. Psychoanal. Assoc. 26: 371-391, 1988. 114. La genese de I'identite de genre. In Lebovici, S., and Weil-Halpern, F. (eds.), Psychopathologic du Bebe, Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 1989, pp. 215-221. 115. Consensual sadomasochistic perversions. In Blum, H., Weinshel, E. M., and Rodman, F. R. (eds.), The Psychoanalytic Core, International Universities Press, New Haven, CT, pp. 265-282.
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116. Identite de genre: Developpement et pronostic. Une rue d'ensemble. In Chiland, C., and Young, J. G. (eds.), L'Enfant Dans Sa Famille. Nouvelles Approaches de la Sante Mentale, Presses Universitaries de France, Paris, 1990, pp. 115-127. 117. The term "perversion." In Fogel, G. I., and Myers, W. A. (eds.), Perversions and Near-Perversions in Clinical Practice, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, 1991, pp. 36-56. 118. Blessed denial: Or how, by aging, I (almost) conquered reality. In Pollock, G. (ed.), How Psychiatrists Look at Aging, International Universities Press, New Haven, CT, in press. 119. Teaching psychiatry to medical students: A pocketful of wry. In Kales, A., Pierce, C. M., and Greenblatt, M. (eds.), The Mosaic of Contemporary Psychiatry in Perspective, in press. 120. Eros and polls: What is this thing called love? J. Am. Psychoanal. Assoc. in press. 121. Hooray for love. J. Am. Psychoanal. Assoc. 39: 413-437, 1991 Suppl. 122. Pain and Passion: An Ethnography of Consensual Sadomasochism, Plenum Press, New York, 1991. 123. Porn: Myths for Our 20th Century, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, 1991. 124. L'Exces (XSM). Nouv. Rev. Psychanal. 43: 223-247, 1991.
Coauthor 1. Medical student orientations toward the emotionally ill. Arch. Neuro/. Psychiat. 8t: 377-383, 1959 (with R. H. Geertsma and C. MacAndrew). 2. Testing with films. J. Univ. FUm Prod. Assoc., 11: 5-7, 1959 (with E. D. Rose and R. H. Geertsma). 3. Psychiatric unit in a general hospital. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 169: 582-586, 1959 (with C. W. Tidd and D. A. Schwartz). 4. The objective assessment of clinical judgment in psychiatry. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 2: 278-285, 1960 (with R. H. Geertsma). 5. Pubertal feminization in a genetic male with testicular atrophy and normal urinary gonadotropin. J. Clin. Endocrinal. Metab. 22: 829-845, 1962 (with A. D. Schwabe, D. H. Solomon, and J. P. Burnham). 6. UCLA medical-legal seminar. J. Legal Educ. 15: 67-71, 1962 (with M. Schwartz and J. P. Waiters). 7. Changes in medical students' conceptions of the ideal patient. J. Med. Educ. 41: 45-48, 1966 (with R. H. Geertsma). 8. Student patient orientation: Medical students' orientations toward the organically ill patient. J. Kans. Med. Soc. 67: 141-146, 1966 (with R. H. Geertsma). 9. Sex assignment and reassignment. Am. J. Dis. Child. 111: 524-528, 1966 (with R. Green and C. MacAndrew). 10. Attitudes toward sex transformation procedures. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 25: 178-182, 1966 (with R. Green and C. MacAndrew). 11. Passing and the managed achievement of sex status in an "intersexed" person--Part I. Chapter in Garfinkel, H. (ed.), Studies in Ethnomethodology, 1967 (R. J. Stoller, collaborator). 12. Gender identity disturbances in interscxed patients. Am. J. Psychiat. 124: 1261-1266, 1968 (with L. Newman). 13. Sexual psychopathology in the hypogonadal male. Arch. Gen. Paychiat. 16: 631-634, 1968 (with H. Baker). 14. Can a biological force contribute to gender identity'? Am. J. Psychiat. 124: 1653-1658, 1968 (with H. Baker). 15. Spider symbolism and bisexuality. J. Am. P.~ychoanaL Assoc. 17: 862-872, 1969 (with L. Newman). 16. The management of agenesis of the phallus. Pediatrics 47: 81-87, 1971 (with H. H. Young, A. T. K. Cockett, F. Ashley and W. E. Goodwin).
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17. The oedipal situation in male transsexualism. Br. J. Med. PsychoL 44: 295-303, 1971 (with L. Newman). 18. Two pairs of monozygotic (identical) twins discordant for gender identity. Arch. Sex. Behav. 1: 321-27, 1971 (with R. Green). 19. Treatment of boyhood "transsexualism": An interim report of four years experience. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 26: 213-217, 1972 (with R. Green and L. Newman). 20. Nontranssexual men who seek sex reassignment. Am. J. Psychiat. 131: 437-441, 1974 (with L. Newman). 21. The psychiatrist's image of his role. In Usdin, G. (ed.), Psychiatry: Education and Image, Brunner/Mazel, New York, 1974 (with B. Holland). 22. Male pseudohermaphroditism secondary to 17-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency: Gender role change with puberty. Z Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 49: 391-395, 1979, (with J. Imperato-McGinley, R. E. Peterson, and W. E. Goodwin). 23. Sakulambei: A hermaphrodite's secret. An example of clinical ethnography. In L. B., Boyer, et al. (eds.), The Psychoanalytic Study of Society, Vol. 2, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, N J, pp. 115-156, 1985 (with Gilbert Herdt). 24. Der Einfluss der Supervision auf die ethnographische, in Duerr, H. P. (ed.), Die wilde See&, Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt, Germany, pp. 177-199, 1987 (with Gilbert Herdt). 25. (a) Cognitive Science and Psychoanalysis, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 1988 (with Kenneth M. Colby). (b) Cognitive Science and Psychoanalysis, Analytic Press, Hillsdalc, NJ, 1988 (with Kenneth M. Colby. 26. lnthnate Communications, Columbia University Press, New York 1990 (with Gilbert Herdt). 27. Dialogues with a psychologic inference engine in unrestricted natural language. Philosoph. PsychoL (with Kenneth M. Colby and Peter M. Colby). (in press)
ROBERT JESSE STOLLER
1924-1991 Richard Green Bob Stoller once reflected to me as I heaped praise on one of his early works, "I'll only be a footnote." When Bob, vibrant, healthy, looking 15 years younger than his age, and with genes promising longevity (his mother lived to be 91; his father 89), was killed by a reckless teenager in an automobile crash, we suffered a premature and colossal loss. Bob's contributions, powerful and unique, sprang from a hub molded of the bedrock of personality: gender identity. From that hub, he thrust outward, on spoke after spoke, exploring the dimensions of human sexuality. No dilettante, this Stoller. These works were extensive and intensive, presented in a deceptively casual style. The most honest of reporters, he allowed us to see him naked as he published page after page of verbatim conversations, interviews, and therapy sessions (a legacy that I continue to extol in my work). For him this was the raw data in the discipline that Freud called "our science." This was the unsterilized stuff of sexology. Bob was not only the most lucid of any psychoanalytic writer since Freud, and probably including Freud because those works were translated and edited, he was also the most entertaining. He was the only writer who could evoke audible laughter from me other than Philip Roth in Portnoy's Complaint. Perhaps his writing style was conversational because he dictated his books. I never saw him at a typewriter. He did not own a computer. Constantly refining his writing for clarity, Bob lamented, "I was innocent and therefore optimistic to think that clarity was possible . . . Now I know that there is no such thing as a clear sentence. Someone will construe different meanings from any you could ever imagine . . . Maybe then, in a hundred years, sitting on my haunches like a Zen master, I shall finally write a clear sentence. But it will have no words "1 337 0004-0002/92/0800-0337506.50/0 © 1992 Plenum Publishing Corporation
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Bob's early research was with hermaphrodites. When he initially studied gender identity in the anatomically intersexed in the early 1960% the only other similar research was 2500 miles away--the work of John Money and the Hampsons. Soon Bob's perspective diverged from the Hopkins group as he perceived a "biological force" behind gender identity, an insight that anticipated research findings decades later. That insight derived from a patient who appeared to be an anatomically normal female at birth and who was raised by her parents as a girl, but who evolved behaviors that would today constitute the gender identity disorder of childhood. Surprisingly, at puberty, she virilized. This was from previously cryptic intraabdominal testes. She immediately commenced living as a male. It was to be learned years later that this patient had an enzyme deficiency interfering with the metabolism of testosterone. From this case Bob concluded that it was not axiomatic that the gender of rearing trumps the anatomic/physiologic criteria of sex. Bob was a card-carrying psychoanalyst, but a renegade. He scolded analysis for its obsession with jargon: "I cannot bring myself to such talk as exhibitionism is the cathexis of the self (self-representation, etc.), with narcissistic libido. ''2 He chided analysis for its self-appointed ascendancy to the heights of science: "Most analysts believe analysis is a science. I do not, so long as one essential is missing that is found in the disciplines accepted by others as sciences: to the extent that our data are accessible to no one else, our conclusions are not subject to confirmation. ''3 Outgrowing and then eclipsing psychoanalysis as theory, he remained faithful to its intent: discovery. He harnessed the strengths of analysis to explore otherwise inaccessible terrain. "[O]ur assignment--not a mean one--is to be the sharpest of naturalists, not natural scientists. ''4 To the chagrin of classical analysts, he was sympathetic to the transsexual's quest for sex change, by analytic theory the male's ultimate undoing (castration). But he was skeptical of its long-term benefit, characterizing the process and the people as a "Near Miss." Bob knew that so much of sex research wisdom is camouflaged by large samples, hidden in tabulated columns, and dissected beyond significance by statistical packages. "Although statistical techniques may enable • ~5 us to corroborate or deny a hypothesis, they do not produce one. It was almost quaint, Bob's adherence to listening, to comprehending the essence of one human being at a time, for a very long time. That strategy was best lObserving the Erotic hnagination, p. x. 2Sexual Excitement, p. xv. 3lbid, p. xvi. 4presentations of Gender, p. ~. 5Splitting, p. xJ.
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exemplified by his many years' work with a woman whose profound sexual aberrations were documented in the epic case history, Splitting. (It was to be called, "Mrs. G.'s Penis.") Bob's later research adopted nonanalytic strategies--visiting an S-M club to understand deadly serious devotees of bondage and discipline--Bob the ethnographer; sitting with bark-clad New Guineans, along with Gil H e r d t - - B o b the anthropologist. Bob proffered radical views for sexology. Transsexualism in the male child is the product of a conflict-free, nonneurotic process, "massive nonconflict can support a massive aberrance. ''6 The personal script for sexual excitement for all of us is the melodrama that eroticizes hostility, "It is . the desire, overt or hidden, to harm another p e r s o n - - t h a t generates and enhances sexual e x c i t e m e n t . . . (it) is an attempt, repeated over and over, to undo childhood traumas and frustrations ''7 Bob loved to work. He loved his work. At his desk at 7:30 every weekday, he was still there after 5. He could have been chair of a department but would not surrender his freedom to do creative work. He was the luckiest professional, he said, doing exactly what he wanted. But Bob also gardened, played tennis, and swam; with Sybil, his wife of 42 years, he had an enviable social calendar. What a treat to be their dinner guest, where, as Bob said, they did not eat dinner; they dined. I finally repaid Bob and Sybil for all those dinners, when for his recent book, Pain and Passion, I introduced Bob to Plenum Publishing. It was the only author's advance on royalties that he ever received. Since the beginning of my psychiatry residency in 1962 I was taken care of professionally by Bob: "Robert Stoller has provided the support, guidance, and unfailing confidence in me that permanently set the course of my career. ''8 He was the first to agree to write a chapter when I contracted to edit Transsexualism and Sex Reassignment. I edit Archives of Sexual Behavior because of Bob. Over two decades ago he nominated me to Plenum Publishing when they were looking for an editor for a new journal. He agreed to be on the original editorial board and served for 6 years. But he was not a joiner. When I founded the International Academy of Sex Research, he was the only scholar to decline charter membership. Bob and I met regularly to discuss research, to "schmooze." "Countless discussions over the years have so blurred the boundaries of the origins of many of my thoughts that many of his have been unconsciously expropriated as my own. ''9 Those meetings also saved me thousands of dollars in psychotherapy bills. Although we developed ideas in these meetings, we coauthored .
.
6Presentations of Gender, p. 27. 7Sexual E:tcitement, p. 6. 8Sexual Identity Conflict in Children and Adults, pp. xvii-xviii.
91bid., p. xviii.
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few papers: one on male and female twins discordant for gender identity, two on physicians' attitudes toward sex reassignment surgery, and one on the treatment of boyhood transsexualism. H e wrote the preface to Sexual Identity Conflict in Children and Adults. I borrowed a Stollerism as an epigraph to The "Sissy Boy Syndrome" and the Development of Homosexuality: "Artists lie to tell the truth, and scientists tell the truth to lie. ''1° Bob began teaching at U C L A in 1954. In a profession in which musical chairs is academe's top tune, he remained at U C L A for his entire career. While senior professors typically slip away from students, hoarding their time, Bob remained the principal and most popular teacher of medical students, even foregoing sabbatical time to teach. Most of what graduates of U C L A medical school know about psychopathology they learned from Bob. Psychiatry residents in the time of neurotransmitters learned unique clinical skills. Who else could teach residents to observe that the Mona Lisa has no eyebrows? 11 When helicoptered to the UCLA emergency room from his auto crash, Bob was recognized by the physicians whom he had taught. They relentlessly pumped 30 units of blood into his body before surrendering to the inevitable. Perhaps the most remarkable contribution of Bob Stoller was Bob Stoller. At his U C L A memorial which I conducted, the adjective used repeatedly to describe him was "luminescent." In this Southern California ethos of flock and tinsel he was a genuine leading man. He was strikingly handsome. He and Sybil were a most attractive couple, in this land of too beautiful people. His presence commanded awe. Bob was 5 feet 8 inches tall. Some random memories. I am a resident, sitting with him in his office, listening to the news of the assassination of President Kennedy. Bob on the beach in Hawaii--paddling out on a surfboard to retrieve a son who had surfed over the horizon. Our Saturday morning Gender Clinic meetings, beginning in the late 1960s, a gathering place for sexologists including Judd Marmor, Ralph Greenson, Martin Hoffman, and Laud Humphreys, and the odd European visitor such as John Bancroft and Isaac Marks. They were all to serve on the editorial board of Archives. Bob giving me a 1929 French wine when I was awarded tenure in psychiatry in 1970. Our drinking it when I passed the California Bar law exam in 1987. I cannot believe that Bob is gone. He was always there. He was always going to be there. Two days before he died, I received an ominous medical report after I had had an ultrasound test. There were three diagnostic al1°Sexual Excitement, p. xvi. LIPsychiatry's mind-brain dialectic or the Mona Lisa has no eyebrows. Am. J. Psychiat. 141: 554-558.
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ternatives: two were terminal, the third, benign, was "unlikely." Immediately I went to Bob's office. I told him that I was to have a more sophisticated confirmatory test in 2 days, and that if the result was bad, I would need him. With great pain in his face, he nodded. That was the last time I saw him. Two days later when my test confirmed the benign result, he had already left work for an appointment. I told him on his answering machine at home that everything was OK. A few hours later I got the call that he was dead. Patients and subjects sit silent. A book remains unfinished. His office for decades is empty; his vast library dispersed. His secretary, Flora, has moved down the hall to work with me. (Still, Bob looks after me.) Provincial reading and reporting has limited the accessibility of Bob Stoller's scholarship for readers outside of psychoanalysis. Just as publications on gender identity written by analysts too often ignore the work of those in general psychiatry or psychology, developmental psychologists, while tirelessly citing each other, rarely acknowledge Bob. True to its appellation, we publish here, for our interdisciplinary readership, the bibliography of Robert Jesse Stoller to provide an enduring reference. Some footnote.
BIBLIOGRAPHY Sole or S e n i o r A u t h o r 1. The teaching of forensic psychiatry in American and Canadian medical centers. Am. J. Psychiat. 115: 150-153, 1958. 2. Measurement of medical students' acceptance of emotionally ill patienls. J. Med. Educ. 33: 585-590, 1958 (with R. H. Geertsma). 3. Construction of a final examination to assess clinical judgment in psychiatry. J. Med. Educ. 33: 837-840, 1958 (with R. H. Geertsma). 4. The occupational therapist as a medium of treatment. Proc. of the 1956 Reg. Occup. Ther. hzst. 1958. 5. The ideal patient. Psyehiat. Quart. Suppl. 33: 1-7, 1959 (with R. H. Geertsma). 6. The intersexed patient. Calif. Med. 95: 261-265, 1959 (with A. C. Rosen). 7. Testamentary capacity: Senility and arteriosclerotic brain disease. Trauma 1: 62-105, 1959. 8. Testamentary capacity: Alcoholism and alcoholic brain disease. Trauma 2: 73-100, 1960. 9. Passing and the maintenance of sexual identification in an intersexed patient. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 2: 379-384, 1960 (with H. Garfinkcl and A. C. Rosen). 10. Suicides in medical and surgical wards of general hospitals. J. Chronic Dis. 12: 592-599, 1960 (with F. M. Estess). 11. Psychiatric management of intersexed patients. Calif. Med. 96: 30-34, 1962 (with H. Garfinkel and A. C. Rosen). 12. Medical students' expectations of psychiatric training. Proc. of the btst. for Prof. of P~ychiat. West of the Mississippi River, pp. 5-18, 1962 (with R. H. Geertsma). 13. Consistency of psychiatrists' clinical judgments. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 137: 58-66, t963 (with R. H. Geertsma).
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14. A method for measuring skills in psychiatry, Proc. Joint Meeting Japanese Soc. of Neurol. and Psychiat. and APA, 1963 (with R. H. Geertsma). 15. Amnesia and memory. Trauma 4: 3-47, 1963. 16. Gender-role change in intersexed patients. 3. Am. Med. Assoc. 684-685, 1964. 17. A contribution to the study of gender identity. Int. J. Psycho-Anal. 45: 220-226, 1964. 18. The hermaphroditic identity of hermaphrodites. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 139: 453-457, 1964. 19. The sense of maleness. Psychoanal. Quart. 34: 207-218, 1965. 20. Passing and the continuum of gender identity. In Marmor J. (ed.), Sexual Inversion, Basic Books, New York, 1965. 21. Shakespearean tragedy: Coriolanus. Psychoanal Quart. 35: 263-274, 1966. 22. The treatment of transvestism and transsexualism. In Masserman, J. (ed.), Current Psychiatric Therapies, Vol. 6, Grune and Stratton, New York, 1966. 23. The mother's contribution to infantile transvestic behaviour. Int. J. Psycho-AnaL 47: 384-395, 1966. 24. The intersexed patient--Counsel and management. In Wahl, C. W. (ed.), Sexual Problems in Medical Practice, Free Press, New York, 1967, 25. Transvestites' women. Am. J. Psychiat. 124: 333-339, 1967. 26. It's only a phase. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 201: 314-315, 1967. 27. Etiological factors in male transsexualism. Trans. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 29: 431-432, 1967. 28. Effects of parents' attitudes on core gender identity. Int. J. Psychiat. 4: 57-60, 1967. 29. Cinderella: Discussion. Psychoanal. Forum, 2: 133, 1967. 30. The sense of femaleness. PsychoanaL Quart. 37: 42-55, 1968. 31. Appendix to Chapter 5. In Garfinkel, H., Studies in Ethnomethodology, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N J, 1967. 32. Coordination of psychiatric and psychological sciences in undergraduate medical education in the United States (Excerpta Medica International Congress Series, No. 150). Proceedings of the IV World Congress of Psychiatry 2: 961-965, Madrid, 1967 (with I. Mensh). 33. Gender identity and a biological force. PsychoanaL Forum 2: 317-338, 1967. 34. Sex and Gender; On the Development of Masculinity and Femininity, Science House, New York, 1968. 35. Male childhood transsexualism. J. Am. Acad. ChiM Psychiat. 7: 193-209, 1968. 36. Research on the destruction of masculinity. Midway 9: 49-64, 1968. 37. A further contribution to the study of gender identity. Int. J. Psycho-Anal. 49: 364-368, 1968. 38. On symbiotic omnipotence: Discussion. Psychoanal Forum 3: 154-157, 1969. 39. Parental influences in male transsexualism. In Green R., and Money, J. (eds.), Transsexualism and Sex Reassignment, Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore, 1969. 40. A biased view of "sex transformation" operations. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 149: 312-317, 1969. 41. Psychogenic aspects of schizophrenia. Ann. Int. Med. 70: 119-122, 1969. 42. The transsexual boy: Mother's feminized phallus. Br. J. Med. Psychol. 43: 117-128, 1970. 43. Pornography and perversion. Arch. Gen. Psychiat., 22: 490-499, 1970. 44. Psychotherapy of extremely feminine boys. hit. J. Psychiat., 9: 278-280, 1970. 45. The term "transvestism". Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 24: 230-237, 1971. 46. The bisexual identity of transsexuals: Two case examples. Arch. Sex. Behav. 1: 17-28, 1971 (with L. Newman). 47. Introduction. In Leites, N., The New Ego, Science Housc, New York, 1971. 48. Creation d'une illusion: L'extreme feminite chez les garcons. Nouv. Rev. Psychanal. 4: 55-72. 49. Transsexualism and transvestism. Psychiat. Ann. 1: 61-72, 1972. 50. The "bedrock" of masculinity and femininity: Bisexuality. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 26: 207-212, 1972. 51. Etiological factors in female transsexualism: A first approximation. Arch. Sex. Behav. 2: 47-64, 1972. 52. The hermaphroditic ideal and the voice: Discussion. Psychoanal. Forum 4: 225-228, 1972.
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53. (a) impact of new advances in sex research on psychoanalytic theory. Danish Med. Bull. 19: 287-301, 1972. (b) Overview: Impact of new advances in sex research on psychoanalytic theory. Am. J. Psychiat. 130: 241-251, 1973. 54. (a) Male transsexualism: Uneasiness. Danish Med. Bull. 19: 301-306, 1972. (b) Male transsexualism: Uneasiness. Am. J. Psychiat. 130: 536-539, 1973. 55. The male transsexual as "experiment". Int. J. Psycho-AnaL 54: 215-255, 1973. 56. Splitting, Quadrangle Books, New York, 1973. 57. Two male transsexuals in one family. Arch. Sex. Behav. 2: 323-328, 1973 (with H. Baker). 58. Faits et hypotheses: Un examen du concept Freudien de bisexualite. Nouv. Rev. Psychanal. 7: 135-155, 1973. 59. Psychoanalysis and physical intervention in the brain: The mind-body problem again. In Zubin, J., and Money, J. (eds.), Contemporary Sexual Behavior: Critical Issues in the 1970% Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore, 1973. 60. The Concept of Perversion. Strecker Monograph Series, The Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital, No. X, 1973. 61. Criteria for psychiatric diagnosis. A symposium: Should homosexuality be in the APA nomenclature? Am. Z Psychiat. 130: 1207-1208, 1973. 62. Does sexual perversion exist? Johns HopkhTs Med. J. 134: 43-57, 1974. 63. Symbiosis anxiety and the development of masculinity. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 30: 164-172, 1974. 64. Sexual Deviations. The Encyclopedia Britannica, pp. 601-609, 1974. 65. Foreword. In Green, R., Sexual Identity Conflict in Children and Adults, Basic Book~, New York, 1974. 66. Hostility and mystery in perversion, hu. J. Psycho-Anal. 55: 425-434, 1974. 67. Gender identity: Development and disorder. In Freedman, A. M., Kaplan, H. i., and Sadock, B. J. (eds.), Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 2nd ed., Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1975. 68. The Transsexual Experiment: Sex and Gender, Vol. 2, Hogarth, London, 1975. 69. Healthy parental influences on the earliest development of masculinity in baby boys. Psychoanal. Forum 5: 234-262, 1975. 70. Perversion: The Erotic Form of Hatred, Pantheon, New York, 1975. 71. Perversion and hostility. In Giovacchini, P. L. (ed.), Tactics and Techniques in Psychoanalytic Therapy, Vol. 2, Jason Aronson, New York, 1975, pp. 311-325. 72. Sexual excitement. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 33: 899-909, 1976. 73. Genetics, constitution and gender disorders: A clinician's view. In Sperber, M:, and Jarvik, L. (eds.), Psychiatry and Genetics, Basic Books, New York, 1976, pp. 41-55. 74. Two feminized male American Indians. Arch. Sex. Behav. 5: 529-538, 1976. 75. Sexual deviations. In Beach, F. A. (ed.), Human Sexuality in Four Perspectives, Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore, 1976, pp. 190-214. 76. Primary femininity. J. Am. Psychoanal. Assoc. 24: 59-78, 1976. 77. L'excitation sexuelle et les secrets. Nouv. Rev. Psychanal. 14: 159-182, 1976. 78. Reactor's Discussion of the Preparatory Commission's Report on Research, The Working Papers of the 1975 Conference on Education on Psychiatrists, APA, 1976. 79. Gender identity. In Kraus, S. (ed.), Encyclopaedic Handbook of Medical Psychology, Butterworths, London, 1976, pp. 197-199. 80. Psychoanalytic diagnosis. In Rakoff, V. M., Stancer, H. C., and Kedward, H. B. (eds.), Psychiatric Diagnosis, Brunner/Mazel, New York, 1977. 81. Gender identity. In Wolman, B. (ed.), International Encyclopedia of Psychiatry, Psychology, Psychoanalysis and Neurology, Vol. 5, Aesculapius, New York, 1977, pp. 173-177. 82. Transsexualism: Indications for surgical treatment--The indications are unclear. In Brady, J. P., and Brodie, H. K. H. (eds.), Controversy h~ Psychiatry, W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1978, pp. 846-855. 83. Boyhood gender aberrations: Treatment issues. J. Am. Psychoanal. Assoc. 26: 541-558. 1978.
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84. Homosexuality: A question of choice? Bull National Guild Catholic Psychiatrists 24: 43-59, 1978. 85. Sexual Excitement: Dynamics of Erotic Life, Pantheon, New York, 1979. 86. The gender disorders. In Rosen, I. (ed.), Sexual Deviation, 2nd ed., Oxford Univ. Press, London, 1979, pp. 109-138. 87. Disorders of masculinity and femininity. In Noshpitz, J. D. (ed.), Basic Handbook of Child Psychiatry, Vol. 2, Basic Books, New York, 1979, pp. 539-546. 88. Centerfold: An essay on excitement. Arch. Gen, Psychiat. 36: 1019-1024, 1979. 89. Fathers of transsexual children. J. Am. Psychoanal. Assoc. 27: 837-866, 1979. 90. A contribution to the study of gender identity: Follow-up. Int. J. Psycho-Anal. 60: 433-441, 1979. 91. A Problems with the term "homosexuality". Hillside J. Clin. Psychiat., 2: 3-25, 1980. 92. G e n d e r identity. In Kaplan, H. I., Freeman, A. M., and Sadock, B. J. (eds.), Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 3rd ed., Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1980, pp. 1695-1705. 93. Femininity. In Kirkpatrick, M. (ed.), Women in Context: Women's Sexual Development, Plenum Press, New York, 1980, pp. 127-145. 94. A different view of oedipal conflict. In Greenspan, S. I., and Pollock, G. H. (eds.), In
The Course of Life: Psychoanalytic Contributions Toward Understanding Personality Development. Vol. 1: Infancy and Early Childhood, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethsda, MD, 1980, pp. 589-602. 95. Les premieres origins de l'identit6 de genre. La Nef 4: 29-40, 1981. 96. A psychotic New Guinea tribesman. Ethnopsychiatrica 3: 39-62, 1981 (with G. H. Herdt). 97. Near miss: "Sex change" treatment and its evaluation. In Zales, M.R. (ed.), Eating, SleepbTg and Sexuality, Brunner/Mazel, New York, 1982, pp. 258-283. 98. Transvestism in women. Arch. Sex. Behav. 11: 99-115, 1982. 99. Erotic vomiting. Arch. Sex. Behav. 11: 361-365, 1982. 100. The development of masculinity: A cross-cultural contribution. J. Am. Psychoanal. Assoc. 30: 29-59, 1982 (with G. Herdt). 101. To teach psychopathology. In Yager, J. (ed.), In Teaching Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Grune and Stratton, New York, 1983. 102. Psychiatry's mind-brain dialectic or the Mona Lisa has no eyebrows. Am. J. P~ychiat. 141: 554-558, 1984. 103. La pcrversion el lc desir dc fairc real. Nouv. Rev. Psychanal. 29: 147-171, 1984. 104. Gender identity disorders in children and adults. In Kaplan, 1., and Sadock, B. J. (eds.), Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, Vol. 4, Williams and Wi[kins, Baltimore, 1984, pp. 1034-1043. 105. Theories of origins of male homosexuality: A cross-cultural look. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 42: 399-404, 1985 (with G. Herdt). 106. Maternal influences in creating fetishism in a two year old boy. In Anthony, E. J., and Pollock, G. H. (eds.), Parental Influences, Little, Brown, Boston, 1985, pp. 427-475. 107. Observing the Erotic bnagination, Yale University Press, New Haven, C'T, 1985. 108. Presentations of Gender; Yale University Press, New Haven, 1985. 109. The heterogeneous homosexual, hTt. J. Psychoanal. Psychother 11: 175-181, 1985. 110. Pornography: Daydreams to cure humiliation. In Nathanson, D. L. (ed.), The Many Faces of Shame, Guilford, New York, 1987, pp. 292-307. 111. Perversion and the Desire to Harm. In Stern, R. (ed.), Theories of the Unconscious and Theories of the Self Analytic Press, Hillsdale, NJ 1987, pp. 221-234. 112. Asthetik der Erotik. Z. Sexualforsch. 1: 351-364, 1988. 113. Patients' responses to their own case reports. J. Am. Psychoanal. Assoc. 26: 371-391, 1988. 114. La genese de I'identite de genre. In Lebovici, S., and Weil-Halpern, F. (eds.), Psychopathologic du Bebe, Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 1989, pp. 215-221. 115. Consensual sadomasochistic perversions. In Blum, H., Weinshel, E. M., and Rodman, F. R. (eds.), The Psychoanalytic Core, International Universities Press, New Haven, CT, pp. 265-282.
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116. Identite de genre: Developpement et pronostic. Une rue d'ensemble. In Chiland, C., and Young, J. G. (eds.), L'Enfant Dans Sa Famille. Nouvelles Approaches de la Sante Mentale, Presses Universitaries de France, Paris, 1990, pp. 115-127. 117. The term "perversion." In Fogel, G. I., and Myers, W. A. (eds.), Perversions and Near-Perversions in Clinical Practice, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, 1991, pp. 36-56. 118. Blessed denial: Or how, by aging, I (almost) conquered reality. In Pollock, G. (ed.), How Psychiatrists Look at Aging, International Universities Press, New Haven, CT, in press. 119. Teaching psychiatry to medical students: A pocketful of wry. In Kales, A., Pierce, C. M., and Greenblatt, M. (eds.), The Mosaic of Contemporary Psychiatry in Perspective, in press. 120. Eros and polls: What is this thing called love? J. Am. Psychoanal. Assoc. in press. 121. Hooray for love. J. Am. Psychoanal. Assoc. 39: 413-437, 1991 Suppl. 122. Pain and Passion: An Ethnography of Consensual Sadomasochism, Plenum Press, New York, 1991. 123. Porn: Myths for Our 20th Century, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, 1991. 124. L'Exces (XSM). Nouv. Rev. Psychanal. 43: 223-247, 1991.
Coauthor 1. Medical student orientations toward the emotionally ill. Arch. Neuro/. Psychiat. 8t: 377-383, 1959 (with R. H. Geertsma and C. MacAndrew). 2. Testing with films. J. Univ. FUm Prod. Assoc., 11: 5-7, 1959 (with E. D. Rose and R. H. Geertsma). 3. Psychiatric unit in a general hospital. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 169: 582-586, 1959 (with C. W. Tidd and D. A. Schwartz). 4. The objective assessment of clinical judgment in psychiatry. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 2: 278-285, 1960 (with R. H. Geertsma). 5. Pubertal feminization in a genetic male with testicular atrophy and normal urinary gonadotropin. J. Clin. Endocrinal. Metab. 22: 829-845, 1962 (with A. D. Schwabe, D. H. Solomon, and J. P. Burnham). 6. UCLA medical-legal seminar. J. Legal Educ. 15: 67-71, 1962 (with M. Schwartz and J. P. Waiters). 7. Changes in medical students' conceptions of the ideal patient. J. Med. Educ. 41: 45-48, 1966 (with R. H. Geertsma). 8. Student patient orientation: Medical students' orientations toward the organically ill patient. J. Kans. Med. Soc. 67: 141-146, 1966 (with R. H. Geertsma). 9. Sex assignment and reassignment. Am. J. Dis. Child. 111: 524-528, 1966 (with R. Green and C. MacAndrew). 10. Attitudes toward sex transformation procedures. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 25: 178-182, 1966 (with R. Green and C. MacAndrew). 11. Passing and the managed achievement of sex status in an "intersexed" person--Part I. Chapter in Garfinkel, H. (ed.), Studies in Ethnomethodology, 1967 (R. J. Stoller, collaborator). 12. Gender identity disturbances in interscxed patients. Am. J. Psychiat. 124: 1261-1266, 1968 (with L. Newman). 13. Sexual psychopathology in the hypogonadal male. Arch. Gen. Paychiat. 16: 631-634, 1968 (with H. Baker). 14. Can a biological force contribute to gender identity'? Am. J. Psychiat. 124: 1653-1658, 1968 (with H. Baker). 15. Spider symbolism and bisexuality. J. Am. P.~ychoanaL Assoc. 17: 862-872, 1969 (with L. Newman). 16. The management of agenesis of the phallus. Pediatrics 47: 81-87, 1971 (with H. H. Young, A. T. K. Cockett, F. Ashley and W. E. Goodwin).
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17. The oedipal situation in male transsexualism. Br. J. Med. PsychoL 44: 295-303, 1971 (with L. Newman). 18. Two pairs of monozygotic (identical) twins discordant for gender identity. Arch. Sex. Behav. 1: 321-27, 1971 (with R. Green). 19. Treatment of boyhood "transsexualism": An interim report of four years experience. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 26: 213-217, 1972 (with R. Green and L. Newman). 20. Nontranssexual men who seek sex reassignment. Am. J. Psychiat. 131: 437-441, 1974 (with L. Newman). 21. The psychiatrist's image of his role. In Usdin, G. (ed.), Psychiatry: Education and Image, Brunner/Mazel, New York, 1974 (with B. Holland). 22. Male pseudohermaphroditism secondary to 17-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency: Gender role change with puberty. Z Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 49: 391-395, 1979, (with J. Imperato-McGinley, R. E. Peterson, and W. E. Goodwin). 23. Sakulambei: A hermaphrodite's secret. An example of clinical ethnography. In L. B., Boyer, et al. (eds.), The Psychoanalytic Study of Society, Vol. 2, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, N J, pp. 115-156, 1985 (with Gilbert Herdt). 24. Der Einfluss der Supervision auf die ethnographische, in Duerr, H. P. (ed.), Die wilde See&, Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt, Germany, pp. 177-199, 1987 (with Gilbert Herdt). 25. (a) Cognitive Science and Psychoanalysis, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 1988 (with Kenneth M. Colby). (b) Cognitive Science and Psychoanalysis, Analytic Press, Hillsdalc, NJ, 1988 (with Kenneth M. Colby. 26. lnthnate Communications, Columbia University Press, New York 1990 (with Gilbert Herdt). 27. Dialogues with a psychologic inference engine in unrestricted natural language. Philosoph. PsychoL (with Kenneth M. Colby and Peter M. Colby). (in press)
