INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPATHOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY

Vol. 27, no. 3, 313-319 (2014)

EDITORIAL

REVIEW ON MEDICINAL USES, PHARMACOLOGICAL, PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND IMMUNOMODULATORY ACTIVITY OF PLANTS M. AKRAMl, A. HAMID 2, A. KHALIU, A. GHAFFAR4, N. TAYYABA5, A. SAEED6, M. ALF and A. NAVEED8

Department ofEastern Medicine and Surgery, University ofPoonch, Rawalakot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan; 'Department ofHorticulture, Faculty ofAgriculture, University ofPoonch, Rawalakot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan; 'University College ofConventional Medicine, The Islamia University ofBahawalpur, Pakistan; "Department ofLife Sciences, The Islamia University ofBahawalpur, Pakistan; 'Department ofApplied Psychology, Bahauddin Zakaria University Sub Campus Sahiwal, Pakistan; "Cholistan Institute ofDesert Studies, The Islamia University ofBahawalpur, Pakistan; 'Department ofEastern Medicine and Surgery, Govt College University Faisalabad; "Faculty ofPharmacy, The Islamia University ofBahawalpur, Pakistan I

Received September 6, 2013 - Accepted August 6, 2014 Since ancient times, plants have been an exemplary source of medicine. Researchers have discovered some important compounds from plants. The present work constitutes a review of the medicinal plants whose immunomodulant activity has been proven. We performed PUBMED, EMBASE, Google scholar searches for research papers of medicinal plants having immunomodulant activity. Medicinal plants used by traditional physicians or reported as having immunomodulant activity include Acacia concocinna, Camellia sinensis, Lawsonia inermis Linn, Piper longum Linn, Gelidium amansii, Petroselinum crispum, Plantago major and Allium sativum. Immunomodulant activities of some of these medicinal plants have been investigated. The medicinal plants documented have immunomodulant activity and should be further investigated via clinical trial. Terminalia amazonica, Triplaris americana, Uncaria tomentosa, Euterpe precatoria, Citrullus colocynthis, Urtica dioica, Elettaria cardamomum, Capparis spinosa, Piper cubeba, Aristolochia longa, Datura stramonium, Marrubium vulgare, Sinapis nigra, Delpiynium staphisagria, Lepidium sativum, Ammi visnaga, Tetraclinis articulata, Euphobia hirta, Larix decidua, Thymus vulgaris, Salix alba, Helianthus annuus, Mangifera indica, Dionysia termeana, Salvia macrociphon and Ferulago

Immunomodulators are natural or synthetic agents which, by modifying the immune system, affect a therapeutic benefit. Different regions of the World have a long history of traditional medicine as well as its continuing use. Many traditional products have been used for a considerable period oftime, therefore, are thought to be safe and effective. Medicinal plants are commonly used in immunomodulation and are known as immunomodulant, for example Astronium urundeuva, Cochlospermum vitifolium,

Key words: immunomodulant, medicinal plants, efficacy, literature review Mailing address: Dr Muhammad Akram Department of Eastern Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Poonch, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan Tel.: +92 3343367632 Fax: +92 2136440079 e-mail: [email protected]

0394-6320 (2014)

313

Copyright © by BIOLIFE, s.a.s. This publication and/or article is for individual use only and may not be further reproduced without written permission from the copyright holder. Unauthorized reproduction may result in financial and other penalties DISCLOSURE: ALL AUTHORS REPORT NO CONFLICTS OF INTEREST RELEVANT TO THIS ARTICLE.

314

M. AKRAM ET AL.

angulata. Specific healing herbs have the strongest immune system boosters. Nervous and hormonal systems are normalized and strengthened by use of immunomodulator herbs. Some of these herbs have an antioxidant activity that reduces the aging process and boosts immunity (I). Herbal medicine is an integral part of the development of modern civilization. In herbal medicine single plants and complex formulations are prescribed to treat diseases. The present work is a review on the medicinal plants with immunomodulatory activity performed by searching through PUBMED, EMBASE and Google scholar. We have listed a series of plants and explained their characteristics and effects and concluded that they should be further investigated via clinical trial.

MEDICINAL PLANTS Abrus precatorius L Family: Fabaceae. Parts used: Seed and root. Chemical constituents: Squalene, trigonelline, glycyrrhizin, precabrine, hypaphorine, gallic acid, 5- beta cholanic acid, abrusic acid, abrine, abraline. Medicinal uses: It is used in helminthiasis, cough, vomiting, malaria, jaundice, cancer and venereal diseases. Pharmacological activity: It is antimalarial, demulcent, aphrodisiac, emetic, alexiteric, anthelmintic, diaphoretic, expectorant and vermifuge. Mechanism: It exhibits immunosuppression effect by reducing antibody titer, delayed type hypersensitivity response. It is used to treat liver disorders. Tripathi et al. reported the immunomodulatory activity of A. precatorius (2). Acacia catechu Family: Fabaceae. Parts used: Bark, wood, gum. Chemical constituents: Catechin, quercetin, gum, tannin, catechu red, catechutannnic acid. Medicinal uses: It is used in spongy gums, toothache, bleeding gums, bed sores, pharyngitis, dysentery, stomatitis, gingivitis, leucorrhoea, and diabetes mellitus. Pharmacological activity: It is antidiarrheal, antiseptic, anthelmintic, dessicative, blood purifier and astringent. Ismail et al. concluded that the aqueous extract of Acacia catechu at doses of 5mg/ kg and 50mg/kg has a significant effect on both cell mediated and humoral immunity (3). Mechanism:

It exhibits immunostimulatory effect by enhancing serum immunoglobulin levels, phagocytic activity and cell mediated immunity (3). Acacia concinna Family: Mimosaceae. Parts used: Pods and leaves. Chemical constituents: Lupeol, ascorbic acid, calyctomine nicotine, spinasterol, acacic acid, arabinose and rhamnose, hexacosanol, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid, spinasterone, Medicinal uses: It is used in dandruff, malaria and jaundice. Pharmacological activity: It is laxative and immunomodulant. Mechanism: It enhances activity of Th I and Th2 helper T cells. It has reported the immunological adjuvant activities of saponin extracts from the pods of A. concinna (4). Allium sativum Family:Amaryllidaceae. Partsused:Bulb.Chemical constituents: Scordinin, alliin, acrolein, phytocidin, diallyl-trisulphide, diallyl-disulphide. Medicinal uses: It is used in atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyspepsia, bacterial infections, fever, cancer, tuberculosis, intestinal worms. Pharmacological activity: It is antiviral, antihypertensive, anti-hypercholestrolemic, carminative, stimulant, cholagogue, tonic, febrifuge, blood purifier, rubifacient, antibiotic, aphrodisiac, anti-allergic, antifungal, diuretic, anticoagulant, antirheumatic and antispasmodic. Mechanism: It exhibits immunostimulatory effect by enhancing mitogenic activity towards human peripheral blood lymphocytes, murine splenocytes and thymocytes (5). Aly et al. reported the immunostimulant activity of A. sativum (6). Andrographis paniculata Family: Acanthaceae. Parts Used: Root, bark and leaf. Chemical constituents: Apigenin, potassium salt, sodium chloride, kalmeghin, andrographolide. Medicinal uses: It is used in jaundice, helminthiasis, diabetes mellitus, cholera and dyspepsia. Pharmacological activity: It is hypoglycemic, cholagogue, tonic, alterative, febrifuge, anthelmintic, hepatoprotective, anodyne, astringent and immunostimulant. Mechanism: A. paniculata exhibits immunostimulatory activity by enhancing antibody and delayed type hypersensitivity (7).

Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol.

Ascophyllum nodosum Family: Fucaceae. Parts used: Stem. Chemical constituents: Phlorotannins, tetraphlorethol C, tetrafucol A Medicinal uses: It is used in inflammation. Pharmacological activity: It is antiinflammatory and immunostimulant. Mechanism: It exhibits immunostimulatory effect by enhancing natural killer (NK) cell activity (8). Boerhavia diffusa Family: Nyctaginaceae. Parts used: Leaves. Chemical constituents: Punarnavine, sitosterol, palmitic acid, tetracosanoic, hexacosonoic, triacontanol, ecdysone, hentriacontane, ursosilic acid, arachidic acid. Medicinal uses: It is used in diabetes mellitus, bacterial infection, cancer, amoebiasis and leukemia. Pharmacological activity: It is hypoglycemic, antibacterial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anticancer, antiestrogenic, immunomodulant. Mechanism: It exhibits immunosuppressant effect by inhibiting human NK cell, production of NO, IL-2 and TNF-alpha (9). Camellia sinensis Family: Theaceae. Parts used: Leaves. Chemical constituents: It contains tannic acid, gallic acid, quercetin, theine, xanthine, adenine, saponin, theophylline, catechin, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate and epigallocatechin gallate. Medicinal uses: It is used in asthma, angina pectoris, cancer and bacterial infections. Pharmacological activity: It is antiasthmatic, anti-cancer, antibacterial and antioxidant. Mechanism: Catechin polysaccharide complex is important molecule in the immunostimulatory activity. Study: Chattopadhyay et al. reported that C. sinensis shows immunomodulatory properties on an experimental animal model and in human peripheral mononuclear cells. This study justifies its use as immunomodulant drug (10). Cinnamomum tamala Family: Lauraceae. Parts used: Bark and essential oil. Chemical constituents: Phenyl propanoids, eugenol, eugenyl acetate, n-phellandrene. Medicinal uses: It is used in diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disorders. Pharmacological activity: It is hypoglycemic and anti-oxidant. Mechanism: C.

315

tamala Linn exhibits immunosuppressant effect by suppressing phagocytosis activity and by reduced production of superoxide, and cellular NADPH (11). Cissampelos pareira L. Family: Menispermaceae. Parts used: Root, twig and leaf. Chemical constituents: Apigenin, bisbenzyl isoquinoline alkaloids, fixed oil, quercitol, hayatine, hayatinine, hayatidine, berberine, norruffscine, norimelutein, azafluoranthene, pareirubrines, tropoloisoquinoline, isomerubine, grandirubine, corytuberine, magnoflorine, bulbocarpine, laudanosine, insularine, dicentrine, dehydrocentrine, cyclearine, cyclonoline, pareirine, menismine, isochodrodendeine. Medicinal uses: It is used in uterine disorders and arthritis. Pharmacological activity: It is emmenagogue, expectorant and diuretic. Mechanism: C. pareira exhibits immunosuppression effect by lowering humoral antibody titer and delayed type hypersensitivity. Anand et al. concluded that immunosuppressive and antioxidant activities of C. pareira are due to alkaloidal fraction (12). Euphorbia hirta L. Family: Euphorbiaceae. Parts used: Latex. Chemical constituents: Choline, shikimic acid, triterpenes, taraxerol, alpha amyrin, resins, glucose, fructose, sucrose, gallic acid, campesterol, sitosterol, stigmasterol, quercetin, quercitrin, leucocyanidine, xanthorhamnin. Medicinal uses: It is used in warts, vomiting, fever, respiratory problems, dysentery, asthma, bronchitis, syphilis, helminthiasis, gonorrhea, backache, indigestion, measles and hypertension. Pharmacological activity: It is tonic, anthelmintic, antisyphilitic and diuretic. Mechanism: It exhibits immunostimulatory activity by enhancing phagocytic activity (13). Ficus benghalensis L. Family: Moraceae. Parts used: Leaves, seeds, latex, bark and tender ends of the aerial roots. Chemical constituents: ~ sitosterol and caoutchouc. Medicinal uses: It is used in diarrhea, diabetes mellitus, inflammation, sepsis, vomiting, pyrexia, piles, gonorrhea, syphilis, dysentery, spermatorrhoea, premature ejaculation, haemoptysis, bruises, sores, ulcers, arthritis, lumbago and toothache. Pharmacological activity:

316

M. AKRAM ET AL.

It is styptic, aphrodisiac, analgesic, anodyne, antipyretic, astringent, antidiarrheal, refrigerant, tonic, antibilious, antigonorrheal, antihemorrhoidal, concotive, vunerary, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic and antiemetic. Gabhe et al. investigated the immunomodulatory activity of this plant in rats and concluded that it stimulates cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune responses in rats. It is involved in phagocytic activity ofneutrophils, in vitro (14). Mechanism: It exhibits immunostimulatory effect by enhancing serum lysozyme, tissue super oxide dismutase (SOD), total serum proteins, immunoglobulins, nitric oxide (15).

Hibiscus sabdarifJa Linn. Family: Malvaceae. Parts used: Leaves and seeds. Chemical constituents: Potash, tartaric acid, malic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, vitamin C, calcium oxalate. Medicinal uses: It is used in scurvy, dysuria, fever, cough and hypertension. Pharmacological activity: It is tonic, stomachic, sedative, resolvent, purgative, diuretic, digestive, cholagogue, astringent, aphrodisiac, antiseptic, antiscorbutic, stimulant, demulcent, emollient immunomodulant. Mechanism: It exhibits immunostimulatory effect by enhancing the production of interleukin and tumor necrosis factor (16). Ipomoea carnea Jacq. Convulvulaceae. Parts used: Family: Latex. Chemical constituents: Swainsonine, epilentiginosine, calystegine, methyl trans-4hydroxyl-l-proline. Medicinal uses: It is used in carcinoma, bacterial infections, skin diseases, inflammation and insomnia. Pharmacological activity: It is immunostimulant and a wound healer. Ipomoea carnea contain a component called swainsonine that is involved in immunomodulation process. Mechanism: It exhibits immunostimulatory activity by enhancing phagocytosis activity (17). Larrea divaricata Family: Zygophyllaceae. Parts used: Leaves. Chemical constituents: Lignans, guaiaretic acid, catechol, furanoid 1aryl tetralin lignans, podophyllotoxins, triterpenes, sapogenins, sterols. Medicinal uses: It is used in tumor and diabetes mellitus. Pharmacological activity: It is antioxidant,

antimutagenic, antiviral and hypoglycemic. Mechanism: Martino et al. reported the in vitro immunomodulatory efficacy of fractions of L. divaricata on mouse peritoneal macrophages. A fraction from aqueous extract of L. divaricata increases TNF-alpha release and exhibits the strongest expression of inducible nitrogen oxide synthase (18). Lawsonia inermis Linn Family: Lythraceae. Parts used: Leaves. Chemical constituents: Lawsone, alpha ionone, gallic acid, hennotannic acid. Medicinal uses: It is used in inflammation, diabetes mellitus, bacterial infections, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, jaundice and leprosy. Pharmacological activity: It is antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, immunomodulant, hepatoprotective and antioxidant. Mechanism: Naphthoquinone fraction of L. inermis exhibits immunostimulatory activity. L inermis exhibits immunostimulant activity by promotion ofT-lymphocyte proliferative responses (19). Leptadenia reticulata Family: Asclepidaceae. Parts used: Leaves and unripe fruits. Chemical constituents: Alpha amyrin, beta amyrin, stigmasterol, ferulic acid, beta sitosterol, luteolin, hentriacontanol, apigenin, tocopherol, saponin, flavonoids, lupanol-o-diglucoside. Medicinal uses: It is in used sexual disorders. Pharmacological activity: It is galactagogue and anti-bacterial. Mechanism: It exhibits immunostimulatory effects by enhancing antibody titer and phagocytosis (20). Mangifera indica L. Family: Anacardiaceae. Parts used: Flower, seed and bark. Chemical constituents: Mangiferin, xanthone, flavonoids, triterpenoids, glycosides, isomangiferin, tannins, gallic acid, shikimic acid, kinic acid, amino butyric acid, glycine, alanine, catechin, protocatechic acid. Medicinal uses: It is used in diabetes mellitus, inflammation and pyrexia. Pharmacological activity: It is hypoglycemic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and immunostimulant. Mechanism: Makare et al. reported the immunomodulatory activity of alcoholic extract of M indica in mice. It exhibits immunostimulatory effect by enhancing humoral antibody (HA) titer and delayed type hypersensitivity (21).

Int. J. ImmunopathoI. Pharmacol.

317

Murraya koenigii Family: Rutaceae. Parts used: Leaves. Chemical

Saccharum officinarum Family: Poaceae. Parts used: Root. Chemical

constituents: Grinimbine, sugar, tannin, vitamin C, protein, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnecium, iron. Medicinal uses: It is used in diabetes mellitus. Pharmacological activity: It is antihyperglycemic and immunomodulant. Mechanism: Immunomodulatory activity of methanolic extract of M koenigii leaves has been reported. It exhibits immunostimulatory effect by stimulating humoral immunity and phagocytic function (22).

constituents: Carotene, thiamine, ascorbic acid, riboflavin, glucose, flavone C and 0 glycosides Medicinal uses: It is used in bacterial infection, diarrhea,arthritis,tumor,respiratorytract infectionsand gonorrhea.Pharmacologicalactivity: It is antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiarrheal, laxative, stomachic and antiinflammatory. Mechanism: Hikosaka et al. reported that polyphenol-rich fraction of sugar cane exhibits immunostimulating effects in chickens. Phenol-rich fraction of S. officinarum exhibits immune-stimulatory effectby enhancingthe phagocyticactivityofperipheral blood leukocytes (26).

Petroselinum crispum Family: Apiaceae. Parts used: Root and leaves.

Chemical constituents: Flavonoids, phthalides, vitamins, coumarins. Medicinal uses: It is used in kidney stones, dropsy, jaundice, anemia, amenorrhea and cancer. Pharmacological activity: It is uterotonic and antioxidant. Mechanism: It exhibits immunosuppressant effect by suppressing both NO production and the functions of macrophages as the main innate immune cells (23). Piper longum L. Family: Piperaceae.

Parts used: Immature berries. Chemical constituents: Piperine, pipilartine, piperlongumine, pipemonaline, piperundecalidine, aristolactums, dioxoaphines, alkaloids like cepharadione, norcephradione and resin. Medicinal uses: It is used in pyrexia, bacterial infections, malaria, nausea, vomiting, cough and inflammation of pelvis. Pharmacological activity: It is stimulant, carminative, aphrodisiac, anti-pyretic, anti-bacterial and anti-dote. Mechanism: Pipemic acid of Piper longum L. exhibits immunomodulation through suppression of proinflammatory cytokines (24).

Plantago major Family: Plantaginaceae.

Parts used: Seeds. Chemical constituents: Mucilage, fixed oil, starch, protein and tannin. Medicinal uses: It is used in wounds, inflammation, bacterial infection, diarrhea, hemorrhoids, ulcers and bronchitis. Pharmacological activity: It is laxative, anti-gout, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, astringent, antibacterial and immune enhancer. Mechanism: It exhibits immunostimulatory effect by enhancing lymphocyte proliferation and secretion of interferon-gamma (25).

Tinospora cordifolia Family: Menispermaceae.

Parts used: Root, fruit, leaves and stem. Chemical constituents: Tinosporic acid, tinosporol, berberine, giloin, gilosterol, columbin, palmarin, tinosporin, chasmanthin. Medicinal uses: It is used in jaundice, cough, piles, fever, respiratory tract infection, intestinal pain, inflammation, gout, rheumatism, leprosy, urinary affections and diarrhea. Pharmacological activity: It is anti-inflammatory, anti-emetic, antiarthritic, anti-diabetic. Sudhakaran et al. reported immunostimulatory effect ofthis plant in Oreochromis mossambicus (27). Mechanism: T. cordifolia exhibits significant immunomodulatory activity by enhancing phagocytic activity ofWBC (28). Tinospora sinensis Family: Menispermaceae. Parts used: Leaves and

stems. Chemical constituents: Tinosenin, berberine, 4-methyl-heptadec-6-enoic acid ethyl ester, 3 hydroxy-2, 9, II-trimethoxy-5,6-dihydro isoquinol. Medicinal uses: It is used in diabetes mellitus and inflammation. Pharmacological activity: It is immunomodulant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic and antileishmanial (29). Mechanism: Manjrekar et al. reported the immunomodulatory activity of T. sinensis. It exhibits immunomodulating effect by inhibiting cyclophosphamide induced anemia (Manjrekar et aI, 2000). CONCLUSION Immunomodulant activities of some of these

318

M. AKRAM ET AL.

medicinal plants have been investigated. Further clinical trial should be carried out to verify the effectiveness, and elucidate the safety profile of such medicinal plants for their potential to treat human ailments.

animal model and in human peripheral mononuclear cells. Pharmacog Res 2012; 4: 15-21. II. Chaurasia

JK,

Mishra

A,

Tripathi

YB.

Immunomodulation property of hexane fraction of leaves of Cinnamomum tamala Linn. in rats. Cell Biochem Funct 2010; 28:454-60.

REFERENCES

12. Anand

B,

Shrihari

M.

Antioxidant

and

imrnunomodulatory activity ofthe alkaloidal fraction I.

2.

Abajo C, Boffill M, Campo J,Alexandra M, Gonzalez

of Cissampelos pareira Linn. Sci Pharm 2010;78:21-

Y, Mitjans M, Pilar Vinardell M. In vitro study of

31.

the antioxidant and immunomodulatory activity of

13. Ramesh

14. 14.Gabhe SY, Tatke PA, Khan TA. Evaluation of

native and heat denatured agglutinin from Abrus

the imrnunomodulatory activity of methanol extract

precatorius. Int J Biochem Cell BioI 2005; 37:451-

of Ficus benghalensis root in rats. Ind J Pharrnacol 2006; 38:271-75.

Ismail S, Asad M. Immunomodulatory activity of

15. Verma V, Rani K, Sehgal N. Immunostimulatory

Acacia catechu. Ind J Physiol Pharmacol 2009;

response induced by supplementation of Ficus

Kukhetpitakwong

benghalensis root powder, in the artificial feed R,

Hahnvajanawong

C,

Int Immunopharmacol 2006; 6: 1729-35. Clement F, Pramod SN, Venkatesh YP. Identity ofthe immunomodulatory proteins from Allium sativum

7.

Imrnunol J 2012; 33:590-96. 16. Fakeye T, Pal A, Bawankule D. Immunomodulatory effect of extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa in a mouse model. Phytother Res 2008; 22:664-68. 17. Hueza I, Gorniak S. The immunomodulatory effects of Ipomoea carnea in rats vary depending on life

Immunopharmacol 20 I0; 10:316-24.

stage. Hum Exp Toxicol 20 II; 30: 1690-700.

Aly SM, Mohamed ME Echinacea purpurea and

R, Davicino R, Mattar M. In vitro

18. Martino

Allium sativum as immunostimulants in fish culture using Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). J Anim

from

Physiol Anim Nutr 2010; 94:31-39.

Cav (Jarilla) on mouse peritoneal macrophages.

imrnunomodulatory effects of fractions obtained aqueous

extracts

of Larrea

divaricata

Puri A, Saxena R, Saxena RP. Immunostimulant

Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 20 I0; 32( I): 125-

agents from Andrographis paniculata. J Nat Prod

32. 19. Botros

R.

Mikhaeil

A,

Farid

A.

The

Nakano K, Kim D, Jiang Z. Immunostimulatory

immunomodulatory bioassay-guided fractionation of

activities of the sulfated polysaccharide ascophyllan

the methanolic extract of henna. Z Naturforsch 2004;

from Ascophyllum nodosum in vivo and in vitro

59:468-76.

systems. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2012; 76: 15739.

the Indian freshwater murrel, Channa punctatus.

with the major garlic lectins or agglutinins. Int

1993; 56:995-99. 8.

of

Ind J Pharm Sci 2010; 72:621-25.

saponin extracts from the pods of Acacia concinna.

6.

Assessment

2004; 93:319-23.

Homchampa P. Immunological adjuvant activities of

5.

K.

Tripathi S, Maiti T. Imrnunomodulatory role of

53:25-3. 4.

Padmavathi

immunomodulatory activity of Euphorbia hirta L.

62. 3.

KV,

aqueous infusion of Bidens pilosa. J Ethnopharmacol

20. Pravansha S, Thippeswamy BS, Veerapur VP.

76.

Immunomodulatory

Mehrotra S, Mishra K, Maurya R. Immunomodulation

Leptadenia reticulata leaf extract in rodents: possible

by ethanolic extract of Boerhaavia diffusa roots. Int

modulation of cell and humoral immune response.

Immunopharmacol2002; 2:987-96.

Immunophannacol Immunotoxicol 2012; 34:1010-

10. Chattopadhyay C, Chakrabarti N, Chatterjee M. Black tea (Camellia sinensis) decoction shows immunomodulatory properties on an experimental

and

antioxidant

effect

of

19.

V. Immunomodulatory activity of alcoholic extract

21. Makare

N,

Bodhankar

S,

Rangari

Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol.

22.

23.

24.

25.

of Mangifera indica L. in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2001; 78:133-37. Shah A, Wakade S, Juvekar A. Immunomodulatory activity of methanolic extract of Murraya koenigii (L) Spreng. Leaves. Ind J Exp BioI 2008; 46:505-09. Yousofi A, Daneshmandi S, Soleimani N. Immunomodulatory effect of Petroselinum crispum essential oil on immune cells: mitogenactivated splenocytes and peritoneal macrophages. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol2012; 34:303-08. Devan P, Bani S, Suri KA. Immunomodulation exhibited by piperinic acid through suppression of proinflammatory cytokines. Int Immunopharmacol 2007; 7:889-99. Chiang LC, Chiang W, Chang MY.In vitro cytotoxic, antiviral and immunomodulatory effects of Plantago major and Plantago asiatica. Am J Chin Med 2003; 31:225-34.

319

26. Hikosaka K, EI-Abasy M, Koyama Y. Immunostimulating effects of the polyphenol-rich fraction of sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum L.) extract in chickens. Phytother Res 2007; 21(2):12025. 27. Sudhakaran DS, Srirekha P, Devasree LD. Immunostimulatory effect of Tinospora cordifolia Miers leaf extract in Oreochromis mossambicus. Ind J Exp BioI 2006; 44:726-32. 28. Sharma U, Bala M, Kumar N. Immunomodulatory active compounds from Tinospora cordifolia. J Ethnopharmacol2012; 141:918-26. 29. Maurya R, Gupta P, Chand K, Kumar M, Dixit P, Singh N, Dube A. Constituents of Tinospora sinensis and their antileishmanial activity against Leishmania donovani. Nat Prod Res 2009; 23:1134-43. 30. Manjrekar PN, Jolly CI, Narayanan S. Comparative studies of the immunomodulatory activity of Tinospora cordifolia and Tinospora sinensis. Fitoterapia 2001; 71:254-57.

Review on medicinal uses, pharmacological, phytochemistry and immunomodulatory activity of plants.

Since ancient times, plants have been an exemplary source of medicine. Researchers have discovered some important compounds from plants. The present w...
923KB Sizes 0 Downloads 15 Views