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Circulation. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 May 17. Published in final edited form as: Circulation. 2016 May 17; 133(20): e660. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.022322.

Response to Letters Regarding Article, “Association of Coffee Consumption With Total and Cause-Specific Mortality in 3 Large Prospective Cohorts”

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Ming Ding, MD1, Ambika Satija, BA1, Shilpa N Bhupathiraju, PhD1, Yang Hu, MS1, Qi Sun, MD, DSc1,3, Jiali Han, DSc5,6, Esther Lopez-Garcia, PhD7, Walter Willett, MD, DrPH1,2,3, Rob M. van Dam, PhD1,8, and Frank B. Hu, MD, PhD1,2,3 1Department

of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA

2Department

of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA

3Channing

Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA

5Department

of Epidemiology, Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis,

Indiana 6Melvin

and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana

7Department

of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/IdiPAZ, CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain

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8Saw

Swee Hock School of Public Health and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore We appreciate Henri-Jean’s comments on our prospective cohort study on coffee consumption with total and cause-specific mortality 1. Henri-Jean pointed out that unfiltered coffee consumption increased LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride concentration, and filtered coffee consumption did not significantly change LDL-cholesterol or triglyceride concentrations. Therefore, it was suggested that individuals are encouraged to continue or even increase their coffee consumption might not be applicable to unfiltered coffee drinkers, i.e., coffee made by capsule coffee machines.

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We agree with Henri-Jean that unfiltered coffee consumption increases LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride concentration 2, and filtered coffee consumption does not. The lipid-increasing effects of unfiltered coffee are due to cholesterol-raising compounds such as Cafestol and Kahweol 3. However, the unfiltered coffee used in randomized trials (RCT) was mainly boiled coffee 2, 4. As the amount of Cafestol and Kahweol in espresso is different from that in boiled coffee 3, whether espresso increases blood lipid concentration as boiled coffee is unknown. In our study, we did not ask about coffee preparation method. However, most of

Corresponding Author: Frank B. Hu, MD, PhD, Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115. ; Email: [email protected]. Conflict of Interest Disclosures: None

Ding et al.

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the coffee consumed in the U.S. is filtered coffee. Our observation that coffee consumption was associated with lower risk of total mortality and mortality due to cardiovascular disease (CVD) is consistent with previous studies on blood lipids and incidence of CVD 23. Even if a small proportion of participants consumed boiled coffee in our cohorts, because coffee contains numerous compounds including chlorogenic acid, lignans, quinides, trigonelline, and magnesium, which might reduce insulin resistance and systematic inflammation, 5.the net effects of consuming such coffee on CVD are uncertain and need to be examined in future studies. Overall, our results support the recommendation by the 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans that moderate coffee consumption can be included as part of a healthy diet and lifestyle.

Reference Author Manuscript

1. Ding M, Satija A, Bhupathiraju SN, Hu Y, Sun Q, Han J, Lopez-Garcia E, Willett W, van Dam RM, Hu FB. Association of coffee consumption with total and cause-specific mortality in 3 large prospective cohorts. Circulation. 2015; 132:2305–2315. [PubMed: 26572796] 2. Cai L, Ma D, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Wang P. The effect of coffee consumption on serum lipids: A metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2012; 66:872–877. [PubMed: 22713771] 3. Rebello SA, van Dam RM. Coffee consumption and cardiovascular health: Getting to the heart of the matter. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2013; 15:403. [PubMed: 23990273] 4. Jee SH, He J, Appel LJ, Whelton PK, Suh I, Klag MJ. Coffee consumption and serum lipids: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Am J Epidemiol. 2001; 153:353–362. [PubMed: 11207153] 5. Ding M, Bhupathiraju SN, Chen M, van Dam RM, Hu FB. Caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2014; 37:569–586. [PubMed: 24459154]

Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Circulation. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 May 17.

Response to Letter Regarding Article, "Association of Coffee Consumption With Total and Cause-Specific Mortality in 3 Large Prospective Cohorts".

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