Photosynth Res DOI 10.1007/s11120-014-9974-y

REVIEW

Research and development for algae-based technologies in Korea: a review of algae biofuel production Ji Won Hong • Seung-Woo Jo • Ho-Sung Yoon

Received: 5 November 2013 / Accepted: 13 January 2014 Ó Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014

Abstract This review covers recent research and development (R&D) activities in the field of algae-based biofuels in Korea. As South Korea’s energy policy paradigm has focused on the development of green energies, the government has funded several algae biofuel R&D consortia and pilot projects. Three major programs have been launched since 2009, and significant efforts are now being made to ensure a sustainable supply of algae-based biofuels. If these R&D projects are executed as planned for the next 10 years, they will enable us to overcome many technical barriers in algae biofuel technologies and help Korea to become one of the leading countries in green energy by 2020. Keywords Algae  Biodiesel  Biofuel  Korea  Research and development (R&D)

Introduction Algae have long been viewed by Koreans a valuable source of foods and traditional remedies. For centuries, various

J. W. Hong  H.-S. Yoon (&) Department of Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, South Korea e-mail: [email protected] J. W. Hong  H.-S. Yoon Advanced Bio-resource Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, South Korea S.-W. Jo  H.-S. Yoon Department of Energy Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, South Korea

kinds of macroalgae such as the genera Undaria and Laminaria have been cultivated and harvested in coastal areas, and South Korea still remains the 4th largest seaweed farming country in the world (Lee et al. 2011b). In 2006, aquaculture production of seaweeds reached over 0.7 million wet metric tons (Yoon 2008), and currently, it is estimated that more than 1 million tons of seaweeds are produced annually in South Korea. Another important commercial application of algae is the production of healthcare goods and cosmetics. Chlorella dietary supplements have been the most popular and successful commercial microalgal products (Kim 2012), and they can be purchased from a variety of shops throughout the country. Other than Chlorella and Spirulina production, the algae biochemical industry in South Korea is still in its infancy. Over the past several years, as global petroleum supplies have diminished and serious environmental problem have arisen from greenhouse gas emissions, renewable energy sources have received much renewed interest as a solution to the nation’s heavy reliance on imported fossil fuels and nuclear power. As ‘‘Green Growth’’ has been a key national strategy since 2008, it has given rise to a wide range of policies to support development of renewable energy technologies such as wind, solar, tidal, biomass, and geothermal energies. Among these resources, algae, in particular, are now considered one of the most important sources of biomass, because they can provide a significant contribution to liquid fuels. Therefore, government agencies, academia, and private businesses are intensifying their efforts to achieve sustainable production and economic conversion of algae to liquid transportation fuels. In this review, we intend to provide an overview on the status of algae biofuel research and development (R&D) and future plans in Korea.

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Fig. 1 Biodiesel (obtained from all sources) supplied in Korea during 2007–2011 (Source: Korea Biodiesel Association)

Biofuel policies in Korea South Korea is the world’s 5th largest crude buyer and 2nd liquefied natural gas importer with no domestic reserves and currently ranks as one of the world’s biggest greenhouse gas (GHG) emitters responsible for over 600 million tons of CO2 emission every year (Oliver et al. 2012). In an effort to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and release of GHG into the atmosphere, the Korean government has decided the current voluntary blending of B2 biodiesel (2 % biodiesel, 98 % petroleum diesel) will become mandatory as of July 31, 2015 (MITE 2013), 2 years later than originally scheduled. The government eventually aims to ratchet up the portion of biofuel to 5–7 % in the blends by 2020. The plan for the promotion of biodiesel use was first introduced

in 2007, and the government had encouraged private sector investments through tax benefits until 2011. There are at present 16 biodiesel manufacturers in Korea capable of producing over 1.2 million thousand liters of biodiesel per year. The present biodiesel production is sufficient for the current demand in the domestic market (Fig. 1), and the industry is expecting expansion of biodiesel use. However, biodiesel in Korea is mainly extracted from palm oil (43 %) entirely imported from Indonesia and Malaysia, followed by waste cooking oil (27 %) and soybean oil (19 %) that is imported from Argentina and Brazil. Since the high dependence on foreign sources deteriorates its cost competitiveness, the government has been seeking cost-effective and stable biodiesel feedstock supplies by exploring and developing non-food biodiesel farms. In 2011, the Korean government released ‘‘Green Energy Strategic Roadmap 2011’’ emphasizing key strategic items and technologies in 15 green energy sectors that Korea should focus on (KETEP 2011). The roadmap indicated that algal biofuels could provide sufficient fuel feedstock to meet the transportation biofuel needs of South Korea without causing further food shortages or environmental issues.

Major algae-based biofuel R&D projects in Korea Major national R&D projects on algae liquid biofuels that have been recently initiated are listed in Table 1 and the detailed description of each program is as follows. The Marine Bioenergy Development Project conducted by the Marine Bioenergy Research Center (MRBC) was

Table 1 Recent major research and development projects on algae liquid biofuels Title

Duration

Sponsor

Budget (million USD)a

Goal

Marine Bioenergy Development Project

2009–2019

MLITb

0.6c

Biodiesel and bioalcohol production from marine algae

Global Frontier Project

2010–2019

d

Green Growth via Marine Algal Biomass

2010–2019

MAFRA

Korea Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) 2020 project

2011–2020

MEh

a

134.0e

MSIFP

f

50.0

g

159.1i

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport

c

Bioin issue & special (2012) 20, Biotech Policy Research Center (in Korean)

d

Ministry of Science, ICT, and Future Planning Bioin issue & special (2012) 18, Biotech Policy Research Center (in Korean)

f

Production of clean energy and high-value biological derivatives from marine algal biomass Develop system engineering and core element technologies for CO2 storage

Currency rate at 1 USD = 1,084.50 KRW

b

e

Mass-cultivation of eco-friendly and economical biomass

Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs

g

Press release dated 23 April 2009 issued by Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs. http://www.korea.kr/policy/pressReleaseView. do?newsId=155345556) h

Ministry of Education

i

Korea Carbon Capture & Sequestration R&D Center (http://www.kcrc.re.kr/)

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launched in 2009. The project concentrates on the selection of algal strains with desirable traits for biofuel production and development of biodiesel and bioalcohol production systems from marine microalgae and seaweeds, respectively. As shown in Table 2, the MRBC has developed a new type of photobioreactor (PBR) equipped with semipermeable membranes that allow nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) to pass through from the seawater, but contains the microalgae so that the algal cultures can be concentrated and harvested. The idea is similar to the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)’s Offshore Membrane Enclosure for Growing Algae (OMEGA) Project (Trent et al. 2010). However, the MRBC’s international patent application (Lee and Kim 2009) was filed before NASA’s application (Trent et al. 2009). The MRBC has also developed microalgae biodiesel with enhanced cold flow performance meeting the Korean Biodiesel Standard (Source: Press Release dated September 6, 2011 issued by Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport. http://www.kdi.re.kr/infor/ep_view.jsp?num=115900). The Global Frontier Project is carried out by the Advanced Biomass R&D Center (ABC), the largest research consortium of universities, government institutions, and private enterprises in Korea, with the specific aim of the cost-effective and sustainable production of biomass for biofuels. The ABC considers microalgae as a promising option for the production of 3rd generation biofuel in South Korea because of the limited availability of land (Han and Yang 2011). The project consists of three main components: biomass development, mass cultivation, and bio-conversion technology. The first stage includes the selection of elite strains and development of transgenic microalgae optimized for biofuel and biomaterial production. Once microalgae strains with desirable characteristics are selected and/or developed, the next step is to investigate the feasibility of mass-cultivation in large-scale commercial raceways at N.L.P. Co., Ltd. (http://www. nlp21.co.kr) and research raceways operated and managed by the authors’ group, Advanced Bio-resource Research Center (ABRC) (Fig. 2). The last component of this project is to develop highly efficient catalysts that can convert algal biomass into biofuel. The eventual goal of the ABC is establishing combined systems for biomass cultivation, harvest, and conversion into transportation fuels. Some of the most important outputs of the project are summarized in Table 2. Other research attempts are also being made to screen high-oil-containing algae strains (Yoo et al. 2013) and remove N & P from municipal wastewater in smallscale facilities while producing biomass (Cho et al. 2013; Kang et al. 2013). The Green Growth via Marine Algal Biomass Project is performed by the Aquatic Biomass Research Center, and its goal is the high-density production of non-edible brown

algae biomass for green energy and its integrated applications. The final objective of the project is to establish an automated mass-cultivation system for high-density brown algae, extraction of valuable substances (e.g. marine polyphenols, fucoidan etc.) from the seaweeds, and use of the remaining biomass for the production of biofuels. Some of the major achievements of the project are illustrated in Table 2. Lastly, as part of the Korea Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) 2020 Project, 6 research groups including 2 international collaborators (University of California, Berkeley and University of British Columbia) are currently participating in the biological conversion of CO2 to biofuels and bioresources.

Leading research groups of Korea in algal bioenergy One of the most active algae biofuel research groups in Korea is the ABRC at Kyungpook National University. It has conducted ‘‘Freshwater Microalgae-based Bioenergy Research and Development Project (funded by Chilgokgun, Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea)’’ for 3 consecutive years by operating the first freshwater microalgae research raceways (330 m2) in South Korea (Yoon 2012). A largescale raceway facility (4,000 m2) at Chilgok-gun Agricultural Technology Center was completed in August 2013 and the mass-production of domestic microalgae is currently undergoing test runs (Fig. 2). Two identical raceway ponds were constructed with (Fig. 2b) or without (Fig. 2a) a semitransparent film cover to compare the raceways in terms of consumption of resources and yield of biomass under unfavorable Korean weather conditions (monsoon and winter seasons), and the results will suggest which raceway model is best for future Korean microalgae mass-culturing systems. The ABRC has so far centered on screening of indigenous alkane (Yeo et al. 2011; Chang et al. 2013) and long-chain fatty alcohol (Hong et al. 2012, 2013a) producers and cold-resistant cyanobacterial strains (Hong et al. 2010, 2013b). Four Korean patents related to the biodiesel production from microalgae have been issued to the ABRC as shown in Table 2, and seven more patents are currently under process. After mining of useful genes from various organisms (Yoon et al. 2012; Kim et al. 2013a, 2013c), the ABRC is also working on the development of transgenic cyanobacteria optimized for the production of biodiesel under Korean geoclimate conditions. The Global Bio-resources Research Center at the Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST) is another leading research group that has completed a 3-year-project, entitled ‘‘Development of Korean Ocean Renewable Bioenergy using Marine Algae’’ (Kang 2012), and the KIOST has operated two 5,283-gallon (20,000 l)

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123 New strategies for the production of biofuels and biochemicals using systems metabolic engineering Development of enhanced photobioreactor

Low cost and high-density microalgae cultivation technique using Arctic strains

KAISTc KAISTc

KRIBBd Korea University

Systems metabolic engineering for chemicals and materialsb

Photobioreactor having baffles integrally provided with internal light source for high-density cultivation of microalgaeb

Utilization technique of Arctic microalgae with high-lipid contentb

Bioethanol production from by-products of oil palm trunk using alkaline pretreatmentb Thermogravimetric characteristics and pyrolysis kinetics of Alga Sagarssum sp. biomasse

f

e

d

c

b

Advanced Bio-resource Research Center

Green Growth via Marine Algal Biomass

Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology

Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology

Global Frontier Project

Marine Bioenergy Development Project

A Korean domestic cyanobacterium capable of autotrophically producing pentadecane (C15H36) and hexadecenol (C20H40O)

Kyungpook National University

Novel microalgae Limnothrix sp. KNUA012 and method for producing alkane, fatty alcohol, and fatty acid from the samef

a

A psychrophilic microalga capable of producing biodiesel constituents and b-carotene at low temperatures

Kyungpook National University

A novel psychrophilic cyanobacterium Oscillatoria sejongensis from Antarcticaf

Development of microalgae-based biodiesel production system optimized for geoclimatic conditions in South Korea

Kyungpook National University

Systemic equipments to produce bioenergy using microalgae and biodiesel produced by the samef

Development of a new method to produce axenic cyanobacterial cultures

Discovery of a new gene that can endolytically cleave alginate rich in brown algae to produce oligoalginates Marine macroalgae as biomass feedstock for the production of VFAs which can be converted to mixed alcohol fuels

Kyungpook National University

Gachon University

Korea University

An axenic culture method for isolation of microalgae using a medium containing antibioticsf

Characterization of a recombinant endo-type alginate lyase (Alg7D) from Saccharophagus degradanse Volatile fatty acids production from marine macroalgae by anaerobic fermentatione

PRB equipped with wind, wave and tidal energy generation systems

Inha Univeristy

Device for marine microalgae cultivation with multi-power generationa

Kangwon National University

PBR with semi-permeable membrane, which allows N and P to pass through, but not algae so that algal cultures are concentrated

Inha University

Photobioreactor for marine microalgal mass cultures using permeable membranea

Development of high-ethanol yield technique from oil palm trunk biomass Efficient biofuel production from brown alga Sargassum sp.

Significance

Institute

Result

Table 2 Main achievements of major algae-based biofuel R&D projects in Korea

Korea Patent No. 10-1313173 (2013)

Korea Patent No. 10-1239261 (2013)

Korea Patent No. 10-1194545 (2012)

Korea Patent No. 10-1184589 (2012)

Pham et al. 2012

Kim et al. 2012

Transfer of technology to EN3EN Co., Ltd. Kim et al. 2013b

Transfer of technology to Ace Hightech Co. Ltd.

Korea Patent No. 10-1043583 (2011)

Lee et al. 2011a

Korea Patent No. 10-087616 (2011)

Korea Patent No. 10-991373 (2010)

Reference

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Fig. 2 Research raceway facility at the Chilgok-gun Agricultural Technology Center. a Outdoor raceway pond that circulates over 71,326 gallons (270,000 l) of algae culture medium. b 71,326-gallon (270,000 l) raceway pond in a semi-transparent greenhouse.

c Experimental raceway ponds in a 330 m2 glass greenhouse. d Automated biomass harvest system manufactured by Dongshin enTech Co., Ltd., South Korea (http://www.sdaf.net/html/main.php)

raceways using both fresh and sea water (including brackish water). The Clean Fuel Department at the Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER) has also contributed research on the development of microalgal biofuels production technologies using coal power flue gas (Oh et al. 2009, 2010) and wastewater (Cho et al. 2013; Ji et al. 2013). This group has also focused on the reduction of the cost of the downstream processes including harvest (Lee et al. 2013c) and biodiesel conversion (Lee et al. 2012, 2013a, b).

build an algae biofuels pilot plant in Gyeongsangbuk-do and it is now under evaluation by the federal government. With a total built-up area of 73,000 m2, the pilot plant is to be designed to house customized culturing systems to facilitate biomass productivity and test all the algae biofuel process steps (Fig. 3). Set-up at a total project cost of 92.2 million USD for the next 5 years, the facility will provide actual production data including energy and water inputs, maintenance and operation requirements, and resulting production levels. In addition, the MTIE is planning a new test-bed project to facilitate development, testing, and application of microalgae bioenergy by providing another 55.3 million USD in funding. Many Korean research groups are seeking to establish international collaboration with partners in other countries that share the same aim of promoting the successful development of algae bioenergy technologies. Also, several funding plans to support and enhance international

Future plans and international collaboration opportunities The Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy (MTIE) and Gyeongsangbuk-do are pushing ahead with the plan to

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Photosynth Res Fig. 3 Design drawing of the algae biofuels pilot plant (Source: Gyeongsangbuk-do, a local government of South Korea 2010). The pilot plant houses raceway ponds with various types and sizes including CO2 and wastewater storage facilities in total areas of 73,000 m2. It also contains 2-story laboratory space dedicated to research in microalgae fuels and bioprocess engineering

collaborative research projects are currently under development by the Korean government.

JWH, S-WJ, and H–SY thank the commissioning editors, S. P. Mayfield and S. S. Golden, who invited us to write this review article on research and development of algae-based biofuel technologies in Korea. We are also grateful to J. W. Golden for his insightful comments and suggestions.

Closing remarks Though algae hold great promise as a potential source for liquid transportation biofuels, some experts still remain skeptical about the economic feasibility of the technology and the authors also agree with their views in some points. Crude oil can be refined into a multitude of substances and this makes the oil industry very profitable. Likewise, economically viable production of algae biofuels requires large-scale cultivation systems combined with the extraction of value added by-products such as antioxidants, bioplastics, and pigments before the fuel conversion process. Mass-cultivation of algae using industrial flue gas as a carbon source and wastewater as growth medium is also another key aspect of the algae-to-fuel industry. Although more innovative work is still needed to make the industry economically more competitive, given this remarkable financial and political support from the Korean government, our current and future efforts will help to narrow the knowledge gap between Korea and developed countries, overcome the present limitations, and realize commercialization of algae-based biofuels. Acknowledgments Financial support for the authors of this review was provided by the Global Frontier Program (2011-0031341) of the Ministry of Science, ICT, and Future Planning, South Korea and by the Freshwater Microalgae-based Bioenergy Research, and Development Project from Chilgok-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea.

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Research and development for algae-based technologies in Korea: a review of algae biofuel production.

This review covers recent research and development (R&D) activities in the field of algae-based biofuels in Korea. As South Korea's energy policy para...
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