Brain Advance Access published December 10, 2015 doi:10.1093/brain/awv363
BRAIN 2015: Page 1 of 2
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LETTER TO THE EDITOR Reply: Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia caused by a homozygous mutation in PMPCA Grace Yoon,1 Vale´rie Delague,2 Andre´ Me´garbane´3 and Grazia Isaya4
Correspondence to: Grace Yoon, Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada E-mail: [email protected]
Sir, The importance of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial peptide processing to normal cerebellar function in humans has recently been recognized. We identified bi-allelic mutations in PMPCA in 17 patients with non-progressive cerebellar ataxia (NPCA) from four families, and demonstrated that the Ala377Thr mutation, found in the homozygous state in 16 patients in our series, impacts both the level of the alpha subunit encoded by PMPCA (a-MPP) and the function of mitochondrial processing peptidase (Jobling et al., 2015). In their Letter to the Editor, Choquet et al. (2015) report two siblings from a French Canadian family with cerebellar ataxia and homozygous c.766G4A (p.Val256Met) mutation in PMPCA. Functional studies on immortalized lymphoblasts revealed that the Val256Met mutation disrupts the normal processing of frataxin with accumulation of FXN42-210, similar to the Ala377Thr mutation in our patients. This additional family further confirms the importance of PMPCA and the mitochondrial protein precursor cleavage process in the pathogenesis of cerebellar ataxia. The Val256Met mutation does not appear to have an effect on the levels of a-MPP, which contrasts with the decreased levels of a-MPP caused by the Ala377Thr mutation. The reason for this is unexplained, and deserves further study. Of note, Agrawal et al. (2014) observed decreased levels of a-MPP in a patient who
was compound heterozygous for c.1066G4A (p.G356S) and c.G1129G4A (p.A377T) mutations in PMPCA. Mature frataxin was reduced while unprocessed frataxin, presumably FXN42-210, was increased. Whether mutations in close proximity to the glycine-rich loop of aMPP have a detrimental effect on a-MPP levels in addition to a-MPP function, and if so, the exact mechanism by which this occurs, remain to be elucidated. It is entirely possible that variants in unrelated genes may contribute to modifying the expression of the gene or function of the protein, and analysis of exome data, particularly in consanguineous families, should be performed with this in mind. The importance of accurate clinical phenotyping cannot be underestimated, as pointed out by Horvath and Chinnery (2015). It is interesting that Choquet et al. (2015) consider their patients to have a milder phenotype compared to those reported with the A377T mutation, particularly as they describe their patients as having slowly progressive ataxia. In the absence of a detailed description of their patients’ clinical course over the years, preferably using a standardized means of clinical evaluation, as well as serial imaging, which demonstrates progressive cerebellar volume loss, it is difficult to determine whether the cerebellar symptoms in these patients are truly progressive. Nevertheless, we agree that an appreciation of the clinical
Received October 26, 2015. Accepted October 26, 2015. ß The Author (2015). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Guarantors of Brain. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: [email protected]
Downloaded from http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on December 11, 2015
1 Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada 2 Inserm, UMR_S 910, 13385, Marseille, France 3 Unite´ de Ge´ne´tique Me´dicale and Laboratoire Associe´ Inserm UMR S_910, Faculte´ de Me´decine, Universite´ Saint Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon 4 Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine and Mayo Clinic Children’s Centre, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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spectrum of clinical phenotypes associated with PMPCA mutations broadens.
References Agrawal PB, Joshi M, Anselm I, Giani F, Towne M, Schmitz-Abe K, et al. Frataxin, a Fredrich’s ataxia protein is defective in mitochondrial processing peptidase-alpha (PMPCA) mutations; 2981M. Presented at the 64th Annual Meeting of The American Society of Human Genetics, October 20, 2014, San Diego, CA. Choquet K, Zurita-Rendon O, La Piana R, Yang S, Dicaire MJ, Boycott K, et al. Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia caused by a homozygous mutation in PMPCA. Brain 2015. doi: 10.1093/brain/ awv362, in press. Horvath R, Chinnery PF. Nuclear-mitochondrial proteins: too much to process? Brain 2015; 138: 1451–3. Jobling RK, Assoum M, Gakh O, Blaser S, Raiman JA, Mignot C. PMPCA mutations cause abnormal mitochondrial protein processing in patients with non-progressive cerebellar ataxia. Brain 2015; 138: 1505–17.
Downloaded from http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on December 11, 2015
variability within NPCA should be emphasized, as this subgroup of disorders—NPCA associated with a stable cerebellar atrophy pattern on brain imaging—is not well recognized. The majority of patients present with hypotonia and gross motor delay, with or without initial worsening of their symptoms, which then stabilize, and do not progress even after decades, as seen in the adult patients described in Jobling et al. (2015). It is critical for clinicians to recognize this combination of variable clinical course in early childhood, followed by stabilization of the neurological symptoms, in addition to stable cerebellar atrophy on serial imaging as NPCA. Accurate recognition of this condition has significant implications for prognosis, genetic testing, and counselling for these patients and their families. The family described by Agrawal and colleagues (2014) appears to have a classical mitochondrial presentation including cardiomyopathy, seizures, visual impairment and hypotonia. As more patients are diagnosed with mutations in PMPCA, it is only a matter of time before the
Letter to the Editor
BRAIN 2015: Page 1 of 2
| e1
LETTER TO THE EDITOR Reply: Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia caused by a homozygous mutation in PMPCA Grace Yoon,1 Vale´rie Delague,2 Andre´ Me´garbane´3 and Grazia Isaya4
Correspondence to: Grace Yoon, Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada E-mail: [email protected]
Sir, The importance of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial peptide processing to normal cerebellar function in humans has recently been recognized. We identified bi-allelic mutations in PMPCA in 17 patients with non-progressive cerebellar ataxia (NPCA) from four families, and demonstrated that the Ala377Thr mutation, found in the homozygous state in 16 patients in our series, impacts both the level of the alpha subunit encoded by PMPCA (a-MPP) and the function of mitochondrial processing peptidase (Jobling et al., 2015). In their Letter to the Editor, Choquet et al. (2015) report two siblings from a French Canadian family with cerebellar ataxia and homozygous c.766G4A (p.Val256Met) mutation in PMPCA. Functional studies on immortalized lymphoblasts revealed that the Val256Met mutation disrupts the normal processing of frataxin with accumulation of FXN42-210, similar to the Ala377Thr mutation in our patients. This additional family further confirms the importance of PMPCA and the mitochondrial protein precursor cleavage process in the pathogenesis of cerebellar ataxia. The Val256Met mutation does not appear to have an effect on the levels of a-MPP, which contrasts with the decreased levels of a-MPP caused by the Ala377Thr mutation. The reason for this is unexplained, and deserves further study. Of note, Agrawal et al. (2014) observed decreased levels of a-MPP in a patient who
was compound heterozygous for c.1066G4A (p.G356S) and c.G1129G4A (p.A377T) mutations in PMPCA. Mature frataxin was reduced while unprocessed frataxin, presumably FXN42-210, was increased. Whether mutations in close proximity to the glycine-rich loop of aMPP have a detrimental effect on a-MPP levels in addition to a-MPP function, and if so, the exact mechanism by which this occurs, remain to be elucidated. It is entirely possible that variants in unrelated genes may contribute to modifying the expression of the gene or function of the protein, and analysis of exome data, particularly in consanguineous families, should be performed with this in mind. The importance of accurate clinical phenotyping cannot be underestimated, as pointed out by Horvath and Chinnery (2015). It is interesting that Choquet et al. (2015) consider their patients to have a milder phenotype compared to those reported with the A377T mutation, particularly as they describe their patients as having slowly progressive ataxia. In the absence of a detailed description of their patients’ clinical course over the years, preferably using a standardized means of clinical evaluation, as well as serial imaging, which demonstrates progressive cerebellar volume loss, it is difficult to determine whether the cerebellar symptoms in these patients are truly progressive. Nevertheless, we agree that an appreciation of the clinical
Received October 26, 2015. Accepted October 26, 2015. ß The Author (2015). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Guarantors of Brain. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: [email protected]
Downloaded from http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on December 11, 2015
1 Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada 2 Inserm, UMR_S 910, 13385, Marseille, France 3 Unite´ de Ge´ne´tique Me´dicale and Laboratoire Associe´ Inserm UMR S_910, Faculte´ de Me´decine, Universite´ Saint Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon 4 Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine and Mayo Clinic Children’s Centre, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
e2
| BRAIN 2015: Page 2 of 2
spectrum of clinical phenotypes associated with PMPCA mutations broadens.
References Agrawal PB, Joshi M, Anselm I, Giani F, Towne M, Schmitz-Abe K, et al. Frataxin, a Fredrich’s ataxia protein is defective in mitochondrial processing peptidase-alpha (PMPCA) mutations; 2981M. Presented at the 64th Annual Meeting of The American Society of Human Genetics, October 20, 2014, San Diego, CA. Choquet K, Zurita-Rendon O, La Piana R, Yang S, Dicaire MJ, Boycott K, et al. Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia caused by a homozygous mutation in PMPCA. Brain 2015. doi: 10.1093/brain/ awv362, in press. Horvath R, Chinnery PF. Nuclear-mitochondrial proteins: too much to process? Brain 2015; 138: 1451–3. Jobling RK, Assoum M, Gakh O, Blaser S, Raiman JA, Mignot C. PMPCA mutations cause abnormal mitochondrial protein processing in patients with non-progressive cerebellar ataxia. Brain 2015; 138: 1505–17.
Downloaded from http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on December 11, 2015
variability within NPCA should be emphasized, as this subgroup of disorders—NPCA associated with a stable cerebellar atrophy pattern on brain imaging—is not well recognized. The majority of patients present with hypotonia and gross motor delay, with or without initial worsening of their symptoms, which then stabilize, and do not progress even after decades, as seen in the adult patients described in Jobling et al. (2015). It is critical for clinicians to recognize this combination of variable clinical course in early childhood, followed by stabilization of the neurological symptoms, in addition to stable cerebellar atrophy on serial imaging as NPCA. Accurate recognition of this condition has significant implications for prognosis, genetic testing, and counselling for these patients and their families. The family described by Agrawal and colleagues (2014) appears to have a classical mitochondrial presentation including cardiomyopathy, seizures, visual impairment and hypotonia. As more patients are diagnosed with mutations in PMPCA, it is only a matter of time before the
Letter to the Editor
