doi:10.1510/mmcts.2006.001958
Remodeling of the aortic root combined to an expansible aortic ring annuloplastyq Emmanuel Lansaca,*, Isabelle Di Centab, Eric Arnaud-Crozatc, Olivier Bouchotd, Fabien Doguete, Rachid Hacinif, Roland Demariag, Didier Chatelh, Ghassan Sleilatyb, Mathieu Debaucheza a
Cardiac Surgery, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France
b
Cardiovascular Surgery, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
c
Cardiac Surgery, Belledone Clinics, Saint-Martin-d’He´re`s, France
d
Cardiac Surgery, Hopital Le Bocage CHU, Dijon, France
e
Cardiac Surgery, Hopital Charles Nicolle CHU, Rouen, France
f
Cardiac Surgery, Hopital Michalon CHU, La Tronche, France
g
Cardiac Surgery, Hopital Arnaud de Villeneuve CHU, Montpellier, France
h
Cardiac Surgery, Clinique Saint Gatien, Tours, France Aortic root aneurysms are characterized by dilation of both functional aortic annulus diameters (aortic annular base and sino-tubular junction), preventing coaptation of otherwise pliable valves often associated with cusp prolapse. Multiple techniques of aortic valve sparing procedures try to restore the complex interplay of aortic valve and root function in order to improve durability of the repair. Ideally, procedures should treat dilatation of the aortic annular base, while preserving dynamics of the aortic root with vortices (neosinuses of Valsalva) and root expansibility (interleaflet triangles). We describe a standardized approach, combining the advantages of both the remodeling and reimplantation technique by adding an external subvalvular ring annuloplasty to the physiological remodeling of the aortic root. To address the need for a dedicated aortic annuloplasty device, a new expansible aortic ring was designed in order to achieve a complete and calibrated annuloplasty in diastole, while maintaining systolic expansibility of the aortic root.
Keywords: Aortic ring; Aortic valve repair; Aortic valve sparing; Bicuspid valve; Root aneurysm; Aortic insufficiency Introduction q
Conflict of interest: Emmanuel Lansac has Consultancy Agreements with the company CORONEO, Inc. (www.coroneo. com), in connection with the development of an aortic ring bearing the trade name ‘Extra-Aortic’. *Corresponding author. Emmanuel Lansac, Department of Cardiac Pathology, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, 42 Boulevard Jourdan, 75014 Paris, France. Tel.: 33-1-56616507; fax: 33-1-56616523. E-mail: [email protected]
䉷 2011 European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery
Dystrophic aortic roots are characterized by dilation of both the aortic annular base and sino-tubular junction (STJ) diameters, preventing coaptation of otherwise pliable valves often associated with cusp prolapse w1, 2x. Composite mechanical valve and graft replacement has been the mainstay of treatment for root aneurysms. In order to avoid prosthetic and anticoagulation-related complications, aortic valve spar1
E. Lansac et al. / Multimedia Manual of Cardiothoracic Surgery / doi:10.1510/mmcts.2006.001958
Schematic 1. Remodeling of the aortic root associated to an external subvalvular aortic annuloplasty (CAVIAAR technique), combining advantages of the original remodeling and reimplantation techniques: ‘remodeling’ technique provides the most physiological reconstruction of the root, but it does not address the dilated annular base. Alternatively, the reimplantation, as an inclusion technique, provides a subvalvular annuloplasty to the detriment of valve dynamics w6, 7, 9–16x. (Reproduced from Ref. w17x with permission from Elsevier.)
Schematic 2. Standardized and physiological approach to aortic valve repair according to each phenotype of ascending aorta. (Reproduced from Ref. w17x with permission from Elsevier.)
2
E. Lansac et al. / Multimedia Manual of Cardiothoracic Surgery / doi:10.1510/mmcts.2006.001958
Video 1. In vitro study of the expansible aortic ring dynamics. The ring is compliant to allow a 10% systolic expansion of its diameter.
ing became a reliable alternative w3x. Although valve sparing operations provide satisfying mid-term results in selected patients, the lack of standardization limits their widespread use w1, 3–8x. Ideally procedures should treat dilatation of the aortic annular base, while preserving dynamics of the aortic root with vortices (neosinuses of Valsalva) and root expansibility (interleaflet triangles). We propose a standardized approach of aortic valve repair addressing both the aorta and the valve, associating a physiological reconstruction of the aortic root according to the remodeling technique, with cusp resuspension and an expansible subvalvular ring annuloplasty wconservative aortic valve surgery for aortic insufficiency and aneurym of the aortic root (CAVIAAR) techniquex (Schematics 1 and 2) w2, 9, 10, 17x. To address the need for a dedicated aortic annuloplasty device, we designed a new expansible aortic ring in order to achieve a complete and calibrated annuloplasty in diastole, while maintaining systolic expansibility of the aortic root (Extra-Aortic姠, CORO-
Video 2. Preoperative transesophageal echocardiography of an aortic root aneurysm with tricuspid valve. External dissection of the aortic root is performed down to the base of the aortic annulus which is liberated from the pulmonary artery and infundibulum and from the roof of the left atrium, in order to reach the subvalvular plane. The wall of the aortic sinus is totally removed leaving a fringe of aortic wall of approximately 2 mm. The internal aortic annular base diameter is measured with Hegar dilators.
Table 1. Criteria for the choice of the subvalvular aortic ring and Valsalva graft. Aortic annular base ⭋ Tube graft ⭋* Subvalvular aortic ring ⭋**
25–27
28–30
28 25
30 27
G31 32 29
*Gelweave Valsalva, Vascutek Ltd. **Extra-Aortic姠, CORONEO, Inc.
NEO, Inc.) (Video 1, Photo 1) w10x. As such, cusp coaptation height is increased reducing stress on the cusps and protecting the repair.
Photo 1. Expansible aortic ring (A) The aortic ring (Extra-Aortic, CORONEO Inc, Montreal, Canada) is composed of two silicone elastomer cores covered with a polyester textile. Black indicator marks on the ring and suture windows in the holder are incorporated to facilitate optimal suture placement between the two cores. (B) Expansible aortic rings mounted on its holder, diameters from 25 mm to 29 mm are available.
3
E. Lansac et al. / Multimedia Manual of Cardiothoracic Surgery / doi:10.1510/mmcts.2006.001958
Schematic 4. First step of valve repair: alignment of adjacent cusp free edges. (Reproduced from Ref. w17x with permission from Elsevier.)
Video 4. A polypropylene 6/0 stay suture is passed through each noduli of Arantius. A grasper pulls outwards on the corresponding commissure while the two stitches at the level of the noduli of Arantius are retracted in the opposite direction. The excess length of free edge is then determined (Schematic 4 arrows, A and B). Same step is performed for each hemi-cusp. The distance between the two stitches determines the area for the central plicating stitches to equalize each hemi-cusp (polypropylene 5 or 6/0-13) (Schematic 4C).
Surgical techniques Schematic 3. Placement of the five anchoring subvalvular ‘U’ stitches. NC, non coronary; LC, left coronary; RC, right coronary. (Reproduced from Ref. w17x with permission from Elsevier.)
Aneurysm of the aortic root with a tricuspid valve 1. Preoperative transesophageal echocardiography and dissection of the subvalvular plane (Video 2). 2. After aortic cross-clamping, the aneurysm is opened and the aortic root and valve are carefully inspected (particularly the geometry of the aortic valve and leaflet morphology). Pliable non-retracted cusps are suitable for valve repair. The presence of an intact fenestration, a bicuspid valve or limited calcification is not a contraindication.
Video 3. Five threads of 2.0 coated polyester fiber pledgeted (3/8 needle 25, Ethibond, Ethicon Inc., Somerville, NJ, USA), are placed from the inside out as ‘U’ stitches (width of 3 mm) circumferentially in the subvalvular plane, clock-wise beginning from the non-coronary sinus (Schematic 3A and B). Three stitches are placed 2 mm below the nadir of insertion of each cusp, and two stitches are placed below two of the three commissures at the base of the interleaflet triangles (no suture is placed at the base of the interleaflet triangle situated between the right and non-coronary sinuses to avoid potential injury to the bundle of His and membranous septum).
4
3. Diameter of the expansible external aortic ring is undersized by one size relative to the internal aortic annular base diameter measured with Hegar dilators (Extra-Aortic姠, CORONEO, Inc.) (Table 1). 4. Placement of the five anchoring subvalvular ‘U’ stitches (Schematic 3, Video 3). 5. First step of valve repair: alignment of adjacent cusp free edges (Schematic 4, Video 4). 6. Remodeling of the aortic root (Schematic 5, Video 5).
E. Lansac et al. / Multimedia Manual of Cardiothoracic Surgery / doi:10.1510/mmcts.2006.001958
Schematic 6. Second step for cusp repair: resuspension of cusp effective height. (Reproduced from Ref. w17x with permission from Elsevier.)
Schematic 5. Tailoring the Valsalva graft into three symmetrical neosinuses (A) and standardized remodeling of the aortic root (B). (Reproduced from Ref. w17x with permission from Elsevier.)
Video 5. The remodeling technique is performed using a Gelweave ValsalvaTM graft. Remodeling of the aortic root is standardized by scalloping the Valsalva graft into three symmetrical neosinuses using the linear demarcations on the bulging part of the graft. The heights of the scallops to suture the commissures are cut up to the transition point between circumferential and axial folds in the graft. Suturing of the graft starts on the left coronary sinus at the nadir of the sinus (1) towards half sinus (2). Another running suture is begun at the tip of the commissure (3) towards corresponding hemi-sinus (4). (polypropylene 5.0). Right and non coronary sinuses are then sutured.
7. Second step for cusp repair: resuspension of cusp effective height (Schematic 6, Video 6). 8. Placement of the aortic prosthetic ring in subvalvular position (Schematic 7A-B, Video 7). 9. Reimplantation of the coronary ostia buttons and distal anastomosis. Transesophageal echocardiography peri-operative control (Schematic 7C, Video 8). Transesophageal echocardiography is performed after weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass when mean aortic pressure is above 70 mmHg (Video 8). Any eccentric jet or aortic regurgitation ()grade 1) prompts further correction (Schematic 8) w18x. Aneurysm of the aortic root with a bicuspid valve Dissection of the subvalvular plane as well as sizing of the ring and graft are similar to tricuspid valves.
Video 6. Second step for cusp repair: resuspension of cusp effective height after remodeling, commissural traction sutures are placed to mimic a pressurized aortic root in order to measure the effective height of each cusp (Schematic 6A). A dedicated cusp caliper is used to evaluate any residual or induced cusp prolapse (Fehling Instruments, Karlstein, Germany) (Schematic 6B) w23x. Plicating stitches are added on the free edge of the culprit leaflet until an effective height of 8–10 mm is obtained (Schematic 6C).
Specific technical issues are detailed step by step (Schematic 9 and in Videos 9 and 10). Principle for repair, applicable to all types of bicuspid valves, consists of aligning the free edges of the two cusps, and placing the commissures in the neo-aortic root at 1808 according to Scha¨fers et al. Therefore, the remodeling technique is performed by tailoring the Gelweave ValsalvaTM graft (Vascutek Inc, Inchinnan, Scotland, UK) into two symmetrical sinuses of Valsalva w19x.
Results One hundred and eighty-seven patients underwent remodeling associated with a subvalvular aortic ring annuloplasty (14 centers, 24 surgeons). Three strategies for cusp repair were evaluated: Group 1: gross visual estimation (74 patients), Group 2: alignment of cusp free edges (62 patients), Group 3: two-steps approach associating alignment of cusp free edges with effective height resuspension (51 patients). A composite outcome was defined as recurrence of aortic insufficiency Ggrade 2 and/or reoperation. Operative mortality was 3.2% (20). Treatment of cusp lesion was most frequently performed in Group 3 (70.6%, vs. 20.3% Group 1 and 30.6% Group 2, 5
E. Lansac et al. / Multimedia Manual of Cardiothoracic Surgery / doi:10.1510/mmcts.2006.001958
Schematic 7. Placement of the subvalvular expansible aortic ring (A) and final aspect of the aortic root (B). (Reproduced from Ref. w17x with permission from Elsevier.)
Video 8. Reimplantation of the coronary ostia buttons into the corresponding ‘neosinuses’ of Valsalva using 5.0 Prolene. The thicker part of the Gelweave graft can be cut to suture the coronaries ostia if they are ascensionned which is often the case for the right coronary button. Distal anastomosis is performed using a 4–5/0 Prolene running suture in a standard fashion. Peri-operative control of patient from Video 1.
Video 7. Placement of the prosthetic aortic ring in the subvalvular position: the five anchoring ‘U’ stitches are passed through the inner aspect of the prosthetic expansible aortic ring (Extra-Aortic, CORONEO Inc, Montreal, QC, Canada). The attachment point between the handle and the ring-holder is aligned with the commissure between the non- and right coronary sinuses (atrioventricular node) where there is no anchoring stitch. The ring is then descended around the remodeled aortic root (A). The holder is released and knots are tied to secure the ring in subvalvular position (B).
P-0.001). Nine patients required reoperation during follow-up w24 months (12–45)x, from Group 1 (6) and Group 2 (3). At one year, no patients in Group 3 presented with composite outcome events (vs. 28.1% Group 1, 15% Group 2, P-0.001). Residual aortic insufficiency and tricuspid anatomy were independent risk factors for composite outcome in Groups 1 and 2. Annulus diameter, Marfan syndrome and cusp repair had no effect on aortic insufficiency recurrence or reoperation w20x.
Discussion Multiple techniques of aortic valve sparing procedures try to meet the complex interplay of aortic valve and root function in order to improve durability of the repair. Remodeling of the aortic root is an appealing procedure, because it allows a physiological reconstruction of the aortic root with neosinuses of Valsalva and preservation of root expansibility through the interleaflet triangles, however it does not address the annular base dilation w6, 8, 11–15, 21x. Alternatively the proximal suture of the reimplantation technique treats the dilated annular base to the detriment of root dynamics by an inclusion of the valve within the graft 6
Schematic 8. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiographic criteria to appreciate quality of the result after valve repair (TEE, transesophageal echocardiography; AI, aortic insufficiency). (Reproduced from Ref. w17x with permission from Elsevier.)
w4, 5, 7, 11–15, 21x. Therefore, we suggested combining the advantages of both the remodeling and reimplantation technique by adding an external subvalvular ring annuloplasty to the physiological remodeling of the aortic root w9, 10, 12, 17, 20x. To address
E. Lansac et al. / Multimedia Manual of Cardiothoracic Surgery / doi:10.1510/mmcts.2006.001958
Schematic 9. Aortic root aneurysm for bicuspid valves: remodeling of the aortic root, resuspension of cusp effective height and subvalvular aortic annuloplasty.
Video 9. Repair of aortic root aneurysm with bicuspid valve type 1 (Part 1): After aneurysm resection and dissection of the subvalvular plane, 5 subvalvular ‘U’ stitches (2-0 pledgeted polyester needle 25 or 26 mm) are placed in the subvalvular plane. First step of valve repair is then performed by aligning adjacent cusp free edges.
the need for a dedicated aortic annuloplasty device, we designed a new expansible aortic ring in order to achieve a complete and calibrated annuloplasty in diastole, while maintaining systolic expansibility of the aortic root w10x. Recent series report an ever-increasing rate of cusp repair and advocate combination of aggressive man-
Video 10. Repair of aortic root aneurysm with bicuspid valve type 1 (Part 2): The Valsalva graft is scalloped into two symmetrical neosinuses and remodeling is performed. Second step for cusp repair is achieved through resuspension of cusp effective height using plicating central stitches. The ring is descended externally around the remodeled aortic root and tied in subvalvular position.
agement of cusp lesions with root reconstruction in order to improve valve sparing results w16, 18, 22, 23x. From our multicentric experience, the ‘two step’ standardization of cusp repair improved dramatically the results: first step performed before root remodeling to align cusp free edges and correct any excess of 7
E. Lansac et al. / Multimedia Manual of Cardiothoracic Surgery / doi:10.1510/mmcts.2006.001958 length w22x; second step performed after suturing of the graft but prior to ring implantation, using a cusp caliper to obtain symmetrical cusp resuspension with an effective height G8–10 mm as described by Scha¨fers et al. w23x. Few series have compared valve repair with composite valve and graft replacement w4, 5, 12, 24–27x. Conclusions remain controversial since they were often retrospective, based on selected patients (Marfan), and compare different operating time periods, techniques and learning curve periods. Overall, rates of thromboembolism, bleeding, and endocarditis after valve repair seem lower than those reported for prosthetic valves w1, 4, 5, 12, 24–28x. In order to evaluate this standardized approach of valve repair vs. mechanical valve replacement, an unselected population of patients with aortic root aneurysms (bicuspid and tricuspid valves) are currently enrolled in France in the ongoing prospective multicenter CAVIAAR trial, over the next 5 years. Aside from the trial, all patients operated according to the CAVIAAR technique outside France are enrolled in the prospective CAVIAAR registry.
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Acknowledgements w8x We wish to thank the surgeons who operated the patients analyzed in the results: C. Acar, B. Albat, E. Arnaud Crozat, D. Blin, N. Bonnet, O. Bouchot, D. Chatel, F. Doguet, G. Fernandez, JP Fleury, T. Folliguet, I. Gandjbakhch, R. Hacini, P. Leprince, S. Lopez, P. Menu, A. Pavie, A. Rama. The authors thank the Ecole de Chirurgie de l’Assistance Publique Hoˆpitaux de Paris (Paris, France) for the use of its anatomical laboratory and organization of the yearly workshops on aortic valve repair.
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References w1x Jeanmart H, de Kerchove L, Glineur D, Goffinet JM, Rougui I, Van Dyck M, Noirhomme P, El Khoury G. Aortic valve repair: the functional approach to leaflet prolapse and valve-sparing surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2007;83:S746–S751. w2x Lansac E, Di Centa I, Raoux F, Al Attar N, Acar C, Joudinaud T, Raffoul R. A lesional classification to standardize surgical management of aortic insufficiency towards valve repair. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2008;33:872–878. w3x Aicher D, Fries R, Rodionycheva S, Schmidt K, Langer F, Scha¨fers HJ. Aortic valve repair leads to 8
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a low incidence of valve-related complications. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2010;37:127–132. Volguina IV, Miller DC, LeMaire SA, Palmero LC, Wang XL, Connolly HM, Sundt TM III, Bavaria JE, Dietz HC, Milewicz DM, Coselli JS. Aortic Valve Operative Outcomes in Marfan Patients study group. Valve-sparing and valve-replacing techniques for aortic root replacement in patients with Marfan syndrome: analysis of early outcome. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009;137:1124– 1132. Patel ND, Weiss ES, Alejo DE, Nwakanma LU, Williams JA, Dietz HC, Spevak PJ, Gott VL, Vricella LA, Cameron DE. Aortic root operations for Marfan syndrome: a comparison of the Bentall and valve-sparing procedures. Ann Thorac Surg 2008;85:2003–2011. Yacoub MH, Gehle P, Chandrasekaran V, Birks EJ, Child A, Radley-Smith R. Late results of a valvepreserving operation in patients with aneuryms of the ascending aorta and root. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;115:1080–1084. David TE, Armstrong S, Maganti M, Colman J, Bradley TJ. Long-term results of aortic valvesparing operations in patients with Marfan syndrome. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009;138: 859–864. Aicher D, Langer F, Lausberg H, Bierbach B, Scha¨fers HJ. Aortic root remodeling: ten-year experience with 274 patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007;134:909–915. Lansac E, Di Centa I, Bonnet N, Leprince P, Rama A, Acar C, Pavie A, Gandjbakhch I. Aortic prosthetic ring annuloplasty: a useful adjunct to a standardized aortic valve-sparing procedure? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2006;29:537–544. Lansac E, Di Centa I, Raoux F, Bulman-Fleming N, Ranga A, Abed A, Ba M, Paolitto A, Letourneur D, Meddahi-Pelle´ A. An expansible aortic ring for a physiological approach to conservative aortic valve surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009; 138:718–724. De Paulis R, De Matteis GM, Nardi P, Scaffa R, Buratta MM, Chiariello L. Opening and closing characteristics of the aortic valve after valvesparing procedures using a new aortic root conduit. Ann Thorac Surg 2001;72:487–494. Lansac E, Di Centa I. From dynamic anatomy to aortic annuloplasty: the tale of the ring. In Yankah CA, Weng Y, Hetzer R, Editors. Aortic Root Surgery: The biological Solution. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg 2010: 102–132. Luciani GB, Casali G, Tomezzoli A, Mazzucco A. Recurrence of aortic insufficiency after aortic root
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remodeling with valve preservation. Ann Thorac Surg 1999;67:1849–1852. Hanke T, Charitos EI, Stierle U, Robinson D, Gorski A, Sievers HH, Misfeld M. Factors associated with the development of aortic valve regurgitation over time after two different techniques of valve-sparing aortic root surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009;137:314–319. Soncini M, Votta E, Zinicchino S, Burrone V, Mangini A, Lemma M, Antona C, Redaelli A. Aortic root performance after valve sparing procedure: a comparative finite element analysis. Med Eng Phys 2009;31:234–243. Bierbach BO, Aicher D, Issa OA, Bomberg H, Gra¨ber S, Glombitza P, Scha¨fers HJ. Aortic root and cusp configuration determine aortic valve function. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2010;38:400–406. Lansac E, Di Centa I, Sleilaty G, Bouchot O, Crozat EA, Blin D, Acar C, Debauchez M. An aortic ring to standardize aortic valve repair: preliminary results of a prospective multicentric cohort of 144 patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surgery 2010;38:147–154. le Polain de Waroux JB, Pouleur AC, Robert A, Pasquet A, Gerber BL, Noirhomme P, El Khoury G, Vanoverschelde JL. Mechanisms of recurrent aortic regurgitation after aortic valve repair: predictive value of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2009;2:931–939. Scha¨fers HJ, Kunihara T, Fries P, Brittner B, Aicher D. Valve-preserving root replacement in bicuspid aortic valves. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010; 140:S36–S40. Lansac E, Di Centa I, Sleilaty G, Arnaud Crozat E, Bouchot O, Hacini R, Blin D, Doguet F, Bessou JP, Albat B, De Maria R, Villemot JP, Portocarrero E, Acar C, Chatel D, Lopez S, Folliguet T, Debauchez M. An aortic ring: from physiologic reconstruction of the root to a standardized app-
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roach of aortic valve repair. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010;140:S28–S35. Leyh RG, Schmidtke C, Sievers HH, Yacoub MH. Opening and closing characteristics of the aortic valve after different types of valve-preserving surgery. Circulation 1999;100:2153–2160. Boodhwani M, de Kerchove L, Glineur D, El Khoury G. A simple method for the quantification and correction of aortic cusp prolapse by means of free margin plication. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010;139:1075–1077. Scha¨fers HJ, Bierbach B, Aicher D. A new approach to the assessment of aortic cusp geometry. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006;132:436– 438. Bassano C, De Matteis GM, Nardi P, Buratta MM, Zeitani J, De Paulis R, Chiariello L. Mid-term follow-up of aortic root remodelling compared to Bentall operation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2001; 19:601–605. de Oliveira NC, David TE, Ivanov J, Armstrong S, Eriksson MJ, Rakowski H, Webb G. Results of surgery for aortic root aneurysm in patients with Marfan syndrome. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003; 125:789–796. Karck M, Kallenbach K, Hagl C, Rhein C, Leyh R, Haverich A. Aortic root surgery in Marfan syndrome: Comparison of aortic valve-sparing reimplantation versus composite grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2004;127:391–398. Zehr KJ, Orszulak TA, Mullany CJ, Matloobi A, Daly RC, Dearani JA, Sundt TM III, Puga FJ, Danielson GK, Schaff HV. Surgery for aneurysms of the aortic root: a 30-year experience. Circulation 2004;110:1364–1371. Aicher D, Langer F, Adam O, Tscholl D, Lausberg H, Scha¨fers HJ. Cusp repair in aortic valve reconstruction: does the technique affect stability? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007;134:1533– 1539.
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Remodeling of the aortic root combined to an expansible aortic ring annuloplastyq Emmanuel Lansaca,*, Isabelle Di Centab, Eric Arnaud-Crozatc, Olivier Bouchotd, Fabien Doguete, Rachid Hacinif, Roland Demariag, Didier Chatelh, Ghassan Sleilatyb, Mathieu Debaucheza a
Cardiac Surgery, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France
b
Cardiovascular Surgery, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
c
Cardiac Surgery, Belledone Clinics, Saint-Martin-d’He´re`s, France
d
Cardiac Surgery, Hopital Le Bocage CHU, Dijon, France
e
Cardiac Surgery, Hopital Charles Nicolle CHU, Rouen, France
f
Cardiac Surgery, Hopital Michalon CHU, La Tronche, France
g
Cardiac Surgery, Hopital Arnaud de Villeneuve CHU, Montpellier, France
h
Cardiac Surgery, Clinique Saint Gatien, Tours, France Aortic root aneurysms are characterized by dilation of both functional aortic annulus diameters (aortic annular base and sino-tubular junction), preventing coaptation of otherwise pliable valves often associated with cusp prolapse. Multiple techniques of aortic valve sparing procedures try to restore the complex interplay of aortic valve and root function in order to improve durability of the repair. Ideally, procedures should treat dilatation of the aortic annular base, while preserving dynamics of the aortic root with vortices (neosinuses of Valsalva) and root expansibility (interleaflet triangles). We describe a standardized approach, combining the advantages of both the remodeling and reimplantation technique by adding an external subvalvular ring annuloplasty to the physiological remodeling of the aortic root. To address the need for a dedicated aortic annuloplasty device, a new expansible aortic ring was designed in order to achieve a complete and calibrated annuloplasty in diastole, while maintaining systolic expansibility of the aortic root.
Keywords: Aortic ring; Aortic valve repair; Aortic valve sparing; Bicuspid valve; Root aneurysm; Aortic insufficiency Introduction q
Conflict of interest: Emmanuel Lansac has Consultancy Agreements with the company CORONEO, Inc. (www.coroneo. com), in connection with the development of an aortic ring bearing the trade name ‘Extra-Aortic’. *Corresponding author. Emmanuel Lansac, Department of Cardiac Pathology, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, 42 Boulevard Jourdan, 75014 Paris, France. Tel.: 33-1-56616507; fax: 33-1-56616523. E-mail: [email protected]
䉷 2011 European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery
Dystrophic aortic roots are characterized by dilation of both the aortic annular base and sino-tubular junction (STJ) diameters, preventing coaptation of otherwise pliable valves often associated with cusp prolapse w1, 2x. Composite mechanical valve and graft replacement has been the mainstay of treatment for root aneurysms. In order to avoid prosthetic and anticoagulation-related complications, aortic valve spar1
E. Lansac et al. / Multimedia Manual of Cardiothoracic Surgery / doi:10.1510/mmcts.2006.001958
Schematic 1. Remodeling of the aortic root associated to an external subvalvular aortic annuloplasty (CAVIAAR technique), combining advantages of the original remodeling and reimplantation techniques: ‘remodeling’ technique provides the most physiological reconstruction of the root, but it does not address the dilated annular base. Alternatively, the reimplantation, as an inclusion technique, provides a subvalvular annuloplasty to the detriment of valve dynamics w6, 7, 9–16x. (Reproduced from Ref. w17x with permission from Elsevier.)
Schematic 2. Standardized and physiological approach to aortic valve repair according to each phenotype of ascending aorta. (Reproduced from Ref. w17x with permission from Elsevier.)
2
E. Lansac et al. / Multimedia Manual of Cardiothoracic Surgery / doi:10.1510/mmcts.2006.001958
Video 1. In vitro study of the expansible aortic ring dynamics. The ring is compliant to allow a 10% systolic expansion of its diameter.
ing became a reliable alternative w3x. Although valve sparing operations provide satisfying mid-term results in selected patients, the lack of standardization limits their widespread use w1, 3–8x. Ideally procedures should treat dilatation of the aortic annular base, while preserving dynamics of the aortic root with vortices (neosinuses of Valsalva) and root expansibility (interleaflet triangles). We propose a standardized approach of aortic valve repair addressing both the aorta and the valve, associating a physiological reconstruction of the aortic root according to the remodeling technique, with cusp resuspension and an expansible subvalvular ring annuloplasty wconservative aortic valve surgery for aortic insufficiency and aneurym of the aortic root (CAVIAAR) techniquex (Schematics 1 and 2) w2, 9, 10, 17x. To address the need for a dedicated aortic annuloplasty device, we designed a new expansible aortic ring in order to achieve a complete and calibrated annuloplasty in diastole, while maintaining systolic expansibility of the aortic root (Extra-Aortic姠, CORO-
Video 2. Preoperative transesophageal echocardiography of an aortic root aneurysm with tricuspid valve. External dissection of the aortic root is performed down to the base of the aortic annulus which is liberated from the pulmonary artery and infundibulum and from the roof of the left atrium, in order to reach the subvalvular plane. The wall of the aortic sinus is totally removed leaving a fringe of aortic wall of approximately 2 mm. The internal aortic annular base diameter is measured with Hegar dilators.
Table 1. Criteria for the choice of the subvalvular aortic ring and Valsalva graft. Aortic annular base ⭋ Tube graft ⭋* Subvalvular aortic ring ⭋**
25–27
28–30
28 25
30 27
G31 32 29
*Gelweave Valsalva, Vascutek Ltd. **Extra-Aortic姠, CORONEO, Inc.
NEO, Inc.) (Video 1, Photo 1) w10x. As such, cusp coaptation height is increased reducing stress on the cusps and protecting the repair.
Photo 1. Expansible aortic ring (A) The aortic ring (Extra-Aortic, CORONEO Inc, Montreal, Canada) is composed of two silicone elastomer cores covered with a polyester textile. Black indicator marks on the ring and suture windows in the holder are incorporated to facilitate optimal suture placement between the two cores. (B) Expansible aortic rings mounted on its holder, diameters from 25 mm to 29 mm are available.
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E. Lansac et al. / Multimedia Manual of Cardiothoracic Surgery / doi:10.1510/mmcts.2006.001958
Schematic 4. First step of valve repair: alignment of adjacent cusp free edges. (Reproduced from Ref. w17x with permission from Elsevier.)
Video 4. A polypropylene 6/0 stay suture is passed through each noduli of Arantius. A grasper pulls outwards on the corresponding commissure while the two stitches at the level of the noduli of Arantius are retracted in the opposite direction. The excess length of free edge is then determined (Schematic 4 arrows, A and B). Same step is performed for each hemi-cusp. The distance between the two stitches determines the area for the central plicating stitches to equalize each hemi-cusp (polypropylene 5 or 6/0-13) (Schematic 4C).
Surgical techniques Schematic 3. Placement of the five anchoring subvalvular ‘U’ stitches. NC, non coronary; LC, left coronary; RC, right coronary. (Reproduced from Ref. w17x with permission from Elsevier.)
Aneurysm of the aortic root with a tricuspid valve 1. Preoperative transesophageal echocardiography and dissection of the subvalvular plane (Video 2). 2. After aortic cross-clamping, the aneurysm is opened and the aortic root and valve are carefully inspected (particularly the geometry of the aortic valve and leaflet morphology). Pliable non-retracted cusps are suitable for valve repair. The presence of an intact fenestration, a bicuspid valve or limited calcification is not a contraindication.
Video 3. Five threads of 2.0 coated polyester fiber pledgeted (3/8 needle 25, Ethibond, Ethicon Inc., Somerville, NJ, USA), are placed from the inside out as ‘U’ stitches (width of 3 mm) circumferentially in the subvalvular plane, clock-wise beginning from the non-coronary sinus (Schematic 3A and B). Three stitches are placed 2 mm below the nadir of insertion of each cusp, and two stitches are placed below two of the three commissures at the base of the interleaflet triangles (no suture is placed at the base of the interleaflet triangle situated between the right and non-coronary sinuses to avoid potential injury to the bundle of His and membranous septum).
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3. Diameter of the expansible external aortic ring is undersized by one size relative to the internal aortic annular base diameter measured with Hegar dilators (Extra-Aortic姠, CORONEO, Inc.) (Table 1). 4. Placement of the five anchoring subvalvular ‘U’ stitches (Schematic 3, Video 3). 5. First step of valve repair: alignment of adjacent cusp free edges (Schematic 4, Video 4). 6. Remodeling of the aortic root (Schematic 5, Video 5).
E. Lansac et al. / Multimedia Manual of Cardiothoracic Surgery / doi:10.1510/mmcts.2006.001958
Schematic 6. Second step for cusp repair: resuspension of cusp effective height. (Reproduced from Ref. w17x with permission from Elsevier.)
Schematic 5. Tailoring the Valsalva graft into three symmetrical neosinuses (A) and standardized remodeling of the aortic root (B). (Reproduced from Ref. w17x with permission from Elsevier.)
Video 5. The remodeling technique is performed using a Gelweave ValsalvaTM graft. Remodeling of the aortic root is standardized by scalloping the Valsalva graft into three symmetrical neosinuses using the linear demarcations on the bulging part of the graft. The heights of the scallops to suture the commissures are cut up to the transition point between circumferential and axial folds in the graft. Suturing of the graft starts on the left coronary sinus at the nadir of the sinus (1) towards half sinus (2). Another running suture is begun at the tip of the commissure (3) towards corresponding hemi-sinus (4). (polypropylene 5.0). Right and non coronary sinuses are then sutured.
7. Second step for cusp repair: resuspension of cusp effective height (Schematic 6, Video 6). 8. Placement of the aortic prosthetic ring in subvalvular position (Schematic 7A-B, Video 7). 9. Reimplantation of the coronary ostia buttons and distal anastomosis. Transesophageal echocardiography peri-operative control (Schematic 7C, Video 8). Transesophageal echocardiography is performed after weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass when mean aortic pressure is above 70 mmHg (Video 8). Any eccentric jet or aortic regurgitation ()grade 1) prompts further correction (Schematic 8) w18x. Aneurysm of the aortic root with a bicuspid valve Dissection of the subvalvular plane as well as sizing of the ring and graft are similar to tricuspid valves.
Video 6. Second step for cusp repair: resuspension of cusp effective height after remodeling, commissural traction sutures are placed to mimic a pressurized aortic root in order to measure the effective height of each cusp (Schematic 6A). A dedicated cusp caliper is used to evaluate any residual or induced cusp prolapse (Fehling Instruments, Karlstein, Germany) (Schematic 6B) w23x. Plicating stitches are added on the free edge of the culprit leaflet until an effective height of 8–10 mm is obtained (Schematic 6C).
Specific technical issues are detailed step by step (Schematic 9 and in Videos 9 and 10). Principle for repair, applicable to all types of bicuspid valves, consists of aligning the free edges of the two cusps, and placing the commissures in the neo-aortic root at 1808 according to Scha¨fers et al. Therefore, the remodeling technique is performed by tailoring the Gelweave ValsalvaTM graft (Vascutek Inc, Inchinnan, Scotland, UK) into two symmetrical sinuses of Valsalva w19x.
Results One hundred and eighty-seven patients underwent remodeling associated with a subvalvular aortic ring annuloplasty (14 centers, 24 surgeons). Three strategies for cusp repair were evaluated: Group 1: gross visual estimation (74 patients), Group 2: alignment of cusp free edges (62 patients), Group 3: two-steps approach associating alignment of cusp free edges with effective height resuspension (51 patients). A composite outcome was defined as recurrence of aortic insufficiency Ggrade 2 and/or reoperation. Operative mortality was 3.2% (20). Treatment of cusp lesion was most frequently performed in Group 3 (70.6%, vs. 20.3% Group 1 and 30.6% Group 2, 5
E. Lansac et al. / Multimedia Manual of Cardiothoracic Surgery / doi:10.1510/mmcts.2006.001958
Schematic 7. Placement of the subvalvular expansible aortic ring (A) and final aspect of the aortic root (B). (Reproduced from Ref. w17x with permission from Elsevier.)
Video 8. Reimplantation of the coronary ostia buttons into the corresponding ‘neosinuses’ of Valsalva using 5.0 Prolene. The thicker part of the Gelweave graft can be cut to suture the coronaries ostia if they are ascensionned which is often the case for the right coronary button. Distal anastomosis is performed using a 4–5/0 Prolene running suture in a standard fashion. Peri-operative control of patient from Video 1.
Video 7. Placement of the prosthetic aortic ring in the subvalvular position: the five anchoring ‘U’ stitches are passed through the inner aspect of the prosthetic expansible aortic ring (Extra-Aortic, CORONEO Inc, Montreal, QC, Canada). The attachment point between the handle and the ring-holder is aligned with the commissure between the non- and right coronary sinuses (atrioventricular node) where there is no anchoring stitch. The ring is then descended around the remodeled aortic root (A). The holder is released and knots are tied to secure the ring in subvalvular position (B).
P-0.001). Nine patients required reoperation during follow-up w24 months (12–45)x, from Group 1 (6) and Group 2 (3). At one year, no patients in Group 3 presented with composite outcome events (vs. 28.1% Group 1, 15% Group 2, P-0.001). Residual aortic insufficiency and tricuspid anatomy were independent risk factors for composite outcome in Groups 1 and 2. Annulus diameter, Marfan syndrome and cusp repair had no effect on aortic insufficiency recurrence or reoperation w20x.
Discussion Multiple techniques of aortic valve sparing procedures try to meet the complex interplay of aortic valve and root function in order to improve durability of the repair. Remodeling of the aortic root is an appealing procedure, because it allows a physiological reconstruction of the aortic root with neosinuses of Valsalva and preservation of root expansibility through the interleaflet triangles, however it does not address the annular base dilation w6, 8, 11–15, 21x. Alternatively the proximal suture of the reimplantation technique treats the dilated annular base to the detriment of root dynamics by an inclusion of the valve within the graft 6
Schematic 8. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiographic criteria to appreciate quality of the result after valve repair (TEE, transesophageal echocardiography; AI, aortic insufficiency). (Reproduced from Ref. w17x with permission from Elsevier.)
w4, 5, 7, 11–15, 21x. Therefore, we suggested combining the advantages of both the remodeling and reimplantation technique by adding an external subvalvular ring annuloplasty to the physiological remodeling of the aortic root w9, 10, 12, 17, 20x. To address
E. Lansac et al. / Multimedia Manual of Cardiothoracic Surgery / doi:10.1510/mmcts.2006.001958
Schematic 9. Aortic root aneurysm for bicuspid valves: remodeling of the aortic root, resuspension of cusp effective height and subvalvular aortic annuloplasty.
Video 9. Repair of aortic root aneurysm with bicuspid valve type 1 (Part 1): After aneurysm resection and dissection of the subvalvular plane, 5 subvalvular ‘U’ stitches (2-0 pledgeted polyester needle 25 or 26 mm) are placed in the subvalvular plane. First step of valve repair is then performed by aligning adjacent cusp free edges.
the need for a dedicated aortic annuloplasty device, we designed a new expansible aortic ring in order to achieve a complete and calibrated annuloplasty in diastole, while maintaining systolic expansibility of the aortic root w10x. Recent series report an ever-increasing rate of cusp repair and advocate combination of aggressive man-
Video 10. Repair of aortic root aneurysm with bicuspid valve type 1 (Part 2): The Valsalva graft is scalloped into two symmetrical neosinuses and remodeling is performed. Second step for cusp repair is achieved through resuspension of cusp effective height using plicating central stitches. The ring is descended externally around the remodeled aortic root and tied in subvalvular position.
agement of cusp lesions with root reconstruction in order to improve valve sparing results w16, 18, 22, 23x. From our multicentric experience, the ‘two step’ standardization of cusp repair improved dramatically the results: first step performed before root remodeling to align cusp free edges and correct any excess of 7
E. Lansac et al. / Multimedia Manual of Cardiothoracic Surgery / doi:10.1510/mmcts.2006.001958 length w22x; second step performed after suturing of the graft but prior to ring implantation, using a cusp caliper to obtain symmetrical cusp resuspension with an effective height G8–10 mm as described by Scha¨fers et al. w23x. Few series have compared valve repair with composite valve and graft replacement w4, 5, 12, 24–27x. Conclusions remain controversial since they were often retrospective, based on selected patients (Marfan), and compare different operating time periods, techniques and learning curve periods. Overall, rates of thromboembolism, bleeding, and endocarditis after valve repair seem lower than those reported for prosthetic valves w1, 4, 5, 12, 24–28x. In order to evaluate this standardized approach of valve repair vs. mechanical valve replacement, an unselected population of patients with aortic root aneurysms (bicuspid and tricuspid valves) are currently enrolled in France in the ongoing prospective multicenter CAVIAAR trial, over the next 5 years. Aside from the trial, all patients operated according to the CAVIAAR technique outside France are enrolled in the prospective CAVIAAR registry.
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Acknowledgements w8x We wish to thank the surgeons who operated the patients analyzed in the results: C. Acar, B. Albat, E. Arnaud Crozat, D. Blin, N. Bonnet, O. Bouchot, D. Chatel, F. Doguet, G. Fernandez, JP Fleury, T. Folliguet, I. Gandjbakhch, R. Hacini, P. Leprince, S. Lopez, P. Menu, A. Pavie, A. Rama. The authors thank the Ecole de Chirurgie de l’Assistance Publique Hoˆpitaux de Paris (Paris, France) for the use of its anatomical laboratory and organization of the yearly workshops on aortic valve repair.
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