BIOLOGY
OF
REPRODUCTION
15, 429-434
Recovery
of Uterine
R. HURST,
P.
(1976)
Embryos
KATHRYN and
Department
in Rhesus
JEFFERIES,
P.
Monkeys ECKSTEIN
A. G. WHEELER of Anatomy,
University Birmingham
Medical
School,
of Birmingham, B15 2TJ, England ABSTRACT
A simple surgical flushing technique for the collection of rhesus monkeys is described. Nine embryos and two unfertilized ova have been performed between Days 17 and 19 of the menstrual cycle. and hatched blastocysts and one 22-celled morula; two of the The procedure was found to be repeatable and caused no organs.
INTRODUCTION The
recovery
intact
of
primates
embryos
has
the and
1972;
Croxatto,
cervical
canal
grade
1974), is
flushing
1944;
rhesus
monkeys,
both
of
uterus possible.
By
collection
of
uterine
in
eggs
is
greatly hampered by the tortuous cervix and the presence of a tight tubal sphincter (Hendrickx and Houston, 1971). Most previous workers
have
unsatisfactory situ in this remove
Hartman,
a recent
ovum flushing
plastic fully
following
similar to independently
flush
was
(Eddy
The
Marston
the
and
flushing preferred
searching
Hartman, et
al.,
investigation,
recovering
monkeys
and
difficult
in
to for
it
1933,
1941;
1969).
How-
dealing
primarily
passage through the tube, a method the intact uterus by means of a
cannula in
it
uterine instead,
before
Lewis
1944; in
of
uterus
(cf.
ever,
found
to attempt species and,
the
embryos
with
therefore
that macaque
reported two
et
a!.,
and
uterine
ova
used
success-
from
rhesus
1975).
technique,
using
of Eddy developed
et al. during
uterus,
and
an approach (1975), attempts
has resulted
embryos
efficient
regularly
method
from
cyclic
between
for
obtaining
normal rhesus monkeys, Days 17 and 19 of the
cycle. MATERIALS
tubo-
contrast,
from
AND
METHODS
Mature females (Macaca mulatta) with regular cycles (mean length: 28.36 ± 0.46 days; see Table 1) were mated for 2 h on five consecutive days beginning on Day 10 following the onset of the previous
retro-
the
and
uterine
menstrual
the
and
simple
in
which
embryos
recovered from twenty-two flushes The embryos comprised both zonal embryos appeared abnormal. apparent damage to the reproductive
examined
Clewe
to be feasible
straight through
the is
junction
of
and Kraemer, (Croxatto et al.,
essentially
of
uterine
in
uterus attempted
Hartman,
shown
baboon (Hendrickx the human female
1968)
the
frequently
but rarely achieved (see et al., 1971). It has been both
from
been
uterine
was to in a
menstruation. On either Day 17, 18 or 19 they were sedated with 10 mg Ketamine hydrochloride (‘Vetelar’, Parke-Davis) and laparotomized under HalothanelO2 anesthesia. If inspection of the ovaries revealed signs of recent ovulation (e.g., Betteridge et al., 1970), the cervix was clamped with Allis forceps at the level of the internal os. Flushing of the uterus was then carried Out using two bent 17-gauge fenestrated needles attached, by means of a metal joint and polyethylene tubing, to S ml plastic syringes (Fig. 1). One needle was inserted into the uterine lumen on the ventral aspect just above the internal os and the other into the fundus (Fig. 2). Suturing the needles in place was unnecessary, and their removal was generally accompanied by negligible bleedin& Approximately 4 ml of either physiological saline or Dulbecco’s phosphate buffered salt solution (‘DPBSS’, Oxoid; see Table 1) was introduced through the supracervical needle while simultaneously aspirating the fluid into the receiving syringe at the fundus. The volume of recovered fluid was recorded and the Contents of the syringe deposited into a large watch glass for exaznination with a stereomicroscope. When identified, the eggs or embryos were transferred to 2.5 percent glutaraldehyde and processed for electron microscopy. A detailed report on our histological and ultrastructural findings is being prepared for publication.
RESULTS Accepted Received
In
June 11, 1976. May 11, 1976.
percent
429
22
flushes recovery
performed of
the
to
date,
infused
93
± 0.9
fluid
was
HURST
430
ET AL.
flushing
collapse
within
1-2
of
mm.
blastocysts
the
With
remained
trophoblast DPBSS,
ensued
however,
expanded
for
the
at
least
5
mm. When six
first
identified
blastocysts
were
single
layer
of
in the
flush,
expanded,
trophoblast
four
cells
by the zona pellucida (Fig. two blastocysts, collected
18 and displayed seen in
19, respectively, a more irregular zonal blastocysts
boon
the
(cf.
morula
hatched
Hendrickx
recovered
on
blastocyst Kraemer,
Day
17 was
the
embryos
the lar
them a (later
3a).
The
on
of
and
22 blastomeres
one of discernible
a sur-
Days
were azonal and outline than that (Fig. 3b), closely
approximately recovered
with
closely
rounded remaining
resembling
of the
each
baThe
composed
(Fig.
4a).
appeared
blastocoele verified
the
1968).
of
Two
of
abnormal.
cavity histologically),
In
was
just but
cell mass was composed of granular, irregucells (Fig. 4b). In the second abnormal
embryo
no
copy
and
cavity the
was
cells
evident
by stereomicros-
showed
marked
fragmenta-
tion. The external from 150 to measurements rhesus 1933;
diameter
of
all
165 m, which recorded in
monkeys Heuser and
(e.g., Streeter,
embryos
ranged
is consistent with earlier studies in
Lewis and 1941).
Hartman,
DISCUSSION An that does either
important
feature
it produces not appear menstrual
the far, times,
nor
1. Flushing
needle
and
achieved
without
either
leakage
and
three
ture
on the
uterus
tubes
(Table
evidence
tween sites
Fallopian was
invariably
fragments,
clear
thus
greatly
or visible
the
swelling
1). The recovered and contained few facilitating
the
punc-
embryos (Table
of
Days
17
of the
females information
flush tissue
tion usually occurs cycle (cf. Hartman,
search
for embryos. Nine recovered
technique
of
them
damage
repeatable. So two or three
yielded
the second laparotomy,
is
flush, and changes in behavior of
a second
or third occasion neither adhesions
to
the
reproductive
organs were present in any of the animals previously subjected to our surgical and flushing procedures. The timing of our recovery attempts, be-
connector.
from
our
animals concerned. It is also 5 females have been flushed
embryo on either (see Table 1). At
FIG.
of
a clear, bloodless to cause subsequent cyclicity or mating
and two unfertilized ova were 1). When saline was used for
man,
(Table that
1956)
as well
macaques
eggs
ovulation
(Jainudeen
a!.,
1975).
and
19
in
regularly
cyclic
1), was based on available in the rhesus monkey ovula-
enter
around Day 1932; Eckstein as on recent
12-13 and
evidence
the
uterus
72-96
and
Hafez,
1973;
of the Zuckerthat
in
h after Eddy
et
RECOVERY
OF UTERINE
EMBRYOS
IN MONKEYS
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432
HURST
FIG.
2. Flushing
needles
after
insertion
into
ET AL.
supracervical
region
(left)
and
fundus
(right)
of the
uterus.
a
4
I
.
0
from
FIG. 3. a) Zonal blastocyst flush, unflattened, unfixed
(M.571, Table 1); b) hatched preparations (X 435).
blastocyst
(M473);
photographed
-
after
recovery
RECOVERY
__‘_“5
FIG.
r
In
spite
of
relying
of predicting rate of uterine
percent higher
was obtained recovery rate
employing time such
a more as serial
daily laparoscopic Jainudeen and
433
strual
The
the
and
prior
to
for
in
of LH
behavior,
by
ovulation assays or
involved repeated with men-
ovulation
and
by
above
number of embryological by previous
for
other for
investigating the
Jainudeen
discussed
and Eddy
has
et
yielded
fertilized stages workers
eggs than (e.g.,
It has also It is apparently
1975).
primate, may purpose.
embryos,
of choice
IUDs
blastocysts
routine collection of eggs from It should be equally applicable
search
in
in 22 flushings. An might be achieved
1944; Eddy et al., research potential.
uterine
method
reproductive availability
described
for the monkeys.
human
lower primate the increased
subsequently
technique
suitable rhesus
a
human and ogy. Again,
even by
and
this the
hormonal
attachment
mode
conditions and
implantation
including become the It should be of
action
present
of just
of
the
studies
may
so
little
possible
lead
post-nidatory
far
photographed
blastocyst,
suspected
an absolutely larger and more advanced have been reported Hartman, considerable
indirect
An adverse effect of repeated examination on egg collection was,
strongly
Hafez, and al. (1975).
this
and blood sampling and, in particular, however, interfere mating
egg transport. laparoscopic
on
inspection of the ovaries (cf. Hafez, 1973). The frequent
cyclicity,
fact,
only
(M.472);
the time of ovulation, a eggs and embryos of 50
direct index estradiol or
handling, sedation in these procedures laparoscopy may,
useful
IN MONKEYS
-‘
method recovery
to
EMBRYOS
4. a) Morula of approximately 22 cells (M.572); b) degenerated blastocyst from flush (X435). Both embryos fixed in 2.5 percent glutaraldehyde.
recovery
in
OF UTERINE
to
to
of
physiolof primate and
transfer
understanding
embryonic
of
development.
ACKNOWL
EDGM ENT
thank
Janet
Mrs.
aspect
vitro
a better
primate
We wish
known
after
Parker
for
her expert
help with the illustrations and Messrs. H. Smith, G. Tonks, F. James and R. Bryson for their care of the animals.
The support of the Ford Foundation 630-0576B) is gratefully acknowledged.
(Grant
no.
REFERENCES Betteridge, K. J., Kelly, W. A. and Marston, J. H. (1970). Morphology of the rhesus monkey ovary near the time of ovulation. J. Reprod. Fert. 22, 453-459. Clewe, T.
Bonney, (1971). tubes.
H.,
Morgenstern,
W. A.,
L.
L.,
Noyes,
R.
W.,
Burrus,
Searches for Am. J. Obstet.
S. B. and Defeo, V. J. ova in the human uterus and Gynec.
109,
313-3
34.
Croxatto,
H. B. (1974). The duration of egg transport and its regulation in mammals, in Physiology and Genetics of Reproduction, part B, pp. 159-166. Eds.
E. M.
Coutinho
and
F. Fuchs.
Plenum,
New
York. Croxatto, H. B., Fuentealba, B., Diaz, S., Pastene, L. and Tatum, H. (1972). A simple non-surgical technique to obtain unimplanted eggs from human uteri. Am. J. Obstet. Gynec. 112, 662-668. Eckstein, P. and Zuckerman, S. (1956). The oestrous cycle
in the
Reproduction,
mammalia.
Vol.
in
I, part
Marshall’s
1, Chapt.
Physiology
of
4, p. 335. Ed.
434
HURST
A. S. Parkes. Longmans, Green & Co., London. Eddy, C. A., Garcia, R. G., Kraemer, D. C. and Pauerstein, C. J. (1975). Detailed time course of ovum transport in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Biol. Reprod. 13, 363-369. Hartrnan, C. G. (1932). Studies in the reproduction of the monkey macacus (pithecus) rhesus, with special reference to menstruation and pregnancy. Contr. Embryol. Carneg. Inst. 23, 1-161. I-Iartman, C. G. (1944). Recovery of primate eggs and embryos. West. J. Surg. Obst. Gynec. 52, 41-61. Hendrickx, A. G. and Kraemer, D. C. (1968). Preimplantation stages of baboon embryos (Papio Sp.). Anat. Rec. 162, 111-120. Hendrickx, A. G. and Houston, M. L. (1971). Prenatal and postnatal development. Chapter 13 in Comparative Reproduction of Non-Human Primates. Ed. E. S. E. Hafez. Charles Thomas, Springfield,
ET AL.
U.S.A. Heuser, C. H. and
Streeter,
G. L
(1941).
Development
of the macaque embryo. Contr. Embryol. Carneg. Inst. 29, 15-55. Jainudeen, M. R. and Hafez, E. S. E. (1973). Egg transport in the macaque (Macaca fascicularis). Biol. Reprod. 9, 305-308. Lewis, W. L. and Hartman, C. G, (1933). Early cleavage stages of the egg of the monkey (Macaca rhesus). Contr. Embryol. Carneg. Inst. 24, 187-201. Lewis, W. L. and Hartman, C. G. (1941). Tubal ova of the rhesus monkey. Contr. Embryol. Carneg. Inst. 29, 7-14. Marston, J. H., Kelly, W. A. and Eckstein, p. (1969).
Effect
of an intra-uterine
port and fertilization Reprod. Fert. 19, 149-1
device in the 56.
on gamete
rhesus
monkey.
transJ.
OF
REPRODUCTION
15, 429-434
Recovery
of Uterine
R. HURST,
P.
(1976)
Embryos
KATHRYN and
Department
in Rhesus
JEFFERIES,
P.
Monkeys ECKSTEIN
A. G. WHEELER of Anatomy,
University Birmingham
Medical
School,
of Birmingham, B15 2TJ, England ABSTRACT
A simple surgical flushing technique for the collection of rhesus monkeys is described. Nine embryos and two unfertilized ova have been performed between Days 17 and 19 of the menstrual cycle. and hatched blastocysts and one 22-celled morula; two of the The procedure was found to be repeatable and caused no organs.
INTRODUCTION The
recovery
intact
of
primates
embryos
has
the and
1972;
Croxatto,
cervical
canal
grade
1974), is
flushing
1944;
rhesus
monkeys,
both
of
uterus possible.
By
collection
of
uterine
in
eggs
is
greatly hampered by the tortuous cervix and the presence of a tight tubal sphincter (Hendrickx and Houston, 1971). Most previous workers
have
unsatisfactory situ in this remove
Hartman,
a recent
ovum flushing
plastic fully
following
similar to independently
flush
was
(Eddy
The
Marston
the
and
flushing preferred
searching
Hartman, et
al.,
investigation,
recovering
monkeys
and
difficult
in
to for
it
1933,
1941;
1969).
How-
dealing
primarily
passage through the tube, a method the intact uterus by means of a
cannula in
it
uterine instead,
before
Lewis
1944; in
of
uterus
(cf.
ever,
found
to attempt species and,
the
embryos
with
therefore
that macaque
reported two
et
a!.,
and
uterine
ova
used
success-
from
rhesus
1975).
technique,
using
of Eddy developed
et al. during
uterus,
and
an approach (1975), attempts
has resulted
embryos
efficient
regularly
method
from
cyclic
between
for
obtaining
normal rhesus monkeys, Days 17 and 19 of the
cycle. MATERIALS
tubo-
contrast,
from
AND
METHODS
Mature females (Macaca mulatta) with regular cycles (mean length: 28.36 ± 0.46 days; see Table 1) were mated for 2 h on five consecutive days beginning on Day 10 following the onset of the previous
retro-
the
and
uterine
menstrual
the
and
simple
in
which
embryos
recovered from twenty-two flushes The embryos comprised both zonal embryos appeared abnormal. apparent damage to the reproductive
examined
Clewe
to be feasible
straight through
the is
junction
of
and Kraemer, (Croxatto et al.,
essentially
of
uterine
in
uterus attempted
Hartman,
shown
baboon (Hendrickx the human female
1968)
the
frequently
but rarely achieved (see et al., 1971). It has been both
from
been
uterine
was to in a
menstruation. On either Day 17, 18 or 19 they were sedated with 10 mg Ketamine hydrochloride (‘Vetelar’, Parke-Davis) and laparotomized under HalothanelO2 anesthesia. If inspection of the ovaries revealed signs of recent ovulation (e.g., Betteridge et al., 1970), the cervix was clamped with Allis forceps at the level of the internal os. Flushing of the uterus was then carried Out using two bent 17-gauge fenestrated needles attached, by means of a metal joint and polyethylene tubing, to S ml plastic syringes (Fig. 1). One needle was inserted into the uterine lumen on the ventral aspect just above the internal os and the other into the fundus (Fig. 2). Suturing the needles in place was unnecessary, and their removal was generally accompanied by negligible bleedin& Approximately 4 ml of either physiological saline or Dulbecco’s phosphate buffered salt solution (‘DPBSS’, Oxoid; see Table 1) was introduced through the supracervical needle while simultaneously aspirating the fluid into the receiving syringe at the fundus. The volume of recovered fluid was recorded and the Contents of the syringe deposited into a large watch glass for exaznination with a stereomicroscope. When identified, the eggs or embryos were transferred to 2.5 percent glutaraldehyde and processed for electron microscopy. A detailed report on our histological and ultrastructural findings is being prepared for publication.
RESULTS Accepted Received
In
June 11, 1976. May 11, 1976.
percent
429
22
flushes recovery
performed of
the
to
date,
infused
93
± 0.9
fluid
was
HURST
430
ET AL.
flushing
collapse
within
1-2
of
mm.
blastocysts
the
With
remained
trophoblast DPBSS,
ensued
however,
expanded
for
the
at
least
5
mm. When six
first
identified
blastocysts
were
single
layer
of
in the
flush,
expanded,
trophoblast
four
cells
by the zona pellucida (Fig. two blastocysts, collected
18 and displayed seen in
19, respectively, a more irregular zonal blastocysts
boon
the
(cf.
morula
hatched
Hendrickx
recovered
on
blastocyst Kraemer,
Day
17 was
the
embryos
the lar
them a (later
3a).
The
on
of
and
22 blastomeres
one of discernible
a sur-
Days
were azonal and outline than that (Fig. 3b), closely
approximately recovered
with
closely
rounded remaining
resembling
of the
each
baThe
composed
(Fig.
4a).
appeared
blastocoele verified
the
1968).
of
Two
of
abnormal.
cavity histologically),
In
was
just but
cell mass was composed of granular, irregucells (Fig. 4b). In the second abnormal
embryo
no
copy
and
cavity the
was
cells
evident
by stereomicros-
showed
marked
fragmenta-
tion. The external from 150 to measurements rhesus 1933;
diameter
of
all
165 m, which recorded in
monkeys Heuser and
(e.g., Streeter,
embryos
ranged
is consistent with earlier studies in
Lewis and 1941).
Hartman,
DISCUSSION An that does either
important
feature
it produces not appear menstrual
the far, times,
nor
1. Flushing
needle
and
achieved
without
either
leakage
and
three
ture
on the
uterus
tubes
(Table
evidence
tween sites
Fallopian was
invariably
fragments,
clear
thus
greatly
or visible
the
swelling
1). The recovered and contained few facilitating
the
punc-
embryos (Table
of
Days
17
of the
females information
flush tissue
tion usually occurs cycle (cf. Hartman,
search
for embryos. Nine recovered
technique
of
them
damage
repeatable. So two or three
yielded
the second laparotomy,
is
flush, and changes in behavior of
a second
or third occasion neither adhesions
to
the
reproductive
organs were present in any of the animals previously subjected to our surgical and flushing procedures. The timing of our recovery attempts, be-
connector.
from
our
animals concerned. It is also 5 females have been flushed
embryo on either (see Table 1). At
FIG.
of
a clear, bloodless to cause subsequent cyclicity or mating
and two unfertilized ova were 1). When saline was used for
man,
(Table that
1956)
as well
macaques
eggs
ovulation
(Jainudeen
a!.,
1975).
and
19
in
regularly
cyclic
1), was based on available in the rhesus monkey ovula-
enter
around Day 1932; Eckstein as on recent
12-13 and
evidence
the
uterus
72-96
and
Hafez,
1973;
of the Zuckerthat
in
h after Eddy
et
RECOVERY
OF UTERINE
EMBRYOS
IN MONKEYS
-
V
.c cc o>. E
o
-
il
nE
E
E
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,.
-
‘5.0
en
0 U
,
V
,5 U
432
HURST
FIG.
2. Flushing
needles
after
insertion
into
ET AL.
supracervical
region
(left)
and
fundus
(right)
of the
uterus.
a
4
I
.
0
from
FIG. 3. a) Zonal blastocyst flush, unflattened, unfixed
(M.571, Table 1); b) hatched preparations (X 435).
blastocyst
(M473);
photographed
-
after
recovery
RECOVERY
__‘_“5
FIG.
r
In
spite
of
relying
of predicting rate of uterine
percent higher
was obtained recovery rate
employing time such
a more as serial
daily laparoscopic Jainudeen and
433
strual
The
the
and
prior
to
for
in
of LH
behavior,
by
ovulation assays or
involved repeated with men-
ovulation
and
by
above
number of embryological by previous
for
other for
investigating the
Jainudeen
discussed
and Eddy
has
et
yielded
fertilized stages workers
eggs than (e.g.,
It has also It is apparently
1975).
primate, may purpose.
embryos,
of choice
IUDs
blastocysts
routine collection of eggs from It should be equally applicable
search
in
in 22 flushings. An might be achieved
1944; Eddy et al., research potential.
uterine
method
reproductive availability
described
for the monkeys.
human
lower primate the increased
subsequently
technique
suitable rhesus
a
human and ogy. Again,
even by
and
this the
hormonal
attachment
mode
conditions and
implantation
including become the It should be of
action
present
of just
of
the
studies
may
so
little
possible
lead
post-nidatory
far
photographed
blastocyst,
suspected
an absolutely larger and more advanced have been reported Hartman, considerable
indirect
An adverse effect of repeated examination on egg collection was,
strongly
Hafez, and al. (1975).
this
and blood sampling and, in particular, however, interfere mating
egg transport. laparoscopic
on
inspection of the ovaries (cf. Hafez, 1973). The frequent
cyclicity,
fact,
only
(M.472);
the time of ovulation, a eggs and embryos of 50
direct index estradiol or
handling, sedation in these procedures laparoscopy may,
useful
IN MONKEYS
-‘
method recovery
to
EMBRYOS
4. a) Morula of approximately 22 cells (M.572); b) degenerated blastocyst from flush (X435). Both embryos fixed in 2.5 percent glutaraldehyde.
recovery
in
OF UTERINE
to
to
of
physiolof primate and
transfer
understanding
embryonic
of
development.
ACKNOWL
EDGM ENT
thank
Janet
Mrs.
aspect
vitro
a better
primate
We wish
known
after
Parker
for
her expert
help with the illustrations and Messrs. H. Smith, G. Tonks, F. James and R. Bryson for their care of the animals.
The support of the Ford Foundation 630-0576B) is gratefully acknowledged.
(Grant
no.
REFERENCES Betteridge, K. J., Kelly, W. A. and Marston, J. H. (1970). Morphology of the rhesus monkey ovary near the time of ovulation. J. Reprod. Fert. 22, 453-459. Clewe, T.
Bonney, (1971). tubes.
H.,
Morgenstern,
W. A.,
L.
L.,
Noyes,
R.
W.,
Burrus,
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S. B. and Defeo, V. J. ova in the human uterus and Gynec.
109,
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34.
Croxatto,
H. B. (1974). The duration of egg transport and its regulation in mammals, in Physiology and Genetics of Reproduction, part B, pp. 159-166. Eds.
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Coutinho
and
F. Fuchs.
Plenum,
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York. Croxatto, H. B., Fuentealba, B., Diaz, S., Pastene, L. and Tatum, H. (1972). A simple non-surgical technique to obtain unimplanted eggs from human uteri. Am. J. Obstet. Gynec. 112, 662-668. Eckstein, P. and Zuckerman, S. (1956). The oestrous cycle
in the
Reproduction,
mammalia.
Vol.
in
I, part
Marshall’s
1, Chapt.
Physiology
of
4, p. 335. Ed.
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A. S. Parkes. Longmans, Green & Co., London. Eddy, C. A., Garcia, R. G., Kraemer, D. C. and Pauerstein, C. J. (1975). Detailed time course of ovum transport in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Biol. Reprod. 13, 363-369. Hartrnan, C. G. (1932). Studies in the reproduction of the monkey macacus (pithecus) rhesus, with special reference to menstruation and pregnancy. Contr. Embryol. Carneg. Inst. 23, 1-161. I-Iartman, C. G. (1944). Recovery of primate eggs and embryos. West. J. Surg. Obst. Gynec. 52, 41-61. Hendrickx, A. G. and Kraemer, D. C. (1968). Preimplantation stages of baboon embryos (Papio Sp.). Anat. Rec. 162, 111-120. Hendrickx, A. G. and Houston, M. L. (1971). Prenatal and postnatal development. Chapter 13 in Comparative Reproduction of Non-Human Primates. Ed. E. S. E. Hafez. Charles Thomas, Springfield,
ET AL.
U.S.A. Heuser, C. H. and
Streeter,
G. L
(1941).
Development
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Effect
of an intra-uterine
port and fertilization Reprod. Fert. 19, 149-1
device in the 56.
on gamete
rhesus
monkey.
transJ.
