Quantum entanglement distillation with metamaterials Md. Abdullah al Farooqui,1 Justin Breeland,1 Muhammad I. Aslam,2 Mehdi Sadatgol,1 Şahin K. Özdemir,3 Mark Tame,4,5 Lan Yang,3 and Durdu Ö. Güney1,* 1

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA 2 Department of Electronic Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 75270, Pakistan 3 Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA 4 School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa 5 National Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa * [email protected]

Abstract: We propose a scheme for the distillation of partially entangled two-photon Bell and three-photon W states using metamaterials. The distillation of partially entangled Bell states is achieved by using two metamaterials with polarization dependence, one of which is rotated by π / 2 around the direction of propagation of the photons. On the other hand, the distillation of three-photon W states is achieved by using one polarization dependent metamaterial and two polarization independent metamaterials. Upon transmission of the photons of the partially entangled states through the metamaterials the entanglement of the states increases and they become distilled. This work opens up new directions in quantum optical state engineering by showing how metamaterials can be used to carry out a quantum information processing task. © 2015 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: (160.3918) Metamaterials; (250.5403) Plasmonics; (270.0270) Quantum optics; (270.4180) Multiphoton processes; (270.5585) Quantum information and processing.

References and links 1.

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1. Introduction Metamaterial structures, man-made and usually periodic with subwavelength feature sizes, enable a wide variety of exotic applications including invisibility cloaks [1], compact antennas [2,3] for mobile stations, quantum levitation [4], optical analogue simulators [5,6], solar photovoltaics [7], metaspacers [8], and many others. Furthermore, the interplay between metamaterials and surface plasmons in the optical region can lead to applications superior to conventional ones, such as ultra-high resolution imaging [9] and high-precision optical lithography [10]. Under sufficiently large wavelengths, many metamaterials can be approximated by a highly dispersive and lossy homogeneous medium with effective constitutive parameters [11–

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19]. Spontaneous and stimulated emission processes were studied using the quantization of the electromagnetic field in such dispersive dielectric materials [20] and negative index media [21,22], although the results were not generalized to inherently discrete metamaterial structures. When the wavelength of the external electromagnetic field is substantially smaller, the metamaterial structure cannot be approximated by an effective homogeneous medium anymore; rather it starts to behave as a photonic crystal [23]. The history of studying quantum processes in photonic crystals, which can be designed by low-loss materials unlike most metamaterials, is more extensive and richer compared to metamaterials [24–26]. On the other hand, in plasmonics, the effect of subwavelength hole arrays on the properties of polarization-entangled photons has been investigated [27]. Here, it was found experimentally that the two-particle entanglement survives transmission through such a medium, where the plasmonic arrays convert incident entangled photons first into localised surface plasmons and then back to free-space photons. The process was later described by classical scattering [28] and linear transformation theory [29]. The scattering theory approach was further used in Ref [28]. to determine the conditions on polarization-dependent transmission probabilities of photons in partially entangled Bell pairs for entanglement distillation. The quantum description of surface plasmons is now well established [30], and a quantum description of the photon-to-surface plasmon conversion process based on attenuated reflection [31,32] and the scattering of surface plasmon polaritons from a plasmonic beam splitter [33] have been developed, amongst many other schemes [30]. Most relevant to this work is the recent experimental demonstration of effective transduction of multimode quantum correlations achieved by employing localized surface plasmons in plasmonic subwavelength hole arrays [34]. In this letter, we continue along the direction of subwavelength arrays and extend the entanglement distillation process in [28]. to partially entangled multipartite systems, in particular, partially entangled 3 -photon W states using plasmonic metamaterials [17,35]. We use the global entanglement measure defined in [36]. to quantify the entanglement of the quantum states. This entanglement measure is scalable and can be applied to any number of two-level quantum particles. Maximally entangled states are central resource for quantum information processing. However, due to decoherence and dissipation during their preparation, storage and distribution, entanglement between particles are degraded resulting in non-maximally entangled or partially mixed states. Entanglement protection, distillation, concentration or purification protocols are needed to extract highly entangled states from non-maximally entangled states. These protocols have been well-studied and experimentally demonstrated for bipartite entangled states [37–40]. As the number of particles forming entangled states increases, the entanglement structure becomes more complex and diverse, and inequivalent entanglement classes emerge. Among these W and GHZ states are the commonly studied multipartite entangled states. Recently, there has been several theoretical and experimental works on the efficient preparation, expansion and fusion of W states to build entanglement webs with large number of nodes [41–46]. Naturally, entanglement protection, distillation, purification and concentration protocols should be extended to such multipartite entangled states. Entanglement distillation schemes for partially entangled [47–49] and arbitrary [50– 52] W states based on multiphoton [47–49,52] and single-photon multimode [50] entanglement concentration protocols have been theoretically proposed using linear [47,48,52] and nonlinear [49,50] optical elements, and coupled quantum dot and cavity systems [51]. While these protocols provide relatively more efficient distillation of lessentangled states, our approach provides a simple, fast and straightforward distillation of partially entangled Bell and 3 -photon W states without requiring any sophisticated protocols and their optical implementation.

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2. Background theory 2.1. Entanglement measure A scalable multipartite entanglement measure for the quantum state ψ consisting of n twolevel quantum particles in the Hilbert space (C 2 )⊗ n is defined as [36] Q( ψ

n

4 ) = n D ( μ ( 0 ) ψ j =1

j

, μ j (1) ψ ) .

(1)

Here, D ( u , v ) =  u x v y − u y vx

2

(2)

x< y

is the norm-squared of the wedge product of the quantum states u , v ∈ (C 2 )⊗ n −1 , which can be written as u =  u x x and v =  v y y , where 0 ≤ x, y < 2n −1 are ( n − 1) -bit strings. Additionally, considering that the Hilbert space (C 2 )⊗ n has 2n basis states b1 …bn , where b j ∈ {0,1} , in Eq. (1), we have

μ j ( b ) b1 …bn = δ bb b1 …bj …bn .

(3)

j

In this definition,  denotes absence. Using Eqs. (1-3), it can be shown that for each n ∈  ≥ 2 , Q : (C 2 )⊗ n →  is an entanglement measure [34]. For example, Q ( ψ a product state ψ , and Q ( ψ

) = 1 for the EPR state

ψ = ( 00 + 11

)

) = 0 for

2.

2.2. Entanglement distillation

Fig. 1. (a) Distillation of partially entangled photons using (b) appropriately designed plasmonic metamaterials.

Figure 1 illustrates our entanglement distillation scheme based on plasmonic metamaterials. Incident partially entangled photons travel through a distillation system and emerge as

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maximally entangled photons at the output. The distillation system consists of a set of appropriately designed plasmonic metamaterials. Below, we will first show that it is possible to transmit generalized n -photon W states through plasmonic metamaterials without reducing the quality of entanglement. This is the generalization of previously demonstrated plasmon-assisted transmission of maximally entangled Bell pairs [27,28] to the transmission of n -photon W states. Then, we will show the distillation of partially entangled Bell pairs [28] and 3 -photon W states using plasmonic metamaterials. Although the former has been shown theoretically [28] in the context of Ref [27], the latter has been shown here only. Consider the n -photon W state, Wn =

1 n

+ 0

(1 1

0

1

0

2

2

0 3 ... 0 n + 0 1 1 2 0 3 ... 0

1 3 ... 0 n + ... + 0

0

1

2

n

(4)

0 3 ... 1 n ) .

Assume that each photon in the n -photon W state described by Eq. (4) is sent to different metamaterial slabs. Then, the final output state after the photons exit the metamaterial slabs becomes, Wn′ =

1 n

+ t(

3)

(t( ) 1 1

0

1

0

1

0

2

2

0 3 ... 0 n + t (

1 3 ... 0 n + ...+ t (

2)

0 1 1 2 0 3 ... 0

n)

0

1

0

2

n

)

(5)

0 3 ... 1 n ,

where 0 i and 1 i represent horizontal and vertical polarization states for the ith photon, respectively, and t (i ) =

t01t02 …t1i …t0 n . Z

(6)

1 Z is the normalization factor for the output state Wn′ . tσ i is the probability amplitude for

either the horizontally (σ = 0 ) or (σ = 1) vertically polarized ith photon being transmitted into its same initial polarization state after exiting the respective metamaterial slab. This means that Eqs. (5) and (6) cannot be used in their current form for bianisotropic metamaterials [53,54], since we assume no cross-coupling between different polarizations. Although bianisotropic metamaterials may provide additional degree of freedom for further manipulation of incident quantum states, we do not need such a level of complexity here to demonstrate multipartite entanglement distillation. Moreover, metamaterials without or with negligible bianisotropy are readily available [55]. Using the entanglement measure in Eq. (1), the entanglement in the output state Wn′ in Eq. (5) can be found as 8  t[ ] i

Q ( Wn′ ) =

2

t[

j]

i< j

2

,

(7)

t [ ] = t ( ) Z = t01t02 …t1i …t0 n

(8)

 n i 2 n   t[ ]   i =1 

2

where we define i

#237839 © 2015 OSA

i

Received 10 Apr 2015; accepted 18 Jun 2015; published 1 Jul 2015 13 Jul 2015 | Vol. 23, No. 14 | DOI:10.1364/OE.23.017941 | OPTICS EXPRESS 17946

using Eq. (6). For example, we can easily show for 3 -photon W state (i.e., n = 3 ) that entanglement can be preserved without reducing its quality after the photons are transmitted through plasmonic metamaterial slabs, because for n = 3 , Eq. (7) can be written as 8 Q ( W3′ ) = 3

(t

[1]

2

t[

2

2]

(t

+ t[ ] 1

[1]

2

+t

if we assume t [ ] = t [ ] , we obtain Q ( W3′ ) = Q ( W3 i

j

2

[ 2]

2

t[ ] + t[ 3

2

+t

2]

2

2

t[ ] 3

)

)

(9)

2 2

[3]

) = 8 9. Hence, provided that photons are

transmitted through identically designed metamaterial slabs, the original entanglement is not degraded despite photon losses in the metamaterial slabs. This condition can be easily satisfied by polarization independent metamaterials [55]. However, we should mention that even though the quality of the entanglement can be sustained at arbitrarily low transmittances, the efficiency of the process decreases due to losses in the metamaterial slabs. In fact, Eq. (7) is not only consistent with [27,28], where the plasmon assisted transmission of maximally entangled Bell pairs were shown to be possible without reducing the quality of entanglement, but it also demonstrates that plasmon assisted transmission is valid for generalized n -photon W states. That is Q ( Wn′ ) = Q ( Wn

)=

4 ( n − 1)

. (10) n2 Having shown that plasmonic metamaterial does not deteriorate the quality of the entanglement in the W states, now we consider the distillation of partially entangled n photon W-class states,

Φn = α 1 1 0

0 3 ... 0

2

n

+ β ( 0 1 1 2 0 3 ... 0 n + 0

1

0

2

1 3 ... 0 n + ... + 0

0

1

2

0 3 ... 1 n ) ,

(11)

where

α + ( n − 1) β = 1. 2

2

(12)

After the photons exit the metamaterial slabs, their final state reaches, Φ ′n = α t ( ) 1 1 0 1

(

+β t

( 2)

2

0 3 ... 0

n

0 1 1 2 0 3 ... 0 n + t (3) 0

1

+... + t ( n ) 0

1

0 0

(13)

2

1 3 ... 0

2

0 3 ... 1 n .

n

)

Then, the entanglement in the final output state Φ ′n using Eq. (1) can be found as Q ( Φ ′n

8

n

) = n  αβ t ( )  | t ( ) | 

1

2

i

i=2

2



4

n

 t ( )t ( ) i=2 i< j

i

j

2

 . 

(14)

2.2.1. Distillation of partially entangled Bell states By setting n = 2 in Eq. (11) and using Eq. (14), one can demonstrate the distillation of the resultant partially entangled Bell states Φ 2 using plasmonic metamaterials. To achieve this, we first rewrite Eq. (14) for n = 2 as

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Q ( Φ ′2

where τ 1 = t [

2]

2

)=

2



4 αβ τ 1 2

2

+ β τ1

)

2

(15)

,

t [ ] . If the maximal entanglement condition Q ( Φ ′2 1

2

) =1

as any physical

solution, then the partially entangled Bell states Φ 2 can be distilled by plasmonic metamaterials. Indeed, this condition has a mathematical solution at τ 1 = α

2

2

β , which

can be satisfied physically, for example, by choosing t01 = t12 =

α,

(16)

t11 = t02 =

β.

(17)

The required probability amplitudes can be achieved by a polarization-dependent plasmonic metamaterial design. 2.2.2. Distillation of partially entangled three-photon states We can extend the above approach to the distillation of partially entangled 3 -photon W states. After the partially entangled 3 -photon W states exit from the plasmonic metamaterial slabs, the degree of entanglement in the final state Φ ′3 , using Eq. (14), becomes Q ( Φ ′3

) = 83

2

4

2

+ β τ2

αβ τ 2 + β τ 32



2

)

2

,

(18)

where

τ2

(t = τ3 =

[ 2]

2

+ t[ ] 3

2

t[ ] 1

t[

2]

t[

t[ ] 1

2

),

(19)

3]

2

.

(20)

Changing the variables we can write Eqs. (19) and (20), respectively, as

τ 2 = u 2 + v2 ,

(21)

τ 3 = uv,

(22)

where u=

#237839 © 2015 OSA

t[

2]

t[ ] 1

,

(23)

Received 10 Apr 2015; accepted 18 Jun 2015; published 1 Jul 2015 13 Jul 2015 | Vol. 23, No. 14 | DOI:10.1364/OE.23.017941 | OPTICS EXPRESS 17948

t[ ] 3

v=

t[ ] 1

(24)

.

τ 2 we can further write

Noticing that Eq. (21) is the equation for a circle with radius variables u and v in terms of θ , such that u = τ 2 cos θ ,

(25)

v = τ 2 sin θ ,

(26)

where 0 ≤ θ ≤ π 2. Then we can rewrite Eq. (14) as

Q ( Φ ′3

2 4 τ  αβ τ 2 + β  2 sin ( 2θ )  8 2 

)=3

(

2

2

α + β τ2

)

2

2

(27)

.

In comparison with Eq. (18), which contains two unbounded free parameters (i.e., τ 2 and τ 3 ), Eq. (27) contains only one unbounded (i.e., 0 ≤ τ 2 < ∞ ) and one bounded free parameter (i.e., 0 ≤ θ ≤ π 2 ). This simplifies the analytical determination of what transmittance values are required through each plasmonic metamaterial slab. The distillation of the incident partially entangled 3 -photon W states requires Q ( Φ ′3 ) = 8 9 as can be calculated from Eq. (10). Indeed, one can show that this is exactly the maximum value that Q ( Φ ′3

)

can take and is achieved when τ 2 = τ 2 max = 2 α

2

β

2

and

θ = θ max = π 4. Substituting τ 2 max and θ max into Eqs. (25) and (26) gives u=v=

α . β

(28)

Using Eqs. (8), (23), (24), and (28), and choosing

we can obtain Q ( Φ ′3

) = 8 9.

t02 = t03 = t12 =| t13 |,

(29)

t01 = α ,

(30)

t11 = β ,

(31)

Although this set of transmission probabilities is not the only

solution set for the distillation of partially entangled 3 -photon W states, it can be easily satisfied by one polarization-dependent and one polarization-independent plasmonic metamaterial design, as we will now show. 3. Proof-of-principle metamaterials and protocols

3.1. Metamaterial designs for entanglement distillation The sketches in Fig. 2 show two different views (i.e., front and back) of the unit cell of a metamaterial structure which can be tailored as either a polarization-independent or polarization-dependent plasmonic metamaterial by choosing the strip widths w0 and w1

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Received 10 Apr 2015; accepted 18 Jun 2015; published 1 Jul 2015 13 Jul 2015 | Vol. 23, No. 14 | DOI:10.1364/OE.23.017941 | OPTICS EXPRESS 17949

either the same or slightly different, respectively. The two-possible incident field configurations are also illustrated. 0 and 1 denote horizontal and vertical polarizations, respectively, and k denotes the direction of propagation. This structure is the two-dimensional (i.e., functional for two orthogonal polarizations) version of the surface plasmon driven negative index metamaterial studied in detail in [17].

Fig. 2. Two different views of the unit cell of a plasmonic metamaterial structure. The unit cell consists of a gold thin film in the middle and two gold nano-patterned structures on both sides of the thin film. The nano-patterned structures are the same on both sides except that they are diagonally shifted by a 2 in their planes with respect to each other where a is the unit cell size for the square lattice. The metamaterial is designed to be functional under normally incident light indicated by wave vector k and polarizations 0 and 1 . The metamaterial can be designed as polarization-independent (or polarization dependent) by choosing the strip widths w0 and w1 equal (or slightly different).

3.1.1. Polarization independent metamaterial Figure 3(a) shows the transmission, reflection, and absorption spectra of an example polarization-independent design under normally incident light. All the simulations are performed by using finite element based COMSOL software package. Gold layers shown in Fig. 2 are described by Drude model with the bulk plasma frequency of f p = 2175THz and the collision frequency f c = 6.5THz [56]. Polyimide has the relative permittivity ε r = 3.5. All the geometric parameters used in the simulation are given in the caption. This metamaterial structure shows three different extraordinary transmission windows near the plasmonic resonances around 375THz, 450THz, and 500THz. The retrieved [11–19] effective index results in Fig. 3(b) show that the first two lower frequency resonances provide positive index bands while the high frequency resonance provides a negative index band with a low figure of merit. The Lorentzian-like resonances observed in the retrieved effective permittivity and permeability displayed in Fig. 3(c) show that the first two lower frequency resonances have electric type while the high frequency resonance is of a magnetic type.

#237839 © 2015 OSA

Received 10 Apr 2015; accepted 18 Jun 2015; published 1 Jul 2015 13 Jul 2015 | Vol. 23, No. 14 | DOI:10.1364/OE.23.017941 | OPTICS EXPRESS 17950

Fig. 3. (a) Reflectance (R), transmittance (T), and absorbance (A) of a polarization independent plasmonic metamaterial. Retrieved effective (b) refractive index, (c) relative electrical permittivity ( ε r = ε r′ + iε r′′ ) and relative magnetic permeability ( μ r = μ r′ + i μ r′′ ). The strip widths w = w = 40 nm. The lattice constant a = 80 nm. The thicknesses of the thin 0 1 film and the strips are 5nm and 11nm, respectively. The strips are separated from the thin film in the middle by 8nm. The thickness of the unit cell along the direction of propagation is 100nm. The dashed green line in (b) indicates the first Brillouin zone edge.

3.1.2. Polarization dependent metamaterial

Fig. 4. Transmittance for horizontally and vertically w0 = 39 nm, w1 = 45 nm. Other parameters are the same as in Fig. 3.

polarized

light.

By choosing w1 slightly different than w0 , we can lift the degeneracy between the horizontal and vertical polarizations. The transmission spectra for the polarization-dependent plasmonic metamaterial, choosing w0 = 39 nm and w1 = 45 nm and keeping the remaining parameters

#237839 © 2015 OSA

Received 10 Apr 2015; accepted 18 Jun 2015; published 1 Jul 2015 13 Jul 2015 | Vol. 23, No. 14 | DOI:10.1364/OE.23.017941 | OPTICS EXPRESS 17951

fixed, is displayed in Fig. 4. The green and blue curves correspond to transmittance through the metamaterial structure for horizontal and vertical polarizations, respectively. 3.2. Entanglement distillation protocol Having shown the metamaterial designs above, we describe below how to use these plasmonic metamaterials for the distillation of partially entangled (i) Bell states Φ 2 and (ii) 3 -photon W states Φ 3 .

3.2.1. Distillation protocol for partially entangled Bell states

Fig. 5. Distillation of partially entangled Bell states Φ . The first photon (i.e., Photon 1) in 2 the partially entangled state travels through the metamaterial of Design I and the second photon (i.e., Photon 2) travels through the metamaterial of Design I*. The transmittance of the metamaterial with Design I is α for the horizontal polarization 0 and β for the vertical polarization 1 . The metamaterial of Design I* is obtained by rotating the Design I around k by π 2. For example, for α = 0.6 and β = 0.8, Design I refers to the metamaterial structure operating at 396THz, considered in Fig. 4.

The sketch in Fig. 5 describes the distillation of partially entangled Bell states Φ 2 . Using Eqs. (16) and (17), we notice that we only need two polarization-dependent plasmonic metamaterials with the same design. However, one of the metamaterial structures has to be rotated by π 2 (denoted by * in Fig. 5) around the normal axis. The incident partially entangled Bell state

Φ 2 = α 1 1 0 2 + β 0 1 1 2 is then distilled when the Photon 1 is

transmitted through the metamaterial of Design I and the Photon 2 is transmitted through the metamaterial of Design I*, such that the transmittances through the metamaterial of Design I for the horizontal and vertical polarizations are tuned to α and β , (i.e., modulus of probability amplitudes) respectively, and Design I* is the orthogonal replica of Design I. We have already designed such a metamaterial structure with the transmittance spectra shown in

#237839 © 2015 OSA

Received 10 Apr 2015; accepted 18 Jun 2015; published 1 Jul 2015 13 Jul 2015 | Vol. 23, No. 14 | DOI:10.1364/OE.23.017941 | OPTICS EXPRESS 17952

Fig. 4. The condition for Design I is satisfied at frequency 396THz where the transmittance for the horizontal and vertical polarizations are α = 0.6 and β = 0.8, respectively. That is why this metamaterial structure, together with its orthogonal replica, can be readily used for the distillation of partially entangled Bell states Φ 2 . 3.2.2. Distillation protocol for partially entangled three-photon W states

3 -photon

W states Φ . The first photon (i.e., 3 Photon 1) in the partially entangled state travels through the metamaterial of Design I2, the second (i.e., Photon 2) and third photons (i.e., Photon 3) travel through polarizationindependent metamaterials of Design II. The transmittance of the metamaterial with Design I2 Fig. 6. Distillation of partially entangled

is

α

2

for the horizontal polarization 0 and

β

2

for the vertical polarization 1

(i.e.,

compare the required transmittances for Design I and Design I2 for the naming). The metamaterial with Design II has polarization independent transmittance

2

γ . For example, for

2 2 2 α = 0.8 and β = 0.2, Design I refers to the metamaterial structure operating at 418THz,

considered in Fig. 4, while Design II refers to the polarization independent metamaterial structure considered in Fig. 3, operating at the same frequency.

Similarly, Fig. 6 describes the distillation of partially entangled 3 -photon W states Φ 3 . In this case, using Eqs. (29)-(31), we notice that in addition to a polarization-dependent metamaterial of Design I2, we also need two polarization-independent metamaterials of Design II. The distillation of the partially entangled 3 -photon W states Φ 3 is achieved by sending Photon 1 through the polarization-dependent metamaterial of Design I2, Photons 2 and 3 through the polarization-independent metamaterials of Design II. The condition for Design I2 can be satisfied in Fig. 4 at frequency 418THz where the transmittance for 2

2

horizontal and vertical polarizations are α = 0.8 and β = 0.2, respectively. On the other hand, the condition for Design II can be satisfied by using the polarization-independent metamaterial structure in Fig. 3.

#237839 © 2015 OSA

Received 10 Apr 2015; accepted 18 Jun 2015; published 1 Jul 2015 13 Jul 2015 | Vol. 23, No. 14 | DOI:10.1364/OE.23.017941 | OPTICS EXPRESS 17953

4. Conclusions

In summary, we have presented a scheme for the distillation of partially entangled Bell states and 3 -photon W states using plasmonic metamaterials. Our technique extends the previous theoretical plasmon assisted distillation of partially entangled Bell states [28] to W states. In comparison with other W state distillation schemes [47–52], which have also been theoretical, we present a fast and straightforward method for the distillation of partially entangled 3 photon W states without requiring any sophisticated protocols and their associated optical implementations. Although we have used our own surface plasmon driven metamaterial designs to introduce the concept above, the realization of the proposed scheme is feasible by already fabricated plasmonic metamaterial structures. For example, the well studied fishnet metamaterial structures [55,57,58] would be ideal experimental platforms for such entanglement distillation processes. Our approach for entanglement distillation can be scaled or generalized to partially entangled or arbitrary n -photon W states. Arbitrary manipulation of multipartite quantum states may be possible by appropriately designed plasmonic metamaterials. This capability for quantum manipulation of light may be further enhanced by tunable [59–67] and/or bianisotropic metamaterials [53,54] for optical quantum information processing applications. We should also mention that the new application of metamaterials presented here is another interesting aspect of our work and may lead to new directions by merging quantum information processing and metamaterials. Acknowledgment

Work at the University of KwaZulu-Natal was supported by South African National Research Foundation and the National Institute for Theoretical Physics. The work at Michigan Technological University was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under grant Award No. ECCS-1202443.

#237839 © 2015 OSA

Received 10 Apr 2015; accepted 18 Jun 2015; published 1 Jul 2015 13 Jul 2015 | Vol. 23, No. 14 | DOI:10.1364/OE.23.017941 | OPTICS EXPRESS 17954

Quantum entanglement distillation with metamaterials.

We propose a scheme for the distillation of partially entangled two-photon Bell and three-photon W states using metamaterials. The distillation of par...
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