Vol. March
183,
No.
2, 1992
BIOCHEMICAL
AND
BIOPHYSICAL
RESEARCH
Pages
16, 1992
PROLIFERATION
Wei Zhang, Department
Received
COMMUNICATIONS
OF
HEMATOPOIETIC EXPRESSION OF
Johannes
of Hematology,
January
31,
Drach,
CELLS IS HEAT SHOCK
Michael
ACCOMPANIED PROTEIN 70
Andreeff,
733-738
BY SUPPRESSED
and Albert
The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Houston, Texas 77030
Deisseroth Cancer
Center,
1992
: In this study, we have examined the synthesis of heat shock protein (HSP70) in leukemia cells from acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) patients and in mononuclear cells from normal individuals, before and after growth factor stimulation. We have shown that the HSP70 protein was expressed in these cells in the absence of temperature elevation. Stimulation of proliferation of AML cells by the growth factors interleukin-3 and granulocyte-macrophage colonystimulating factor and stimulation of normal lymphocytes by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) resulted in decreased synthesis of HSP70, suggesting that high levels of HSP70 are associated with cellular differentiation. 0 1992 Academic Press. Inc. SIJMMARY
Most heat shock proteins (HSPs) are synthesized in response to stresses such as heat elevation, mechanical trauma, chemical reagents, and heavy metals (1-5). The function of HSPs is not yet known. However, it is apparent that stress-induced elevation of HSP levels contributes to the survival of cells Much of the work on heat shock protein has focused on the 70-kDa (6,7). proteins. Proteins of the HSP70 family have been shown to modify the rate of degradation of the myc oncogene product (8) and the ~53 antioncogene product (9) and to be involved in cell differentiation (10, 11, 12, 13) and proliferation (14, 15). To study the role of HSP70 in regulating the cellular proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells, we measured the synthesis of HSP70 protein in leukemia cells of patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) before and after treatment with growth factors interleukin-3 (IL-3) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and in normal mononuclear cells before and after phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation. Our results show that the synthesis of HSP70 protein decreased in growth-stimulated cells, suggesting that HSP70 synthesis was regulated during the cell cycle and that HSP70 may be involved in events that lead to differentiation induction in hematopoietic cells. Materials Cell Culture: Cells or from normal individuals mononuclear cell layer at in AML samples and of peripheral blood myeloid leukapheresis and stored
and
Methods
of peripheral blood or bone marrow from AML patients were subjected to Ficoll-Hypague centrifugation. The the interface was composed of at least 90% AML cells monocytes and lymphocytes in normal samples. The leukemia cells from some patients were enriched by as frozen cells. Frozen cells were thawed rapidly in 0006-291X/92 733
$1.50
Copyright 0 1992 by Academic Press, Inc. All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.
Vol.
183,
No.
2, 1992
BIOCHEMICAL
AND
BIOPHYSICAL
RESEARCH
COMMUNICATIONS
a 37'C water supplemented streptomycin experiment, included in was included and both cell lymphoblastosis
bath before culturing. The cells were cultured in RPM1 1640 with 10% fetal calf serum, 1% glutamine, and 1% penicillinin a 37'C incubator with 5% CO,. In the growth-stimulation 10 rig/ml of IL-3 (Immunex) and 1000 units/ml of GM-CSF (Immunex) were the parallel culture of AML cells. 0.1% PHA (Wellcome Diagnostics) in the parallel cultures of normal mononuclear cells for three days, number and cell size increased, typical findings of PHA-stimulated (16). Flow Cvtometrv: Cell cycle stages were dertermined using acridine-orange flow cytometry as previously described (17). Briefly, cells were mixed with 0.4 ml of a solution containing 0.1% Triton X-100 (Sigma), 0.08 N HCl. After 30 sets, 1.2 ml of acridine-orange (Polysciences, Warrington, PA) at a concentration of 8 rig/ml in 1 mM EDTA, 0.15 N NaCl, 0.1 M phosphate-citrate buffer (pH 6.0) was added, and measurements were performed on a FACScan flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA) within the next 10 min. Cell-cycle distribution was analyzed with the CellFIT software (Becton Dickinson) after gating out all cell doublets and debris. Immunonrecioitation: After being washed twice with hosphate buffered saline (PBS), 2 x lo7 cells were metabolically labeled by [ r 'S]methionine (100 pCi/ml, DuPont) in 1 ml of DMEM medium lacking methionine (GIBCO) supplemented with 10% dialyzed fetal calf serum and 1% glutamine for l-2 hours. Then the cells were washed twice with PBS to remove the free [36S]methionine. Total protein was extracted in protein lysis buffer (150 mM NaCl, 0.5% NP-40, 5 mM EDTA, 20 mM Tris-HCl [pH8.0], 5 pg/ml aprotinin [Sigma], and 2.5 mM PMSF [Sigma]) by freezethawing three times. The concentration of NaCl was then adjusted to 500 mM. Cell debris was removed by centrifugation. The cell extract was precleared by incubation with nonimmune mouse immunoglobulin (Sigma) and agarose conjugated protein G (Oncogene Science). An amount of protein extract, which contained 5 x lo6 trichloric acid (TCA) precipitable counts rate, was immunoprecipitated by an anti-HSP70 mouse monoclonal antibody (Clone W27, Oncogene Science) and collected with protein G Agarose. The immunoprecipitates were boiled in sample buffer (0.125 M Tris [pH6.8], 1% SDS, 2% fl-mercaptoethanol, and 5% glycerol) for 4 min and then loaded on a 10% SDS-PAGE gel. The gel was run at 50V overnight, then fixed by 30% methanol and 10% acetic acid, incubated in Amplify (Amersham) for 30 min, dried, and exposed to Kodak X-AR film.
Results BSP70 analyzed the
is
the
exDressed
expression
mononuclear
heat
cells
treatment, HSP70
expression
in
cells
that
freezing
is
observed
that
individuals
were
not
the the
were
expressed
stress
in in
all
HSP70
for
and
heat
from
13
found
that
as
shown
fresh
cells
(Fig.
(Fig.
1,
lanes
l-5),
HSP70
expression
expression in
in
different
induction:
AML
We
patients in
in
the
the
1,
lanes
AML
AML
patients
of
2,
and
l-6)
and
indicating
the
in
absence
Figures 2,
and
that
cells.
We also and
normal
heterogenous.
02 Fig. 1. PATIENTS.
without
cells cases,
both
frozen factor
of
cells
leukemia individuals
apparent
previously
levels
in
5 normal
was was
hematoDoietic
HSP70
from
HSP70
3.
in of
THE EXPRESSION
OF HSP70
IN
FRESH
12 PERIPHERAL
3
4
BLOOD
5 CELLS
6
MKD OF FIVE
AML
IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD CELLS AND BONE MARROW Pig. 2. THE LEVELS OF HSP70 EXPRESSION Lane a shows the expression of SHP70 in peripheral CELLS OF THREE AML PATIENTS. blood cells; lane b shows the expression of HSP70 in bone marrow cells.
134
Vol.
183,
No.
Day
1
GF A
BIOCHEMICAL
2, 1992
2
--+
3
--+
AND
4
--+
I--
--+
BIOPHYSICAL
1
RESEARCH
2 +
-
2.3
2.8
COMMUNICATIONS
3
1 1111
+-+
c
-
2 +
-+
*,9s
4.1
4.0
4.2
10.6
53
3.0
9.9
(9.7
3.0
u.4
Fig. 3. THE EXPRESSION OF HSP70 IN AML CELLS WITH AND WITHOUT GROWTH FACTOR (GF) STIMULATION. The expression of HSP70 in peripheral blood AML cells cultured in the presence (lanes +) or absence (lanes -) of IL-3 (10 ,uq/ml) and GM-CSF (10' units/ml). 10% FCS was present in all cultures. The percentage of S-phase cells in each culture is indicated under each lane.
liSPi'
is
expressed
at
hisher
levels
in
peripheral
bloods
cells
than
in
bone
of peripheral blood and bone marrow were collected from three AML patients, and expression of HSP70 was analyzed by immunoprecipitation of [%]methionine-labeled protein extract. As shown in Fig. 2, the levels of HSP70 expression are higher in the cells from peripheral blood than in the cells from bone marrow. The synthesis of HSP 70 declines in the growth stimulated AML Cells: Cells from five AML patients were cultured in the presence and absence of IL-3 and GMCSF for several days. Cells were collected on varying days after incubation and analyzed for cell-cycle status by flow cytometry. The synthesis of HsP~O was then studied by immunoprecipitation of [36S]methionine-labeled protein extracts using an anti-HSP70 monoclonal antibody. As shown in Figure 3, the cultures supplemented with IL-3 and GM-CSF contain more S-phase cells than the control cultures, indicatingthatthe growth factors stimulated the cells to proliferate. Figure 3 also shows that less HSP70 was detected in the cultures with more proliferating cells, indicating that synthesis of HSP70 was suppressed in proliferating cells. In patient B, growth factors IL-3 and GM-CSF did not stimulate cells to a more proliferative state than in the control substantially culture, and accordingly, synthesis of HSP70 did not change significantly. The synthesis of HSP70 decreases inPHA-stimulated lvmphocvtes: We studied the synthesis of HSP70 in the quiescent mononuclear cells from normal individuals and in the actively dividing lymphocytes in the presence of monocytes stimulated by PHA. As shown in Figure 4, the levels of HSP70 synthesis are lower in the PHA-stimulated proliferating lymphocytes than in the terminally differentiated and quiescent lymphocytes. marrow
cells
:
Cells
Discussion We
hematopoietic
have
shown
cells
in from
this both
study that AML patients 735
HSP70 protein and normal
was expressed in individuals without
Vol.
183, No. 2, 1992
BIOCHEMICAL
AND BIOPHYSICAL
12
Fig.
PHA
4.
lanes
induction
by
represent
the
from
STIMULATION
the
temperature
We showed
of
myeloid proteins by
our
finding
noteworthy
that
Elevated This
indicates
activities
and The
of
stress,
the
and
proteins
preventing
the We
lymphocytes gradually previous of from are
growth
in
in
AML
of may
programmed
RPM1
of
supplemented (data
not
occurred
in
cells
or
of
PHA
programmed cell death. Controlledmacromoleculedegradation characteristics a
stimulation
or
constitutively
die
through in
expressed
proteins during and differentiated finding
period
that
this
with
the
which
HSP70
in
period of time, state and preventing
growth
stimulation
the
of
cells thus
may
preserving them
reduced
736
AML
patients
only
with
10%
This deprived
bind
to
thereby
mature
either function cells
from
entering
the
synthesis
T lymphocytes cells
of
cells
proteins"
(27)
cycling The
high
upon levels
stabilize
of
cellular
a nonproliferative
programmed of
the
state
reenter
in
Addition
prevent
"death
to
will with
(27).
resting
stimulation.
normal
cells
consistent
cells
of The
and FCS,
is
can
synthesis can
absence
may
death.
(28).
cells
prolonged
During
HSPs
most
lymphocytes
apoptosis
25).
renaturation (7).
pathway,
precursor
and
associated
24, cellular
the
degradation
IL-2
to
is
patterns. include
shown).
hematopoietic
in It
expression;
different
survival
cell
cells
when
may
22).
of
denatured.
a
HSP70
resulted
(23, in
cell
become
of
supported
(21,
pattern
to
entering
entering that
apoptosis
to
different
from
factor-deprived
factors
in
hypothesized
increase
apoptosis
that
growth
represents
Our
them
from
through
reports and
keep
regulated
human
proteins
further
proliferation function
in
in
cells
cells
opposite
may
from marrow.
a decrease
HSP70 is
earlier
family
been
the
that
mononuclear an
cells
bone
upregulation
observed
cellular
proteins
cultured
die
is have
cellular
observed are
has
HSP70
and
cells
have
HSP70 with
of
HSPs
proteins
environmental
of
expression
functions
denatured
also
AML
in
This
normal
was
form
members
their
of
which
in
myelomonocytic
which
suggesting
may
different
obtained
human in
is
from
resulted
(ll),
detected
19).
results
process.
associated
(18
higher
cells
(12),
we
cells
with
cells
cells
stimulation
was
AML
OF HSP70.
which
family were
consistent
K562
line
HSP70,
induced
that
of are
HSP70
AML
differentiation,
PHA
the
HSP70
expression
differentiation
of
expression
the
proliferating
(lo), germ
cellular
that
the protein),
73-kDa
EXPRESSION
without PHA treatment; stimulated by PRA.
(the
proliferation
cells
expression
HSP70
more
during
the
THE
Therefore, of
results
male
observed in
decreased
(26)
of
HL60
HSP70
of
the
These
mammalian was
involved
DOWN-REGULATED
protein)
levels in
HSP70.
leukemia and
be
of
the than
stimulation
expression
of
(72-kDa
that
blood
Furthermore,
form
form
56
of HSP70 in the lymphocytes of HSP70 in the lymphocytes
elevation.
constitutive
induced
peripheral
(20) I
OF LYMPHOCYTES
1, 3, and 5: expression 2, 4, and 6: expression
Lanes
34
RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
HSP70
cell in
AML
death. cells
Vol.
and
183,
No.
in
normal
from
of
2, 1992
lymphocytes
HSP70 In
cells
from
cell
survival
BIOCHEMICAL
in
recent
the
probably
several
coordinately mechanisms
the
their of
27, 30,
It
process survival
COMMUNICATIONS
for
from
that
of
the
with
is
constitutive
cell
survival. interactions its
a
have a family
disruption
bcl-2
which
is
protect an
membrane
inner
protein.
identified
proteins of
certainly
to
in maintaining
been of
Characterization will
shown
because not
apoptosis that
and
been
of bcl-2
HSP70
HSP70
conceivable
and
has
The mechanism
whereas is
of
demand
bcl-2,
31, 32).
associated
regulation cell
decreased
product,
different
(27). in
of
the
RESEARCH
cells.
oncogene
protein
mRNAs
immaturethymocytes study
(26,
membrane
Recently,
and
an
apoptosis is
BIOPHYSICAL
growth-stimulated
years,
mitochondrial
reflect
may
AND
is these
shed
light
contributes
in working proteins on
the to
tumorigenesis.
Acknowledgments This work was supported by grants to Dr. Albert Deisseroth from the National Cancer Institute, the American Cancer Society, the Sid Richardson Foundation, the Kleberg Foundation, the Ladies Leukemia League of Lousiana, the Bush Fund for Leukemia Research, and the Anderson Chair for Cancer Treatment and Special thanks to Rosemarie Lauzon for her editorial assistance. Research.
References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.
Ashburner, M., and Bonner, J.J. (1979). Cell 17:241-254. Burdon, R.H. (1986). Biochem. J. 240:313-324. Lindguist, S. (1986) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 55:1151-1191. Pelham. H. 119861 Cell 46:959-961. Schlesinger; M.J: (1986) J. Cell. Biol. 103:321-325. Gerner. E.W., and Schneider, M.J. (1975) Nature (London) 256:500-502. Riabowol, K.T., Mizzen, L.A., and Welch, W.J. (1988) Science 242:433436. Luncher, B., and Eisenman, R.N. (1988) Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:2504-2512. Finlay, C.A., Hinds, P.W., Tan, T.H., Eliyahu, D., Oren, M., and Levine, A.J. (1988). Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:531-539. Richards, F-M., Watson, A., and Hickman, J.A. (1988) Cancer Res. 48:67156720. Yufu, Y., Nishimura, J., Ideguchi, H., and Nawata, H. (1990). FEBS. 268:173-176. Singh, M., and Yu, J. (1984) Nature (London) 309:631-633. Zakeri, Z.F., and wolgemuth, D.J. (1987). Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:1791-1796. and Morimoto, R.I. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. B-J., (1985) wu, 82:6070-6074. Milarski, K., and Morimoto, R.I. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83:9517-9521. Maizel, A-L., Metha, S.R., Hauft, S., Franzini, D., La&man, L-B., and Ford. R.J. 11981). J. Immunol. 127:1058-1064. Andreeff, Ml, Darzynkiewicz, Z., Sharpless, T.K., Clarkson, B.D., and Melamed, M.R. (1980). Blood 55:282-293. and Feramisco, J.R. Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:1229-1237. Welch, W.J.. (1985). Welch; W.J.; and Feramisco; J.R. j1984j. J. Biol. Chem. 259:4501-4513. Fincato, G., Polentarutti, N., Sica, A., MAntovani, A., and Colotta, F. Blood 77:579-586. (1991). Kaczmarek, L., Calabretta, B., Kao, H.T., Heintz, N., Nevins, J., and Baseraa. R. (1987). J. Cell. Biol. 104:183-187. Iida, H., and ' Yahara,' I. (1984). J. Cell Biol. 99:199-207. Haire, R.N., Peterson, M.S., and O'Leary, J.J. ((1988). J. Cell Biol. 106:883-891; Ferris, D.K., Harel-Bellan, A., Morimoto, R.I., Welch, W.J., and Farrar, W.L. (1988). Proc. Natl. Acad. See. U.S.A. 85:3850-3854. Milarski, -K-L., and Morimoto, R-1. (1986). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83:9517-9521. Duke, R.C., and Cohen, J.J. (1986). Leukemia Res. 5:289-299.
737
Vol. 183, No. 2, 1992 21. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32.
BIOCHEMICAL
AND BIOPHYSICAL
RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
Williams, G.T., Smith, C.A., Spooncer, E., Dexter, D.R. (1990). Nature. 343:76-79. Owen6, G.P., Hahn, W.E., and Cohen, J.J. (1991). 11:4177-4188. Duvall, E., and Wyllie, A.H. (1986). Immunol. Today Hockenberry, D., Nunez, G., Milliman, C., Schreiber, S.J. (1990). Nature 348:334-336. McDonnell, T-J., Deane, N., Platt, P.M., Nunez, G., J.P., and Korsmeyer, S.J. (1989). Cell 57:79-88. Nunez, G., London, K., Hockenberry, D., Alexander, and Korsmeyer, S.J. (1990). J. Immunol. 144:3605-3610.
738
T-M., Mol.
and Cell
7:115-119. R.D., Jaeger, M.,
McKearn,
Taylor, Biol.
Korsmeyer, Lt.,
McKearn, J.P.,
183,
No.
2, 1992
BIOCHEMICAL
AND
BIOPHYSICAL
RESEARCH
Pages
16, 1992
PROLIFERATION
Wei Zhang, Department
Received
COMMUNICATIONS
OF
HEMATOPOIETIC EXPRESSION OF
Johannes
of Hematology,
January
31,
Drach,
CELLS IS HEAT SHOCK
Michael
ACCOMPANIED PROTEIN 70
Andreeff,
733-738
BY SUPPRESSED
and Albert
The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Houston, Texas 77030
Deisseroth Cancer
Center,
1992
: In this study, we have examined the synthesis of heat shock protein (HSP70) in leukemia cells from acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) patients and in mononuclear cells from normal individuals, before and after growth factor stimulation. We have shown that the HSP70 protein was expressed in these cells in the absence of temperature elevation. Stimulation of proliferation of AML cells by the growth factors interleukin-3 and granulocyte-macrophage colonystimulating factor and stimulation of normal lymphocytes by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) resulted in decreased synthesis of HSP70, suggesting that high levels of HSP70 are associated with cellular differentiation. 0 1992 Academic Press. Inc. SIJMMARY
Most heat shock proteins (HSPs) are synthesized in response to stresses such as heat elevation, mechanical trauma, chemical reagents, and heavy metals (1-5). The function of HSPs is not yet known. However, it is apparent that stress-induced elevation of HSP levels contributes to the survival of cells Much of the work on heat shock protein has focused on the 70-kDa (6,7). proteins. Proteins of the HSP70 family have been shown to modify the rate of degradation of the myc oncogene product (8) and the ~53 antioncogene product (9) and to be involved in cell differentiation (10, 11, 12, 13) and proliferation (14, 15). To study the role of HSP70 in regulating the cellular proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells, we measured the synthesis of HSP70 protein in leukemia cells of patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) before and after treatment with growth factors interleukin-3 (IL-3) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and in normal mononuclear cells before and after phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation. Our results show that the synthesis of HSP70 protein decreased in growth-stimulated cells, suggesting that HSP70 synthesis was regulated during the cell cycle and that HSP70 may be involved in events that lead to differentiation induction in hematopoietic cells. Materials Cell Culture: Cells or from normal individuals mononuclear cell layer at in AML samples and of peripheral blood myeloid leukapheresis and stored
and
Methods
of peripheral blood or bone marrow from AML patients were subjected to Ficoll-Hypague centrifugation. The the interface was composed of at least 90% AML cells monocytes and lymphocytes in normal samples. The leukemia cells from some patients were enriched by as frozen cells. Frozen cells were thawed rapidly in 0006-291X/92 733
$1.50
Copyright 0 1992 by Academic Press, Inc. All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.
Vol.
183,
No.
2, 1992
BIOCHEMICAL
AND
BIOPHYSICAL
RESEARCH
COMMUNICATIONS
a 37'C water supplemented streptomycin experiment, included in was included and both cell lymphoblastosis
bath before culturing. The cells were cultured in RPM1 1640 with 10% fetal calf serum, 1% glutamine, and 1% penicillinin a 37'C incubator with 5% CO,. In the growth-stimulation 10 rig/ml of IL-3 (Immunex) and 1000 units/ml of GM-CSF (Immunex) were the parallel culture of AML cells. 0.1% PHA (Wellcome Diagnostics) in the parallel cultures of normal mononuclear cells for three days, number and cell size increased, typical findings of PHA-stimulated (16). Flow Cvtometrv: Cell cycle stages were dertermined using acridine-orange flow cytometry as previously described (17). Briefly, cells were mixed with 0.4 ml of a solution containing 0.1% Triton X-100 (Sigma), 0.08 N HCl. After 30 sets, 1.2 ml of acridine-orange (Polysciences, Warrington, PA) at a concentration of 8 rig/ml in 1 mM EDTA, 0.15 N NaCl, 0.1 M phosphate-citrate buffer (pH 6.0) was added, and measurements were performed on a FACScan flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA) within the next 10 min. Cell-cycle distribution was analyzed with the CellFIT software (Becton Dickinson) after gating out all cell doublets and debris. Immunonrecioitation: After being washed twice with hosphate buffered saline (PBS), 2 x lo7 cells were metabolically labeled by [ r 'S]methionine (100 pCi/ml, DuPont) in 1 ml of DMEM medium lacking methionine (GIBCO) supplemented with 10% dialyzed fetal calf serum and 1% glutamine for l-2 hours. Then the cells were washed twice with PBS to remove the free [36S]methionine. Total protein was extracted in protein lysis buffer (150 mM NaCl, 0.5% NP-40, 5 mM EDTA, 20 mM Tris-HCl [pH8.0], 5 pg/ml aprotinin [Sigma], and 2.5 mM PMSF [Sigma]) by freezethawing three times. The concentration of NaCl was then adjusted to 500 mM. Cell debris was removed by centrifugation. The cell extract was precleared by incubation with nonimmune mouse immunoglobulin (Sigma) and agarose conjugated protein G (Oncogene Science). An amount of protein extract, which contained 5 x lo6 trichloric acid (TCA) precipitable counts rate, was immunoprecipitated by an anti-HSP70 mouse monoclonal antibody (Clone W27, Oncogene Science) and collected with protein G Agarose. The immunoprecipitates were boiled in sample buffer (0.125 M Tris [pH6.8], 1% SDS, 2% fl-mercaptoethanol, and 5% glycerol) for 4 min and then loaded on a 10% SDS-PAGE gel. The gel was run at 50V overnight, then fixed by 30% methanol and 10% acetic acid, incubated in Amplify (Amersham) for 30 min, dried, and exposed to Kodak X-AR film.
Results BSP70 analyzed the
is
the
exDressed
expression
mononuclear
heat
cells
treatment, HSP70
expression
in
cells
that
freezing
is
observed
that
individuals
were
not
the the
were
expressed
stress
in in
all
HSP70
for
and
heat
from
13
found
that
as
shown
fresh
cells
(Fig.
(Fig.
1,
lanes
l-5),
HSP70
expression
expression in
in
different
induction:
AML
We
patients in
in
the
the
1,
lanes
AML
AML
patients
of
2,
and
l-6)
and
indicating
the
in
absence
Figures 2,
and
that
cells.
We also and
normal
heterogenous.
02 Fig. 1. PATIENTS.
without
cells cases,
both
frozen factor
of
cells
leukemia individuals
apparent
previously
levels
in
5 normal
was was
hematoDoietic
HSP70
from
HSP70
3.
in of
THE EXPRESSION
OF HSP70
IN
FRESH
12 PERIPHERAL
3
4
BLOOD
5 CELLS
6
MKD OF FIVE
AML
IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD CELLS AND BONE MARROW Pig. 2. THE LEVELS OF HSP70 EXPRESSION Lane a shows the expression of SHP70 in peripheral CELLS OF THREE AML PATIENTS. blood cells; lane b shows the expression of HSP70 in bone marrow cells.
134
Vol.
183,
No.
Day
1
GF A
BIOCHEMICAL
2, 1992
2
--+
3
--+
AND
4
--+
I--
--+
BIOPHYSICAL
1
RESEARCH
2 +
-
2.3
2.8
COMMUNICATIONS
3
1 1111
+-+
c
-
2 +
-+
*,9s
4.1
4.0
4.2
10.6
53
3.0
9.9
(9.7
3.0
u.4
Fig. 3. THE EXPRESSION OF HSP70 IN AML CELLS WITH AND WITHOUT GROWTH FACTOR (GF) STIMULATION. The expression of HSP70 in peripheral blood AML cells cultured in the presence (lanes +) or absence (lanes -) of IL-3 (10 ,uq/ml) and GM-CSF (10' units/ml). 10% FCS was present in all cultures. The percentage of S-phase cells in each culture is indicated under each lane.
liSPi'
is
expressed
at
hisher
levels
in
peripheral
bloods
cells
than
in
bone
of peripheral blood and bone marrow were collected from three AML patients, and expression of HSP70 was analyzed by immunoprecipitation of [%]methionine-labeled protein extract. As shown in Fig. 2, the levels of HSP70 expression are higher in the cells from peripheral blood than in the cells from bone marrow. The synthesis of HSP 70 declines in the growth stimulated AML Cells: Cells from five AML patients were cultured in the presence and absence of IL-3 and GMCSF for several days. Cells were collected on varying days after incubation and analyzed for cell-cycle status by flow cytometry. The synthesis of HsP~O was then studied by immunoprecipitation of [36S]methionine-labeled protein extracts using an anti-HSP70 monoclonal antibody. As shown in Figure 3, the cultures supplemented with IL-3 and GM-CSF contain more S-phase cells than the control cultures, indicatingthatthe growth factors stimulated the cells to proliferate. Figure 3 also shows that less HSP70 was detected in the cultures with more proliferating cells, indicating that synthesis of HSP70 was suppressed in proliferating cells. In patient B, growth factors IL-3 and GM-CSF did not stimulate cells to a more proliferative state than in the control substantially culture, and accordingly, synthesis of HSP70 did not change significantly. The synthesis of HSP70 decreases inPHA-stimulated lvmphocvtes: We studied the synthesis of HSP70 in the quiescent mononuclear cells from normal individuals and in the actively dividing lymphocytes in the presence of monocytes stimulated by PHA. As shown in Figure 4, the levels of HSP70 synthesis are lower in the PHA-stimulated proliferating lymphocytes than in the terminally differentiated and quiescent lymphocytes. marrow
cells
:
Cells
Discussion We
hematopoietic
have
shown
cells
in from
this both
study that AML patients 735
HSP70 protein and normal
was expressed in individuals without
Vol.
183, No. 2, 1992
BIOCHEMICAL
AND BIOPHYSICAL
12
Fig.
PHA
4.
lanes
induction
by
represent
the
from
STIMULATION
the
temperature
We showed
of
myeloid proteins by
our
finding
noteworthy
that
Elevated This
indicates
activities
and The
of
stress,
the
and
proteins
preventing
the We
lymphocytes gradually previous of from are
growth
in
in
AML
of may
programmed
RPM1
of
supplemented (data
not
occurred
in
cells
or
of
PHA
programmed cell death. Controlledmacromoleculedegradation characteristics a
stimulation
or
constitutively
die
through in
expressed
proteins during and differentiated finding
period
that
this
with
the
which
HSP70
in
period of time, state and preventing
growth
stimulation
the
of
cells thus
may
preserving them
reduced
736
AML
patients
only
with
10%
This deprived
bind
to
thereby
mature
either function cells
from
entering
the
synthesis
T lymphocytes cells
of
cells
proteins"
(27)
cycling The
high
upon levels
stabilize
of
cellular
a nonproliferative
programmed of
the
state
reenter
in
Addition
prevent
"death
to
will with
(27).
resting
stimulation.
normal
cells
consistent
cells
of The
and FCS,
is
can
synthesis can
absence
may
death.
(28).
cells
prolonged
During
HSPs
most
lymphocytes
apoptosis
25).
renaturation (7).
pathway,
precursor
and
associated
24, cellular
the
degradation
IL-2
to
is
patterns. include
shown).
hematopoietic
in It
expression;
different
survival
cell
cells
when
may
22).
of
denatured.
a
HSP70
resulted
(23, in
cell
become
of
supported
(21,
pattern
to
entering
entering that
apoptosis
to
different
from
factor-deprived
factors
in
hypothesized
increase
apoptosis
that
growth
represents
Our
them
from
through
reports and
keep
regulated
human
proteins
further
proliferation function
in
in
cells
cells
opposite
may
from marrow.
a decrease
HSP70 is
earlier
family
been
the
that
mononuclear an
cells
bone
upregulation
observed
cellular
proteins
cultured
die
is have
cellular
observed are
has
HSP70
and
cells
have
HSP70 with
of
HSPs
proteins
environmental
of
expression
functions
denatured
also
AML
in
This
normal
was
form
members
their
of
which
in
myelomonocytic
which
suggesting
may
different
obtained
human in
is
from
resulted
(ll),
detected
19).
results
process.
associated
(18
higher
cells
(12),
we
cells
with
cells
cells
stimulation
was
AML
OF HSP70.
which
family were
consistent
K562
line
HSP70,
induced
that
of are
HSP70
AML
differentiation,
PHA
the
HSP70
expression
differentiation
of
expression
the
proliferating
(lo), germ
cellular
that
the protein),
73-kDa
EXPRESSION
without PHA treatment; stimulated by PRA.
(the
proliferation
cells
expression
HSP70
more
during
the
THE
Therefore, of
results
male
observed in
decreased
(26)
of
HL60
HSP70
of
the
These
mammalian was
involved
DOWN-REGULATED
protein)
levels in
HSP70.
leukemia and
be
of
the than
stimulation
expression
of
(72-kDa
that
blood
Furthermore,
form
form
56
of HSP70 in the lymphocytes of HSP70 in the lymphocytes
elevation.
constitutive
induced
peripheral
(20) I
OF LYMPHOCYTES
1, 3, and 5: expression 2, 4, and 6: expression
Lanes
34
RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
HSP70
cell in
AML
death. cells
Vol.
and
183,
No.
in
normal
from
of
2, 1992
lymphocytes
HSP70 In
cells
from
cell
survival
BIOCHEMICAL
in
recent
the
probably
several
coordinately mechanisms
the
their of
27, 30,
It
process survival
COMMUNICATIONS
for
from
that
of
the
with
is
constitutive
cell
survival. interactions its
a
have a family
disruption
bcl-2
which
is
protect an
membrane
inner
protein.
identified
proteins of
certainly
to
in maintaining
been of
Characterization will
shown
because not
apoptosis that
and
been
of bcl-2
HSP70
HSP70
conceivable
and
has
The mechanism
whereas is
of
demand
bcl-2,
31, 32).
associated
regulation cell
decreased
product,
different
(27). in
of
the
RESEARCH
cells.
oncogene
protein
mRNAs
immaturethymocytes study
(26,
membrane
Recently,
and
an
apoptosis is
BIOPHYSICAL
growth-stimulated
years,
mitochondrial
reflect
may
AND
is these
shed
light
contributes
in working proteins on
the to
tumorigenesis.
Acknowledgments This work was supported by grants to Dr. Albert Deisseroth from the National Cancer Institute, the American Cancer Society, the Sid Richardson Foundation, the Kleberg Foundation, the Ladies Leukemia League of Lousiana, the Bush Fund for Leukemia Research, and the Anderson Chair for Cancer Treatment and Special thanks to Rosemarie Lauzon for her editorial assistance. Research.
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