Accepted Manuscript Title: Prevalence and molecular typing of coxiella burnetii in bulk tank milk in belgian dairy goats, 2009 to 2013 Author: Samira Boarbi Marcella Mori Elodie Rousset Karim Sidi-Boumedine Marjan Van Esbroeck David Fretin PII: DOI: Reference:
S0378-1135(14)00060-1 http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.01.025 VETMIC 6485
To appear in:
VETMIC
Received date: Revised date: Accepted date:
19-11-2013 17-1-2014 20-1-2014
Please cite this article as: Boarbi, S., Mori, M., Rousset, E., SidiBoumedine, K., Van Esbroeck, M., Fretin, D.,PREVALENCE AND MOLECULAR TYPING OF COXIELLA BURNETII IN BULK TANK MILK IN BELGIAN DAIRY GOATS, 2009 TO 2013, Veterinary Microbiology (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.01.025 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
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PREVALENCE AND MOLECULAR TYPING OF COXIELLA BURNETII IN BULK
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TANK MILK IN BELGIAN DAIRY GOATS, 2009 TO 2013
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Samira Boarbi1, Marcella Mori1$, Elodie Rousset2, Karim Sidi-Boumedine2, Marjan Van
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Esbroeck3 and David Fretin1*$
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Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Center, VAR-CODA-CERVA, Brussels, Belgium
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French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Anses, Sophia
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Antipolis Laboratory, France
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Tropical Medicine Institute, ITM, Antwerp, Belgium
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Equal contribution
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*Corresponding author: David Fretin
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Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
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Telephone number: (32) 2 379 04 40
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Fax number: (32) 2 379 06 70
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E-mail:
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ABSTRACT
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Q fever, a worldwide zoonosis, is an arousing public health concern in many countries since
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the recent Dutch outbreak. An emerging C. burnetii clone, genotype CbNL01, was identified
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as responsible for the Dutch human Q fever cluster cases. Since 2009, Q fever surveillance in
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the goat industry was implemented by the Belgian authorities. The herd prevalence
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(December 2009-March 2013) ranged between 6.3 and 12.1%. Genotypic analysis highlighted
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the molecular diversity of the Belgian strains from goats and identified an emerging CbNL01-
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like genotype. This follow-up allowed the description of shedding profiles in positive farms
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which was either continuous (type I) and associated to the CbNL01-like genotype; or
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intermittent (type II) and linked to other genotypes. Despite the circulation of a CbNL01-like
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strain, the number of notified Belgian human cases was very low. The mandatory vaccination
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(in June 2011) on positive dairy goat farms in Belgium, contributed to a decrease in shedding.
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Keywords: Coxiella burnetii; Q fever; epidemiology; surveillance; genotyping; shedding;
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vaccination
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INTRODUCTION
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Coxiella burnetii, an intracellular gram negative bacterium, is the causative agent of “Query
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fever” (Q fever). This disease, first described in 1935 among slaughterhouse workers in
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Australia, is now recognized as endemic worldwide. Ruminants (sheep, goats and cattle) are
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considered as the most common animal reservoir for human infection. A variety of other
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mammalians, birds and arthropods can be infected, thus contributing to the maintenance of the
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bacterium in the environment (Cutler et al., 2007). In ruminants, infections may occasionally
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result in abortions, which are associated with shedding of large amounts of bacteria in
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placentas and birth fluids (Maurin and Raoult, 1999). Inhalation of aerosols contaminated by
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latter products is presently considered the main route of transmission to humans. Infected
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people are mostly asymptomatic, but they can also present a self-limited febrile illness,
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atypical pneumonia, hepatitis (acute Q fever) or display endocarditis, chronic hepatitis,
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chronic pulmonary infections and in some patients chronic fatigue syndrome (chronic Q
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fever). In specific cases, it may contribute to abortion and stillbirth in pregnant women
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(Maurin and Raoult, 1999).
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Between 2007 and 2011, the Netherlands were confronted with the largest Q fever outbreak
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ever documented in history with a total of 4108 human cases (Georgiev et al., 2013; van
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Loenhout et al., 2012). Causes were associated with an increase in the intensity of the goat
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breeding. This expansion took place near densely populated areas, therefore favoring close
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contact, and transmission, between animals and humans (Schimmer et al., 2009). Human risk
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factors associated with this epidemic were transport of animals, manure spreading, wind and
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especially living close (