Biology 2014, 3, 498-513; doi:10.3390/biology3030498 OPEN ACCESS
biology ISSN 2079-7737 www.mdpi.com/journal/biology Review
Preterm Birth and Its Long-Term Effects: Methylation to Mechanisms Sasha E. Parets 1, Carrie E. Bedient 2, Ramkumar Menon 3,4 and Alicia K. Smith 1,5,* 1
2
3
4 5
Genetics and Molecular Biology Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] The Perinatal Research Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-404-712-9582; Fax: +1-404-727-3233. Received: 26 May 2014; in revised form: 8 August 2014 / Accepted: 12 August 2014 / Published: 21 August 2014
Abstract: The epigenetic patterns established during development may influence gene expression over a lifetime and increase susceptibility to chronic disease. Being born preterm (
biology ISSN 2079-7737 www.mdpi.com/journal/biology Review
Preterm Birth and Its Long-Term Effects: Methylation to Mechanisms Sasha E. Parets 1, Carrie E. Bedient 2, Ramkumar Menon 3,4 and Alicia K. Smith 1,5,* 1
2
3
4 5
Genetics and Molecular Biology Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] The Perinatal Research Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-404-712-9582; Fax: +1-404-727-3233. Received: 26 May 2014; in revised form: 8 August 2014 / Accepted: 12 August 2014 / Published: 21 August 2014
Abstract: The epigenetic patterns established during development may influence gene expression over a lifetime and increase susceptibility to chronic disease. Being born preterm (
