Environ Monit Assess (2015) 187:309 DOI 10.1007/s10661-015-4543-1
Preconcentration and determination of lead and cadmium levels in blood samples of adolescent workers consuming smokeless tobacco products in Pakistan Sadaf Sadia Arain & Tasneem Gul Kazi & Hassan Imran Afridi & Kapil Dev Brahman & Naeemullah & Sumaira Khan & Abdul Haleem Panhwar & Muhammad Afzal Kamboh & Jamil R. Memon
Received: 1 December 2014 / Accepted: 16 April 2015 # Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015
Abstract The present study was aimed to evaluate the cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) levels in the blood samples of adolescent boys, chewing different smokeless tobacco (SLT) products in Pakistan. For comparative purpose, boys of the same age group (12–15 years), not consumed any SLT products were selected as referents. To S. S. Arain (*) : T. G. Kazi : H. I. Afridi : K. D. Brahman : Naeemullah : S. Khan : A. H. Panhwar National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan e-mail: [email protected] T. G. Kazi e-mail: [email protected] H. I. Afridi e-mail: [email protected] K. D. Brahman e-mail: [email protected] Naeemullah e-mail: [email protected]
determine trace levels of Cd and Pb in blood samples, a preconcentration method, vortex-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction (VLLME) has been developed, prior to analysis by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The hydrophobic chelates of Cd and Pb with ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate were extracted into the fine droplets of ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-3methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, while nonionic surfactant, Triton X-114 was used as a dispersing medium. The main factors affecting the recoveries of Cd and Pb, such as concentration of APDC, centrifugation time, volume of IL and TX-114, were investigated in detail. It was also observed that adolescent boys who consumed different SLT products have 2- to 3-fold higher levels of Cd and Pb in their blood samples as compared to referent boys (p30
Haemoglobin (g/dL)
12.1±0.61
11.9±1.21*
10.9±0.31*
10.1±0.34**
11.5–16.5
Haematocrit
46.1±3.4
40.5±2.78*
36.9±2.62*
34.7±2.51**
35–55
3.76±0.42*
2.81±0.71*
2.51±0.78**
3.5–5.5
Red blood cell count
4.6±0.54
Two-sided chi-square test indicates that statistical difference between biochemical parameters of adolescent (not consume any SLT product) and consume gutkha and mainpuri was *p0.05). The significantly higher level of Pb was observed in blood samples of ACG, 92.4[CI 84.5, 100]; ACM, 111[CI 105, 114]; and ACB, 125 [CI 115, 138] μg/L as compared to referents, 66.3 [CI 65.2, 68.1 μg/L], (p0.05) The distribution of the resulted data of Cd and Pb in referents and adolescents boys chewing different types of SLT products was checked by the Shapiro–Wilk test for normality. For both metals, there is no significant difference was observed between normal and lognormal distribution. So for comparative purpose we use data of Cd and Pb in referents and adolescent boys consuming different types of SLT at normal distributions. The unpaired student t test at different degrees of freedom
Table 6 The Cd and Pb concentration in whole blood samples of referent and adolescent boys consuming different types of SLT products Whole blood (μg/L)
Referents
ACG
ACM
ACB
Cd
2.04±0.24 a
Pb
3.49±0.29
3.25±0.30
3.83±0.45
66.2±10.8
92.4±19.8
109±26.2
124±25.7
ACG adolescents chewing gutkha ACM adolescents chewing mainpuri ACB Adolescents chewing both gutkha and mainpuri a
Average value ± confidence interval (p=0.05)
Environ Monit Assess (2015) 187:309
between adolescents chewing different types of SLT products and referents were calculated at different probabilities. Our calculated tExperimental value exceeds that of tcritical value at 95 % confidence intervals, which indicated the significant differences between Cd and Pb mean values in adolescents who have consumed different SLT than referents (p
Preconcentration and determination of lead and cadmium levels in blood samples of adolescent workers consuming smokeless tobacco products in Pakistan Sadaf Sadia Arain & Tasneem Gul Kazi & Hassan Imran Afridi & Kapil Dev Brahman & Naeemullah & Sumaira Khan & Abdul Haleem Panhwar & Muhammad Afzal Kamboh & Jamil R. Memon
Received: 1 December 2014 / Accepted: 16 April 2015 # Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015
Abstract The present study was aimed to evaluate the cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) levels in the blood samples of adolescent boys, chewing different smokeless tobacco (SLT) products in Pakistan. For comparative purpose, boys of the same age group (12–15 years), not consumed any SLT products were selected as referents. To S. S. Arain (*) : T. G. Kazi : H. I. Afridi : K. D. Brahman : Naeemullah : S. Khan : A. H. Panhwar National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan e-mail: [email protected] T. G. Kazi e-mail: [email protected] H. I. Afridi e-mail: [email protected] K. D. Brahman e-mail: [email protected] Naeemullah e-mail: [email protected]
determine trace levels of Cd and Pb in blood samples, a preconcentration method, vortex-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction (VLLME) has been developed, prior to analysis by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The hydrophobic chelates of Cd and Pb with ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate were extracted into the fine droplets of ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-3methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, while nonionic surfactant, Triton X-114 was used as a dispersing medium. The main factors affecting the recoveries of Cd and Pb, such as concentration of APDC, centrifugation time, volume of IL and TX-114, were investigated in detail. It was also observed that adolescent boys who consumed different SLT products have 2- to 3-fold higher levels of Cd and Pb in their blood samples as compared to referent boys (p30
Haemoglobin (g/dL)
12.1±0.61
11.9±1.21*
10.9±0.31*
10.1±0.34**
11.5–16.5
Haematocrit
46.1±3.4
40.5±2.78*
36.9±2.62*
34.7±2.51**
35–55
3.76±0.42*
2.81±0.71*
2.51±0.78**
3.5–5.5
Red blood cell count
4.6±0.54
Two-sided chi-square test indicates that statistical difference between biochemical parameters of adolescent (not consume any SLT product) and consume gutkha and mainpuri was *p0.05). The significantly higher level of Pb was observed in blood samples of ACG, 92.4[CI 84.5, 100]; ACM, 111[CI 105, 114]; and ACB, 125 [CI 115, 138] μg/L as compared to referents, 66.3 [CI 65.2, 68.1 μg/L], (p0.05) The distribution of the resulted data of Cd and Pb in referents and adolescents boys chewing different types of SLT products was checked by the Shapiro–Wilk test for normality. For both metals, there is no significant difference was observed between normal and lognormal distribution. So for comparative purpose we use data of Cd and Pb in referents and adolescent boys consuming different types of SLT at normal distributions. The unpaired student t test at different degrees of freedom
Table 6 The Cd and Pb concentration in whole blood samples of referent and adolescent boys consuming different types of SLT products Whole blood (μg/L)
Referents
ACG
ACM
ACB
Cd
2.04±0.24 a
Pb
3.49±0.29
3.25±0.30
3.83±0.45
66.2±10.8
92.4±19.8
109±26.2
124±25.7
ACG adolescents chewing gutkha ACM adolescents chewing mainpuri ACB Adolescents chewing both gutkha and mainpuri a
Average value ± confidence interval (p=0.05)
Environ Monit Assess (2015) 187:309
between adolescents chewing different types of SLT products and referents were calculated at different probabilities. Our calculated tExperimental value exceeds that of tcritical value at 95 % confidence intervals, which indicated the significant differences between Cd and Pb mean values in adolescents who have consumed different SLT than referents (p
