Pneumatosis Intestinalis Associated With Henoch−Schönlein Purpura Ayesha Fatima and Donald Paul Gibson Pediatrics 2014;134;e880; originally published online August 25, 2014; DOI: 10.1542/peds.2013-2213
The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is located on the World Wide Web at: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/134/3/e880.full.html
PEDIATRICS is the official journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics. A monthly publication, it has been published continuously since 1948. PEDIATRICS is owned, published, and trademarked by the American Academy of Pediatrics, 141 Northwest Point Boulevard, Elk Grove Village, Illinois, 60007. Copyright © 2014 by the American Academy of Pediatrics. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0031-4005. Online ISSN: 1098-4275.
Downloaded from pediatrics.aappublications.org at Tufts Univ on September 26, 2014
Pneumatosis Intestinalis Associated With Henoch–Schönlein Purpura AUTHORS: Ayesha Fatima, MD,a and Donald Paul Gibson, MDb
abstract Henoch–Schönlein purpura (HSP) is the most common vasculitis in children. It is a disorder of the inflammatory cascade leading to immunoglobulin A deposition and leukocytoclastic vasculitis of small vessels of skin, kidneys, joints, and gastrointestinal (GI) tract. A wide variety of GI manifestations are seen in ∼50% to 75% of patients with HSP. Diffuse colicky abdominal pain is the most common GI symptom. The small bowel is the most frequently involved GI site. Intussusception is rare but is the most common surgical complication. We report the case of a 2-year-old girl with a 5-day history of abdominal pain followed by a palpable purpuric rash. Her urinalysis, complete blood cell count, and tests of renal function were normal. An acute abdominal series was unremarkable initially, and abdominal ultrasound imaging showed ascites and thickened small bowel loops. She was diagnosed with HSP. The abdominal pain worsened, and an abdominal computed tomography scan demonstrated distal small bowel wall thickening and pneumatosis intestinalis in the descending colon. She was started on total parenteral nutrition and antibiotics and placed on bowel rest. She was given 2 mg/kg of intravenous immunoglobulin. Her abdominal pain gradually improved over the next week, and a repeat computed tomography scan showed significant improvement of the small bowel wall thickening and pneumatosis. The purpuric rash improved, and her abdominal pain resolved. We report a case of HSP and pneumatosis intestinalis, an association that has not been reported previously. Pediatrics 2014;134:e880–e883
e880
aPediatric
Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, and of Diagnostic Radiology, Beaumont Children’s Hospital and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, Michigan
bDepartment
KEY WORDS Henoch–Schönlein purpura, pneumatosis intestinalis, pneumatosis coli, abdominal pain ABBREVIATIONS CT—computed tomography GI—gastrointestinal HSP—Henoch–Schönlein purpura PI—pneumatosis intestinalis Dr Fatima drafted the initial manuscript and reviewed and revised the manuscript; Dr Gibson reviewed manuscript and prepared the figures and captions; and both authors approved the final manuscript as submitted. www.pediatrics.org/cgi/doi/10.1542/peds.2013-2213 doi:10.1542/peds.2013-2213 Accepted for publication Feb 19, 2014 Address correspondence to Ayesha Fatima, MD, 3601 W Thirteen Mile Rd, Royal Oak, MI 48073. E-mail: [email protected] PEDIATRICS (ISSN Numbers: Print, 0031-4005; Online, 1098-4275). Copyright © 2014 by the American Academy of Pediatrics FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: The authors have indicated they have no financial relationships relevant to this article to disclose. FUNDING: No external funding. POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The authors have indicated they have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.
FATIMA and GIBSON
Downloaded from pediatrics.aappublications.org at Tufts Univ on September 26, 2014
CASE REPORT
Henoch–Schönlein purpura (HSP) is associated with a variety of gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations, and these are seen in 50% to 75% of patients.1,2 We report the first case of HSP with associated pneumatosis intestinalis (PI).
CASE REPORT A 2-year-old girl with an uneventful past medical history presented with an acute onset of periumbilical abdominal pain followed by a rash over her lower extremities. One week before this episode, she was diagnosed with a left otitis media and started on amoxicillin. Examination in the emergency department was unremarkable except for a pinpoint erythematous rash over her lower extremities, and she was discharged with a diagnosis of viral syndrome.
She was started on total parenteral nutrition, bowel rest, and vancomycin and piperacillin/tazobactam. Because of the PI, prednisone was discontinued, and she was given 2 mg/kg of intravenous immunoglobulin. She developed right upper extremity venous thrombosis at the venous catheter line site. Detailed hematologic investigations including complete blood cell count with platelets, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, antithrombin III, protein C activity, protein S activity, anticardiolipin antibody, factor V Leiden genotyped, prothrombin mutation genotyped, inhibitor screen, and factor VIII level were all normal. The hyperhomocystinemia genotype was heterozygous for the MTHFR C677T allele, but the serum homocysteine level of 2 mmol/L was low normal. Her ab-
dominal pain gradually improved over the next week, and a repeat CT scan showed significant improvement of the pneumatosis and small bowel wall thickening. The rash improved, her abdominal pain resolved, and she was discharged from the hospital on a regular diet. Two weeks after her discharge, she again developed abdominal pain and a worsening rash, and she was started on prednisone 1 mg/kg per day. This was tapered when her symptoms resolved.
DISCUSSION HSP is the most common vasculitis in children.1 It is a disorder of the inflammatory cascade leading to immunoglobulin A deposition and leukocytoclastic vasculitis of small vessels of the skin, kidneys, joints, and GI tract. Palpable
She returned to the emergency department 4 days later with sharp, intermittent abdominal pain and a palpable purpuric rash that now involved the lower extremities, buttocks, upper arms, and lower back. Her urinalysis, complete blood cell count, and tests of renal function were normal. An abdominal ultrasound examination revealed moderate ascites and both proximal and distal small bowel wall thickening. She was diagnosed with HSP, and her abdominal pain was controlled by acetaminophen. She returned 5 days later with a history of passing loose stools and bright red blood. An acute abdominal series was unremarkable, and repeat abdominal ultrasound imaging showed ascites and persistently thickened small bowel loops. The previous laboratory studies were repeated and were normal. She was admitted and received 1 dose of prednisone, 1 mg/kg. Overnight, she had worsening of abdominal pain, and an abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan demonstrated PI in the descending colon and thickening of the distal small bowel wall (Figs 1, 2, and 3).
FIGURE 1 A coronal reformatted image from a contrast-enhanced abdominal and pelvic CT scan demonstrates extensive air (pneumatosis) in the wall of the descending colon (arrows).
PEDIATRICS Volume 134, Number 3, September 2014
Downloaded from pediatrics.aappublications.org at Tufts Univ on September 26, 2014
e881
given the known surgical complications, recurrent abdominal pain or other variation from the expected course warrants additional investigation. Her worsening abdominal pain prompted us to perform CT imaging, and this was done with low-dose protocols, keeping radiation exposure to the minimum.
FIGURE 2 An axial image from a contrast-enhanced CT scan demonstrates the circumferential air collections within the descending colonic wall (arrows).
purpura is the hallmark of the disease,1 and abdominal symptoms precede the purpuric rash in 14% to 36% of patients.2 Colicky abdominal pain is the most common abdominal symptom and is attributed to bowel ischemia.2,3 Small bowel is the most frequently involved GI site, with the proximal small bowel and distal ileum usually more involved.3 Other GI manifestations include bleeding, gastric ulcers, intussusception,1–3 pancreatitis, gallbladder hydrops, and protein-losing enteropathy. Less common surgical complications
include intestinal obstruction, stricture formation, acute appendicitis, entero-enteric fistulas, spontaneous bowel perforation, esophageal strictures, GI hemorrhage, and infarction,2–5,6 There are no laboratory features diagnostic for HSP, and imaging with abdominal ultrasound usually identifies the surgical complications.2,3,5 In our patient, worsening abdominal pain with a normal acute abdominal series suggested the need for a CT scan that demonstrated PI. Although the natural course of the disease is usually benign,
FIGURE 3 An axial CT image through the pelvis shows evidence of several thick-walled distal small bowel loops (arrows) consistent with the diagnosis of HSP.
e882
PI is defined as the presence of intramural gas in the small or large bowel.7 It has been associated with a variety of diseases beyond the neonatal period8 and has been observed as an incidental finding in healthy children.7,9,10 It has also been described in patients with nonintestinal conditions such as organ and bone marrow transplants, congenital heart disease, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, rheumatoid arthritis, and hemolytic anemia.8 It occurs more frequently in immunocompromised patients who have received steroids, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy.7 The clinical manifestations include diarrhea, bloody stools, abdominal pain, abdominal distension, tenesmus, vomiting, constipation, and weight loss, and the management is symptomatic (bowel rest, nasogastric suction, antibiotics) and depends on the underlying disease. Surgery is indicated in fulminant cases and is associated with a high mortality.7–10 Mechanical and bacterial causes have been proposed to explain gas entry into the bowel wall.7,9 Mechanical causes include the introduction of intramural air after forced bowel distension or a mucosal break. PI has been described in patients with elevated intraabdominal pressure due to violent coughing or vomiting.7,11 Gas within the bowel wall could be the result of the entry of gas-forming bacteria through mucosal breaks. In our patient, bowel wall ischemia might have led to mucosal disruption, allowing bacteria and intraluminal gas to enter the bowel wall. Mucosal ulceration and localized
FATIMA and GIBSON
Downloaded from pediatrics.aappublications.org at Tufts Univ on September 26, 2014
CASE REPORT
vasculitis associated with HSP can also predispose the mucosa to injury. Although steroids can alter mucosal integrity and increase permeability,12,13 they are unlikely to have been the cause of the pneumatosis in our patient because she had received only one dose. More than 80% of patients with HSP recover within 2 weeks, but in the first
year it recurs in ∼30% to 40% of patients, often within 4 months.1,3 Recurrence of symptoms within 12 weeks of onset is considered part of the initial disease, whereas later recurrence is considered true recurrence.14 Abdominal pain is a common recurrent symptom.2 HSP without renal involvement is usually a self-limiting disease with complete resolution.1,2 PI is un-
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Dr Jeffrey Maisels for his critical review of the manuscript.
6. Gow KW, Murphy JJ III, Blair GK, Magee JF, Hailey J. Multiple entero-entero fistulae: an unusual complication of Henoch–Schönlein purpura. J Pediatr Surg. 1996;31(6):809– 811 7. Heng Y, Schuffler MD, Haggitt RC, Rohrmann CA. Pneumatosis intestinalis: a review. Am J Gastroenterol. 1995;90(10):1747– 1758 8. West KW, Rescorla FJ, Grosfeld JL, Vane DW. Pneumatosis intestinalis in children beyond the neonatal period. J Pediatr Surg. 1989;24(8):818–822 9. Galandiuk S, Fazio VW. Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis. A review of the literature. Dis Colon Rectum. 1986;29(5 Issue 5): 358–363
10. Kurbegov AC, Sondheimer JM. Pneumatosis intestinalis in non-neonatal pediatric patients. Pediatrics. 2001;108(2):402–406 11. Keyting WS, McCarver RR, Kovarik JL, Daywitt AL. Pneumatosis intestinalis: a new concept. Radiology. 1961;76:733–741 12. Meyers MA, Ghahremani GG, Clements JL Jr, Goodman K. Pneumatosis intestinalis. Gastrointest Radiol. 1977/78;2(2 Issue 1):91–105 13. Ammons MA, Bauling PC, Weil R III. Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis with pneumoperitoneum in renal transplant patients on cyclosporine and prednisone. Transplant Proc. 1986;18(6):1868–1870 14. Nathan K, Gunasekaran TS, Berman JH. Recurrent gastrointestinal Henoch–Schönlein purpura. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1999;29(1):86–89
common, has a heterogeneous presentation, and is associated with a variety of diseases, but because it can have serious consequences, PI must be considered as a possible complication of HSP.
REFERENCES 1. McCarthy HJ, Tizard EJ. Clinical practice: diagnosis and management of Henoch– Schönlein purpura. Eur J Pediatr. 2010;169 (6):643–650 2. Choong CK, Beasley SW. Intra-abdominal manifestations of Henoch–Schönlein purpura. J Paediatr Child Health. 1998;34(5):405–409 3. Ebert EC. Gastrointestinal manifestations of Henoch–Schonlein purpura. Dig Dis Sci. 2008;53(8):2011–2019 4. Binstadt BA, Fleegler EW. Perforated appendicitis in a child with Henoch–Schönlein purpura. J Pediatr Surg. 2005;40(2):E24–E27 5. Gleghorn E, Ali S. Henoch–Schönlein purpura. In: Wyllie R, Hyams JS, eds. Pediatric Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2011
PEDIATRICS Volume 134, Number 3, September 2014
Downloaded from pediatrics.aappublications.org at Tufts Univ on September 26, 2014
e883
Pneumatosis Intestinalis Associated With Henoch−Schönlein Purpura Ayesha Fatima and Donald Paul Gibson Pediatrics 2014;134;e880; originally published online August 25, 2014; DOI: 10.1542/peds.2013-2213 Updated Information & Services
including high resolution figures, can be found at: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/134/3/e880.full.h tml
References
This article cites 13 articles, 1 of which can be accessed free at: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/134/3/e880.full.h tml#ref-list-1
Permissions & Licensing
Information about reproducing this article in parts (figures, tables) or in its entirety can be found online at: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/site/misc/Permissions.xh tml
Reprints
Information about ordering reprints can be found online: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/site/misc/reprints.xhtml
PEDIATRICS is the official journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics. A monthly publication, it has been published continuously since 1948. PEDIATRICS is owned, published, and trademarked by the American Academy of Pediatrics, 141 Northwest Point Boulevard, Elk Grove Village, Illinois, 60007. Copyright © 2014 by the American Academy of Pediatrics. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0031-4005. Online ISSN: 1098-4275.
Downloaded from pediatrics.aappublications.org at Tufts Univ on September 26, 2014
The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is located on the World Wide Web at: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/134/3/e880.full.html
PEDIATRICS is the official journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics. A monthly publication, it has been published continuously since 1948. PEDIATRICS is owned, published, and trademarked by the American Academy of Pediatrics, 141 Northwest Point Boulevard, Elk Grove Village, Illinois, 60007. Copyright © 2014 by the American Academy of Pediatrics. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0031-4005. Online ISSN: 1098-4275.
Downloaded from pediatrics.aappublications.org at Tufts Univ on September 26, 2014
Pneumatosis Intestinalis Associated With Henoch–Schönlein Purpura AUTHORS: Ayesha Fatima, MD,a and Donald Paul Gibson, MDb
abstract Henoch–Schönlein purpura (HSP) is the most common vasculitis in children. It is a disorder of the inflammatory cascade leading to immunoglobulin A deposition and leukocytoclastic vasculitis of small vessels of skin, kidneys, joints, and gastrointestinal (GI) tract. A wide variety of GI manifestations are seen in ∼50% to 75% of patients with HSP. Diffuse colicky abdominal pain is the most common GI symptom. The small bowel is the most frequently involved GI site. Intussusception is rare but is the most common surgical complication. We report the case of a 2-year-old girl with a 5-day history of abdominal pain followed by a palpable purpuric rash. Her urinalysis, complete blood cell count, and tests of renal function were normal. An acute abdominal series was unremarkable initially, and abdominal ultrasound imaging showed ascites and thickened small bowel loops. She was diagnosed with HSP. The abdominal pain worsened, and an abdominal computed tomography scan demonstrated distal small bowel wall thickening and pneumatosis intestinalis in the descending colon. She was started on total parenteral nutrition and antibiotics and placed on bowel rest. She was given 2 mg/kg of intravenous immunoglobulin. Her abdominal pain gradually improved over the next week, and a repeat computed tomography scan showed significant improvement of the small bowel wall thickening and pneumatosis. The purpuric rash improved, and her abdominal pain resolved. We report a case of HSP and pneumatosis intestinalis, an association that has not been reported previously. Pediatrics 2014;134:e880–e883
e880
aPediatric
Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, and of Diagnostic Radiology, Beaumont Children’s Hospital and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, Michigan
bDepartment
KEY WORDS Henoch–Schönlein purpura, pneumatosis intestinalis, pneumatosis coli, abdominal pain ABBREVIATIONS CT—computed tomography GI—gastrointestinal HSP—Henoch–Schönlein purpura PI—pneumatosis intestinalis Dr Fatima drafted the initial manuscript and reviewed and revised the manuscript; Dr Gibson reviewed manuscript and prepared the figures and captions; and both authors approved the final manuscript as submitted. www.pediatrics.org/cgi/doi/10.1542/peds.2013-2213 doi:10.1542/peds.2013-2213 Accepted for publication Feb 19, 2014 Address correspondence to Ayesha Fatima, MD, 3601 W Thirteen Mile Rd, Royal Oak, MI 48073. E-mail: [email protected] PEDIATRICS (ISSN Numbers: Print, 0031-4005; Online, 1098-4275). Copyright © 2014 by the American Academy of Pediatrics FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: The authors have indicated they have no financial relationships relevant to this article to disclose. FUNDING: No external funding. POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The authors have indicated they have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.
FATIMA and GIBSON
Downloaded from pediatrics.aappublications.org at Tufts Univ on September 26, 2014
CASE REPORT
Henoch–Schönlein purpura (HSP) is associated with a variety of gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations, and these are seen in 50% to 75% of patients.1,2 We report the first case of HSP with associated pneumatosis intestinalis (PI).
CASE REPORT A 2-year-old girl with an uneventful past medical history presented with an acute onset of periumbilical abdominal pain followed by a rash over her lower extremities. One week before this episode, she was diagnosed with a left otitis media and started on amoxicillin. Examination in the emergency department was unremarkable except for a pinpoint erythematous rash over her lower extremities, and she was discharged with a diagnosis of viral syndrome.
She was started on total parenteral nutrition, bowel rest, and vancomycin and piperacillin/tazobactam. Because of the PI, prednisone was discontinued, and she was given 2 mg/kg of intravenous immunoglobulin. She developed right upper extremity venous thrombosis at the venous catheter line site. Detailed hematologic investigations including complete blood cell count with platelets, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, antithrombin III, protein C activity, protein S activity, anticardiolipin antibody, factor V Leiden genotyped, prothrombin mutation genotyped, inhibitor screen, and factor VIII level were all normal. The hyperhomocystinemia genotype was heterozygous for the MTHFR C677T allele, but the serum homocysteine level of 2 mmol/L was low normal. Her ab-
dominal pain gradually improved over the next week, and a repeat CT scan showed significant improvement of the pneumatosis and small bowel wall thickening. The rash improved, her abdominal pain resolved, and she was discharged from the hospital on a regular diet. Two weeks after her discharge, she again developed abdominal pain and a worsening rash, and she was started on prednisone 1 mg/kg per day. This was tapered when her symptoms resolved.
DISCUSSION HSP is the most common vasculitis in children.1 It is a disorder of the inflammatory cascade leading to immunoglobulin A deposition and leukocytoclastic vasculitis of small vessels of the skin, kidneys, joints, and GI tract. Palpable
She returned to the emergency department 4 days later with sharp, intermittent abdominal pain and a palpable purpuric rash that now involved the lower extremities, buttocks, upper arms, and lower back. Her urinalysis, complete blood cell count, and tests of renal function were normal. An abdominal ultrasound examination revealed moderate ascites and both proximal and distal small bowel wall thickening. She was diagnosed with HSP, and her abdominal pain was controlled by acetaminophen. She returned 5 days later with a history of passing loose stools and bright red blood. An acute abdominal series was unremarkable, and repeat abdominal ultrasound imaging showed ascites and persistently thickened small bowel loops. The previous laboratory studies were repeated and were normal. She was admitted and received 1 dose of prednisone, 1 mg/kg. Overnight, she had worsening of abdominal pain, and an abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan demonstrated PI in the descending colon and thickening of the distal small bowel wall (Figs 1, 2, and 3).
FIGURE 1 A coronal reformatted image from a contrast-enhanced abdominal and pelvic CT scan demonstrates extensive air (pneumatosis) in the wall of the descending colon (arrows).
PEDIATRICS Volume 134, Number 3, September 2014
Downloaded from pediatrics.aappublications.org at Tufts Univ on September 26, 2014
e881
given the known surgical complications, recurrent abdominal pain or other variation from the expected course warrants additional investigation. Her worsening abdominal pain prompted us to perform CT imaging, and this was done with low-dose protocols, keeping radiation exposure to the minimum.
FIGURE 2 An axial image from a contrast-enhanced CT scan demonstrates the circumferential air collections within the descending colonic wall (arrows).
purpura is the hallmark of the disease,1 and abdominal symptoms precede the purpuric rash in 14% to 36% of patients.2 Colicky abdominal pain is the most common abdominal symptom and is attributed to bowel ischemia.2,3 Small bowel is the most frequently involved GI site, with the proximal small bowel and distal ileum usually more involved.3 Other GI manifestations include bleeding, gastric ulcers, intussusception,1–3 pancreatitis, gallbladder hydrops, and protein-losing enteropathy. Less common surgical complications
include intestinal obstruction, stricture formation, acute appendicitis, entero-enteric fistulas, spontaneous bowel perforation, esophageal strictures, GI hemorrhage, and infarction,2–5,6 There are no laboratory features diagnostic for HSP, and imaging with abdominal ultrasound usually identifies the surgical complications.2,3,5 In our patient, worsening abdominal pain with a normal acute abdominal series suggested the need for a CT scan that demonstrated PI. Although the natural course of the disease is usually benign,
FIGURE 3 An axial CT image through the pelvis shows evidence of several thick-walled distal small bowel loops (arrows) consistent with the diagnosis of HSP.
e882
PI is defined as the presence of intramural gas in the small or large bowel.7 It has been associated with a variety of diseases beyond the neonatal period8 and has been observed as an incidental finding in healthy children.7,9,10 It has also been described in patients with nonintestinal conditions such as organ and bone marrow transplants, congenital heart disease, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, rheumatoid arthritis, and hemolytic anemia.8 It occurs more frequently in immunocompromised patients who have received steroids, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy.7 The clinical manifestations include diarrhea, bloody stools, abdominal pain, abdominal distension, tenesmus, vomiting, constipation, and weight loss, and the management is symptomatic (bowel rest, nasogastric suction, antibiotics) and depends on the underlying disease. Surgery is indicated in fulminant cases and is associated with a high mortality.7–10 Mechanical and bacterial causes have been proposed to explain gas entry into the bowel wall.7,9 Mechanical causes include the introduction of intramural air after forced bowel distension or a mucosal break. PI has been described in patients with elevated intraabdominal pressure due to violent coughing or vomiting.7,11 Gas within the bowel wall could be the result of the entry of gas-forming bacteria through mucosal breaks. In our patient, bowel wall ischemia might have led to mucosal disruption, allowing bacteria and intraluminal gas to enter the bowel wall. Mucosal ulceration and localized
FATIMA and GIBSON
Downloaded from pediatrics.aappublications.org at Tufts Univ on September 26, 2014
CASE REPORT
vasculitis associated with HSP can also predispose the mucosa to injury. Although steroids can alter mucosal integrity and increase permeability,12,13 they are unlikely to have been the cause of the pneumatosis in our patient because she had received only one dose. More than 80% of patients with HSP recover within 2 weeks, but in the first
year it recurs in ∼30% to 40% of patients, often within 4 months.1,3 Recurrence of symptoms within 12 weeks of onset is considered part of the initial disease, whereas later recurrence is considered true recurrence.14 Abdominal pain is a common recurrent symptom.2 HSP without renal involvement is usually a self-limiting disease with complete resolution.1,2 PI is un-
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Dr Jeffrey Maisels for his critical review of the manuscript.
6. Gow KW, Murphy JJ III, Blair GK, Magee JF, Hailey J. Multiple entero-entero fistulae: an unusual complication of Henoch–Schönlein purpura. J Pediatr Surg. 1996;31(6):809– 811 7. Heng Y, Schuffler MD, Haggitt RC, Rohrmann CA. Pneumatosis intestinalis: a review. Am J Gastroenterol. 1995;90(10):1747– 1758 8. West KW, Rescorla FJ, Grosfeld JL, Vane DW. Pneumatosis intestinalis in children beyond the neonatal period. J Pediatr Surg. 1989;24(8):818–822 9. Galandiuk S, Fazio VW. Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis. A review of the literature. Dis Colon Rectum. 1986;29(5 Issue 5): 358–363
10. Kurbegov AC, Sondheimer JM. Pneumatosis intestinalis in non-neonatal pediatric patients. Pediatrics. 2001;108(2):402–406 11. Keyting WS, McCarver RR, Kovarik JL, Daywitt AL. Pneumatosis intestinalis: a new concept. Radiology. 1961;76:733–741 12. Meyers MA, Ghahremani GG, Clements JL Jr, Goodman K. Pneumatosis intestinalis. Gastrointest Radiol. 1977/78;2(2 Issue 1):91–105 13. Ammons MA, Bauling PC, Weil R III. Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis with pneumoperitoneum in renal transplant patients on cyclosporine and prednisone. Transplant Proc. 1986;18(6):1868–1870 14. Nathan K, Gunasekaran TS, Berman JH. Recurrent gastrointestinal Henoch–Schönlein purpura. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1999;29(1):86–89
common, has a heterogeneous presentation, and is associated with a variety of diseases, but because it can have serious consequences, PI must be considered as a possible complication of HSP.
REFERENCES 1. McCarthy HJ, Tizard EJ. Clinical practice: diagnosis and management of Henoch– Schönlein purpura. Eur J Pediatr. 2010;169 (6):643–650 2. Choong CK, Beasley SW. Intra-abdominal manifestations of Henoch–Schönlein purpura. J Paediatr Child Health. 1998;34(5):405–409 3. Ebert EC. Gastrointestinal manifestations of Henoch–Schonlein purpura. Dig Dis Sci. 2008;53(8):2011–2019 4. Binstadt BA, Fleegler EW. Perforated appendicitis in a child with Henoch–Schönlein purpura. J Pediatr Surg. 2005;40(2):E24–E27 5. Gleghorn E, Ali S. Henoch–Schönlein purpura. In: Wyllie R, Hyams JS, eds. Pediatric Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2011
PEDIATRICS Volume 134, Number 3, September 2014
Downloaded from pediatrics.aappublications.org at Tufts Univ on September 26, 2014
e883
Pneumatosis Intestinalis Associated With Henoch−Schönlein Purpura Ayesha Fatima and Donald Paul Gibson Pediatrics 2014;134;e880; originally published online August 25, 2014; DOI: 10.1542/peds.2013-2213 Updated Information & Services
including high resolution figures, can be found at: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/134/3/e880.full.h tml
References
This article cites 13 articles, 1 of which can be accessed free at: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/134/3/e880.full.h tml#ref-list-1
Permissions & Licensing
Information about reproducing this article in parts (figures, tables) or in its entirety can be found online at: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/site/misc/Permissions.xh tml
Reprints
Information about ordering reprints can be found online: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/site/misc/reprints.xhtml
PEDIATRICS is the official journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics. A monthly publication, it has been published continuously since 1948. PEDIATRICS is owned, published, and trademarked by the American Academy of Pediatrics, 141 Northwest Point Boulevard, Elk Grove Village, Illinois, 60007. Copyright © 2014 by the American Academy of Pediatrics. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0031-4005. Online ISSN: 1098-4275.
Downloaded from pediatrics.aappublications.org at Tufts Univ on September 26, 2014
