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OPEN
received: 05 April 2016 accepted: 05 December 2016 Published: 05 January 2017
Overproduction of superoxide dismutase and catalase confers cassava resistance to Tetranychus cinnabarinus Fuping Lu1, Xiao Liang1, Hui Lu1, Qian Li1, Qing Chen1, Peng Zhang2, kaimian Li3, Guanghua Liu4, Wei Yan4, Jiming Song4, Chunfang Duan4 & Linhui Zhang4 To explore the role of protective enzymes in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) resistance to mites, transgenic cassava lines overproducing copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (MeCu/ZnSOD) and catalase (MeCAT1) were used to evaluate and molecularly confirm cassava resistance to Tetranychus cinnabarinus. Laboratory evaluation demonstrated that, compared with the control cultivar TMS60444 (wild type, WT), the survival, reproduction, development and activities of SOD and CAT in T. cinnabarinus feeding on transgenic cassava lines SC2, SC4, and SC11 significantly inhibited. Furthermore, the activities of SOD and CAT in transgenic cassava lines SC2, SC4, and SC11 damaged by T. cinnabarinus significantly increased. These findings were similar to the results in the miteresistant cassava cultivars. Besides, field evaluation indicated that the transgenic cassava lines SC2, SC4, and SC11 were slightly damaged as the highly mite-resistant control C1115, while the highly mite-susceptible WT was severely damaged by T. cinnabarinus. Laboratory and field evaluation demonstrated that transgenic cassava lines were resistant to T. cinnabarinus, which directly confirmed that the increase in SOD and CAT activities was positively related to cassava resistance to T. cinnabarinus. These results will help in understanding the antioxidant defense responses in the cassava–mite interaction and molecular breeding of mite-resistant cassava for effective pest control. Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is one of the most important root crops grown in most of Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America. The high starch content (20–40%), easy management, and favorable tolerance to harsh soil and climatic conditions make cassava not only a staple food for about 800 million people in the tropics1,2, but also a desirable industrial and feeding source3–5. Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval), identified as a dangerous pest, has a short life cycle, rapid development, high fecundity, and wide host ranges6. During the serious damage period, T. cinnabarinus can cause leaf fall, which could bring about up to 50–70% reduction or even no harvest in cassava production. Nowadays, it has become one of the most important pests all over the world7. So far, the use of pesticides is the popular method to control T. cinnabarinus. However, T. cinnabarinus often outbreaks after cassava has been planted for 6–8 months when it is very difficult to spray pesticides, which results in low-efficiency use of pesticides, increase in the amount and frequency of pesticide application, and serious resistance, resurgence, and residue problems (“3 R” problem). Therefore, an effective control of T. cinnabarinus has become one of the most important issues to be resolved in modern cassava production today. Much of the plant injury, including those caused via chewing and sucking by herbivores, is associated with oxidative damage at the cellular level8. A typical phenomenon of oxidative damage is the rapid accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are highly reactive and can seriously disrupt normal metabolism through 1
Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou 571101, China. 2National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China. 3Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou 571101, China. 4Institute of Tropical and Sub-tropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baoshan 678025, China. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Q.C. (email: [email protected]) or P.Z. (email: [email protected]) or K.L. (email: [email protected]) Scientific Reports | 7:40179 | DOI: 10.1038/srep40179
1
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Figure 1. Change trend of SOD (A) and CAT (B) activities in different cassava cultivars damaged by T. cinnabarinus. The changes in SOD or CAT activities were presented as the ratio of the activities in 1 d to 14 d– damaged leaves and the same leaf before being damaged by T. cinnabarinus (0 d). Asterisk indicated activities of SOD and CAT in damaged leaves were significantly different from those in undamaged leaves (Student’s t-test, P
OPEN
received: 05 April 2016 accepted: 05 December 2016 Published: 05 January 2017
Overproduction of superoxide dismutase and catalase confers cassava resistance to Tetranychus cinnabarinus Fuping Lu1, Xiao Liang1, Hui Lu1, Qian Li1, Qing Chen1, Peng Zhang2, kaimian Li3, Guanghua Liu4, Wei Yan4, Jiming Song4, Chunfang Duan4 & Linhui Zhang4 To explore the role of protective enzymes in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) resistance to mites, transgenic cassava lines overproducing copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (MeCu/ZnSOD) and catalase (MeCAT1) were used to evaluate and molecularly confirm cassava resistance to Tetranychus cinnabarinus. Laboratory evaluation demonstrated that, compared with the control cultivar TMS60444 (wild type, WT), the survival, reproduction, development and activities of SOD and CAT in T. cinnabarinus feeding on transgenic cassava lines SC2, SC4, and SC11 significantly inhibited. Furthermore, the activities of SOD and CAT in transgenic cassava lines SC2, SC4, and SC11 damaged by T. cinnabarinus significantly increased. These findings were similar to the results in the miteresistant cassava cultivars. Besides, field evaluation indicated that the transgenic cassava lines SC2, SC4, and SC11 were slightly damaged as the highly mite-resistant control C1115, while the highly mite-susceptible WT was severely damaged by T. cinnabarinus. Laboratory and field evaluation demonstrated that transgenic cassava lines were resistant to T. cinnabarinus, which directly confirmed that the increase in SOD and CAT activities was positively related to cassava resistance to T. cinnabarinus. These results will help in understanding the antioxidant defense responses in the cassava–mite interaction and molecular breeding of mite-resistant cassava for effective pest control. Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is one of the most important root crops grown in most of Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America. The high starch content (20–40%), easy management, and favorable tolerance to harsh soil and climatic conditions make cassava not only a staple food for about 800 million people in the tropics1,2, but also a desirable industrial and feeding source3–5. Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval), identified as a dangerous pest, has a short life cycle, rapid development, high fecundity, and wide host ranges6. During the serious damage period, T. cinnabarinus can cause leaf fall, which could bring about up to 50–70% reduction or even no harvest in cassava production. Nowadays, it has become one of the most important pests all over the world7. So far, the use of pesticides is the popular method to control T. cinnabarinus. However, T. cinnabarinus often outbreaks after cassava has been planted for 6–8 months when it is very difficult to spray pesticides, which results in low-efficiency use of pesticides, increase in the amount and frequency of pesticide application, and serious resistance, resurgence, and residue problems (“3 R” problem). Therefore, an effective control of T. cinnabarinus has become one of the most important issues to be resolved in modern cassava production today. Much of the plant injury, including those caused via chewing and sucking by herbivores, is associated with oxidative damage at the cellular level8. A typical phenomenon of oxidative damage is the rapid accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are highly reactive and can seriously disrupt normal metabolism through 1
Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou 571101, China. 2National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China. 3Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou 571101, China. 4Institute of Tropical and Sub-tropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baoshan 678025, China. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Q.C. (email: [email protected]) or P.Z. (email: [email protected]) or K.L. (email: [email protected]) Scientific Reports | 7:40179 | DOI: 10.1038/srep40179
1
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Figure 1. Change trend of SOD (A) and CAT (B) activities in different cassava cultivars damaged by T. cinnabarinus. The changes in SOD or CAT activities were presented as the ratio of the activities in 1 d to 14 d– damaged leaves and the same leaf before being damaged by T. cinnabarinus (0 d). Asterisk indicated activities of SOD and CAT in damaged leaves were significantly different from those in undamaged leaves (Student’s t-test, P
