Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Tropical Medicine Volume 2014, Article ID 796121, 5 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/796121
Research Article Occult Hepatitis B Virus Infection among HIV Positive Patients in Nigeria Oluyinka Oladele Opaleye,1 Adeolu Sunday Oluremi,1 Adetona Babatunde Atiba,1 Moses Olubusuyi Adewumi,2 Olatunji Victor Mabayoje,3 Emmanuel Donbraye,4 Olusola Ojurongbe,1 and O. Adekunle Olowe1 1
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Nigeria Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University College Hospital, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria 3 Department of Hematology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Nigeria 4 Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, PMB 4400, Ile-Ife, Nigeria 2
Correspondence should be addressed to Oluyinka Oladele Opaleye; [email protected] Received 27 January 2014; Accepted 28 March 2014; Published 24 April 2014 Academic Editor: Sukla Biswas Copyright © 2014 Oluyinka Oladele Opaleye et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. HIV has been known to interfere with the natural history of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. In this study we investigate the prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus infection (OBI) among HIV-infected individuals in Nigeria. Overall, 1200 archived HIV positive samples were screened for detectable HBsAg using rapid technique, in Ikole Ekiti Specialist Hospital. The HBsAg negative samples were tested for HBsAg, anti-HBc, and anti-HCV by ELISA. Polymerase chain reaction was used for HBV DNA amplification and CD4 counts were analyzed by cytometry. Nine hundred and eighty of the HIV samples were HBsAg negative. HBV DNA was detected in 21/188 (11.2%) of patients without detectable HBsAg. CD4 count for the patients ranged from 2 to 2,140 cells/𝜇L of blood (mean = 490 cells/𝜇L of blood). HCV coinfection was detected only in 3/188 (1.6%) of the HIV-infected patients (𝑃 > 0.05). Twenty-eight (29.2%) of the 96 HIV samples screened were positive for anti-HBc. Averagely the HBV viral load was 30 IU/L Anti-HCV positive
HBV DNA +ve (𝑛 = 8) Anti-HBc +ve
OBI (anti-HBcAg +ve) (𝑛 8/28) HBV DNA –ve (𝑛 = 20) Anti-HBc +ve
2 (25%) 6 (75%) 34.5 (12–67) 3 (34.5%) 3 (37.5%) 5 (62.5%) 6 (75%) 7 (87.5%) 1 (1.3%)
6 (30%) 14 (70%) 34 (3–55) 6 (30%) 13 (65%) 7 (23.3%) 8 (26.7%) 12 (60%) 1 (5%)
𝑃 value 0.47 0.47 0.48 1.00 0.15 0.47 0.13 0.07 0.53
Table 3: Comparison of different demographic, biochemical, and virological factors between HBV DNA positive and HBV DNA negative. Characteristics Male Female Mean age (range) Alcohol addiction Sexual promiscuity CD4 (mean) ALT >40 IU/L AST >30 IU/L
HBV DNA negative (𝑛 = 167) 48 (28.7%) 119 (71.3%) 35 (12–67) 41 (24.6%) 50 (30%) 410 41.2% 39.8%
HBV DNA positive (𝑛 = 27) 7 (26%) 14 (51.2%) 34 (3–55) 11 (40.7%) 21 (77.8%) 215 58% 72.6%
Table 4: The distribution of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infected in study participants as per Centers for Disease Control classification for HIV-infected adults and adolescents with the mean CD4 lymphocyte count in each category (WHO, 2009). Category 1 2 3
T cells >500 cells/mm T cell 200–499 cells/mm3 T cells
Research Article Occult Hepatitis B Virus Infection among HIV Positive Patients in Nigeria Oluyinka Oladele Opaleye,1 Adeolu Sunday Oluremi,1 Adetona Babatunde Atiba,1 Moses Olubusuyi Adewumi,2 Olatunji Victor Mabayoje,3 Emmanuel Donbraye,4 Olusola Ojurongbe,1 and O. Adekunle Olowe1 1
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Nigeria Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University College Hospital, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria 3 Department of Hematology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Nigeria 4 Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, PMB 4400, Ile-Ife, Nigeria 2
Correspondence should be addressed to Oluyinka Oladele Opaleye; [email protected] Received 27 January 2014; Accepted 28 March 2014; Published 24 April 2014 Academic Editor: Sukla Biswas Copyright © 2014 Oluyinka Oladele Opaleye et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. HIV has been known to interfere with the natural history of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. In this study we investigate the prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus infection (OBI) among HIV-infected individuals in Nigeria. Overall, 1200 archived HIV positive samples were screened for detectable HBsAg using rapid technique, in Ikole Ekiti Specialist Hospital. The HBsAg negative samples were tested for HBsAg, anti-HBc, and anti-HCV by ELISA. Polymerase chain reaction was used for HBV DNA amplification and CD4 counts were analyzed by cytometry. Nine hundred and eighty of the HIV samples were HBsAg negative. HBV DNA was detected in 21/188 (11.2%) of patients without detectable HBsAg. CD4 count for the patients ranged from 2 to 2,140 cells/𝜇L of blood (mean = 490 cells/𝜇L of blood). HCV coinfection was detected only in 3/188 (1.6%) of the HIV-infected patients (𝑃 > 0.05). Twenty-eight (29.2%) of the 96 HIV samples screened were positive for anti-HBc. Averagely the HBV viral load was 30 IU/L Anti-HCV positive
HBV DNA +ve (𝑛 = 8) Anti-HBc +ve
OBI (anti-HBcAg +ve) (𝑛 8/28) HBV DNA –ve (𝑛 = 20) Anti-HBc +ve
2 (25%) 6 (75%) 34.5 (12–67) 3 (34.5%) 3 (37.5%) 5 (62.5%) 6 (75%) 7 (87.5%) 1 (1.3%)
6 (30%) 14 (70%) 34 (3–55) 6 (30%) 13 (65%) 7 (23.3%) 8 (26.7%) 12 (60%) 1 (5%)
𝑃 value 0.47 0.47 0.48 1.00 0.15 0.47 0.13 0.07 0.53
Table 3: Comparison of different demographic, biochemical, and virological factors between HBV DNA positive and HBV DNA negative. Characteristics Male Female Mean age (range) Alcohol addiction Sexual promiscuity CD4 (mean) ALT >40 IU/L AST >30 IU/L
HBV DNA negative (𝑛 = 167) 48 (28.7%) 119 (71.3%) 35 (12–67) 41 (24.6%) 50 (30%) 410 41.2% 39.8%
HBV DNA positive (𝑛 = 27) 7 (26%) 14 (51.2%) 34 (3–55) 11 (40.7%) 21 (77.8%) 215 58% 72.6%
Table 4: The distribution of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infected in study participants as per Centers for Disease Control classification for HIV-infected adults and adolescents with the mean CD4 lymphocyte count in each category (WHO, 2009). Category 1 2 3
T cells >500 cells/mm T cell 200–499 cells/mm3 T cells
