NUTRITIONAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATIONS OF KOCHIA HAY (KOCHIA SCOPARIA) FED TO LAMBS'-*

New Mexico State University, Las Cruces 88003-0003 ABSTRACT

Kochia foliage that had tested positive to Dragendorff"s reagent (presumptive alkaloids) and had elicited chronic toxicosis when fed to rats was fed to sheep to characterize early stages of kochia toxicosis and evaluate treatments that might improve tolerance. Twelve fine-wool lambs (46f 9 kg BW) were fed chopped kochia hay (35%) mixed with chopped alfalfa hay (65%) for 4 wk. The kochia diet had 14.3% CP and 39.9% ADF. Dry matter intake averaged 3.4% of BW/d. Body weight did not change during 4 wk and blood serum components were not changed from values at the onset. Thereafter, kochia was increased to 50% of diet for five more weeks, during which four treatments were imposed randomly (three lambs/treatment): 1) none; 2) N-acetyl-Lcysteine plus trans-stilbene oxide, 21 and 52 mg/kg of BW, respectively, given i.p. twice weekly; 3) retinyl palmitate, 275 mg, plus alpha-tocopherol, 300 mg/lamb dosed i.m. twice weekly; and 4) zinc sulfate mixed in the feed to provide 500 mg daily. Kochia contained 4.8% oxalate. The diet with 50% kochia had 16% CP and 36% ADF, and digestibility coefficients were 59% for DM, 72% for CP, and 59% for ADF. After 5 wk, blood glucose was elevated slightly, total bilirubin was increased about 1.5-fold (P< .05), alanine amhotransferase was elevated slightly (P< .05), and inorganic phosphorus and urea (blood urea N) were diminished (P < .05); other serum components, including calcium, were unchanged from initial levels (P > .lo). Treatments had negligible effects for modifying serum signs of mild chronic toxicosis associated with kochia- hiy fed as 50% of -diet. Key Words: Kochia scoparia, Toxicity, Sheep J. Anim. Sci. 1991. 69:29252931

1971, 1973) because it yields DE and protein comparable to alfalfa with about half the water Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad (kochia, fire- requirement. However, its value is diminished weed) is a potentially valuable forage plant on by poor utilization of nutrients (Cohen et al., arid and semiarid land (Erickson and Moxon, 1989) and by occasional poisoning of livestock 1947; Finley and Sherrod, 1971; Sherrod, grazing kochia (Sprowls, 1981; Kiesling et al., 1984). Kochia toxicosis in livestock has been characterized (Galitzer and Oehme, 1978; Dickie and Benyman, 1979; Dickie and James, 'Journal Article 1528, New Mexico Agric. Exp. S a , 1983), and oxalate has been identified as a Las cruces. %hiis research was f d in part by the U.S. Dept. primary toxicant in drought-stricken, mature, of the Interior, Geological Survey, though the New or overgrazed kochia. However, Kiesling et al. Mexico Water Resources Res. Inst. Contents of this (1984) and Thilsted et al. (1989) implicated publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Dept. of the Interior, and mention of trade names or hepatotoxicants, especially in toxicity of lush, commercial products does not constitute their endorsement green forage. Seventy of kochia toxicosis in rats was related to content of substances by the U.S. Government. 3Present address: Dept. of Anim. and Dairy Sci., reactive to Dragendorffs reagent, presumably Auburn Univ., Auburn, AL. 36849. alkaloids (Smith et al., 1986, 1989; Rankins, h p t . of Anim. and Range Sci. To whom correspon1987). Signs of toxicosis in rats tended to be dence should be sent. diminished by certain treatments, namely, NReceived May 29, 1990. acetyl-L-cysteine (a precursor to glutathione Accepted January 18, 1991. Introduction

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D. L. Rankins, Jr.3 and G. S. Smith4

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RANKINS AND SMITH

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synthesis) plus trans-stilbene oxide (phase II &SO4 in the feed). Body weights were enzyme inducer), supplemental vitamins A and recorded and additional blood samples colE, or supplemental zinc (Rankins, 1987). n e lected at wk 6 and 9. AU serum analyses were objectives of the present study were to contracted to Southwest Medical Laboratoevaluate early changes associated with kochia ne&, where serum constituents were detertoxicosis in lambs and to examine the efficacy mined in an automated serum analyzer. At wk of various treatments that seemed to be 9, whole blood samples were collected into beneficial to rats experiencing kochia toxico- sterile, heparinized tubes and immediately sis. analyzed for hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red and white blood cell counts. At wk 5, all four Nminauy cannulated Experlmental Procedure lambs were dosed with 50 ml of Co-EDTA Kochia scopuria (L.) Schrad. was harvested (Uden et al., 1980) via the ruminal cannula. prebloom (bud stage) as hay from irrigated Samples of ruminal contents were collected 0, plots at the Agricultural Science Center in 4, 8, 20, and 24 h after dosing. Ruminal Clovis, Nh4 in 1986. The kochia hay was samples were strained through four layers of chopped to pass a 1.27cm screen, as was cheesecloth, acidified with 1 ml of 7.2 N alfalfa hay. The two hays were mixed as 35% H2S04/100 ml of d a l fluid, and stored kochia and 65% alfalfa (as-fed basis) and fed frozen. Ruminal samples were thawed at room to 12 fme-wool lambs for 4 wk. The 12 lambs temperature and centrifuged at 10,OOO x g for (eight wethers and four ruminally cannulated 10 min. Supernatant fluid was analyzed for Co ewes) were individually penned and housed concentration using atomic absorption spectroinside on concrete floors with wood shavings. scopy (air/acetylene flame). AU animals were given free access to trace The natural logarithm of Co concentration mineralized salt blocks5, water, and feed. Feed was regressed on time, and fluid dilution rate intakes were monitored and BW recorded at was estimated from the slope of the line. onset (wk 0), d 14 (wk 2), and d 28 (wk 4). Blood samples were collected via jugular Ruminal fluid volume was calculated by venipuncture at 0 and 4 wk. Approximately 10 dividing the Co dose by extrapolated concenml of blood was collected into sterile serum tration at time 0. Fluid flow rate was calculated separator tubes, held for 35 min at room as ruminal volume multipLied by fluid dilution temperature, and centrifuged at 2,300 x g for rate, and turnover time was calculated as 15 min at 4°C. Separated serum was frozen ruminal volume divided by fluid flow rate. During the 9th wk, six lambs were ran(-2o'C) until it was analyzed. After consuming 35% kochia hay for 4 wk, domly allotted to a digestibility study for 5 d. all lambs were fed 50% kochia hay and 50% Lambs were fitted with fecal collection bags alfalfa hay for another 5 wk At this time, four and given ad libitum access to 50% kochia + treatments were imposed randomly on the 50% alfalfa. Total DM intake and DM fecal lambs (one ruminally cannulated ewe was output were recorded daily. Feed and fecal included in each treatment group). Treatments samples were composited across days and were 1) kochia hay only (none); 2) kochia hay analyzed for DM, N (AOAC, 1984), and ADF plus N-acetyl-Lcysteine plus trans-stilbene ( b r i n g and Van Soest, 1970). Analyses of variance were executed using oxide (CYS + TSO: 21 mg of N-acetyl-L cysteinekg of BW, dosed i.p. in saline twice GLM procedures of SAS (1982). Effects of weekly, and 52 mg of TSO/kg of BW, dosed 35% kochia on serum constituents, BW, and i.p. in corn oil twice weekly); 3) kochia hay feed intakes were analyzed as a completely plus vitamins A and E (A + E: 300 mg of randomized design. Effects of treatment on alpha-tocopherol and 165 mg of retinyl palrni- serum constituents were analyzed as a splittate, dosed i.m. twice weekly), and 4) kochia plot design with treatment in the main plot and hay plus Zn (200 mg of Zn/d as 500 mg of time in the subplot, Because of treatment x time interactions, some variables were analyzed within sampling time. Effects of treatment on BW and whole blood analysis were 'Morton Salt Division of Morton Tbiokol, Inc., Chicago. n; salt blocks had 96 to 98% NaCl plus Zn,Mn, analyzed as a completely randomized design. Means were separated by the lsd test (Steel Pe, Cu, I, and Co added in trace amounts. 'Southwest Medical Laboratory, Las Cruces, NM. and Tome, 1980).

2927

KOCHIA HAY FED TO LAMBS Results and Discussion

Fine-wool lambs fed 35% kochia hay and 65% alfalfa hay for 4 wk showed few

indications of toxicosis. One of the first indications of toxicosis in animals is decreased appetite; however, lambs fed 35% kochia hay consumed a constant amount throughout 4 wk (3.2% of BW). Although lambs consumed 1.4 kg of DWd, they did not gain weight (46 f 9 kg at onset and 44 f 6 kg at wk 4). Kochia decreased (P < .Ol) sodium levels, bicarbonate/COz, anion gap, and calculated osmolality (Table 1). These decreases were statistically significant; however, the biological significance seems slight. Triglyceride levels were decreased 28% and glucose was decreased 7%, whereas blood urea nitrogen was elevated by 17% (P < .05). Uric acid was unusually high at wk 0, but this was caused by one lamb that had an unexplained uric acid level of 5.3 mg/ dl. Serum Ca was unchanged (P> .lo) after 4 wk of kochia ingestion, suggesting that absorbable oxalate was not excessive. In addition,

TABLE 1. BLOOD SERUM CONSTlTUENTS IN FINE-WOOL L A M B S FED 35% KOCHIA HAY AND 65% ALFALFA HAY FOR 4 WEEKS ~~

~~~

Constituent

wk0

wk4

Sodium, mE!q/liter Potassium, mEq/liter Chloride, W t e r Bicarbonate/-, mEqniter Anion gap, meq/llter calcium, mg/dl Phosphorus (iorganic), mg/dl Calculated osmolality,m0sm/liter Iron, Pddl Glucose, mg/dl Total cholesterol, mg/dl 'higlyuxides, mg/dl Blood urea N, mg/d Creatinine, mg/dl Blood urea N/creatinine Uric acid, mg/dl Albumin, gldl Globulin, g/dl Total protein, g/dl Total bilirubin, mg/dl Alkaline phosphatase, Ufiter Creatine kinase, U/liter Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, ufiter Lactic dehydrogenase, Ufiter Aspartate aminotransferase, Ufiter Alanine aminotransferase.Vfiter

150 4.9 108 29.9 25.7 10.0 5.5 299 165 71 37 25.1 19.7 33 23.8 .57 3.8 2.2 6.0 .15 190 134 54 383 66 9.8

147** 4.8 108 24.4** 20.5** 9.9 5.6 295** 164 66* 36

"Standard error of the mean, n = 12. *Wk 4 is different from wk 0, P < .05. **Wk 4 is different from wk 0, P < .01.

18.0*

23.P .9 1 25.3 .04 3.7 2.2 6.0 .15 156 316 55 379 65 11.2

SEa .5 .10 .5

1.o 1.o .10 .18 1.O 1.3 1.3 2.2 2.4 .7 .03 1.1 -30 .17 .09 .ll .03 17 129 2.6 13 4.4 1.o

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serum enzyme and bilirubin levels were not elevated (P > .lo), indicating no hepatotoxicosis within 4 wk After being fed 35% kochia hay for 4 wk, lambs were fed 50% kochia hay and 50% alfalfa hay for the next 5 wk In addition, various treatments were imposed as possible ways to help characterize, and alleviate, kochia toxicosis. N-acetyl-Lcysteine was administered as a stimulator of glutathione synthesis and injected i.p. to maximize delivery through blood to the liver. Cheeke (1984) reported beneficial effects from supplemental cysteine given to rats experiencing alkaloid toxicosis. Trans-stilbene oxide was provided in conjunction with N-acetyl-Lcysteine because it is a potent inducer of phase II enzymes, including g1utathione-S-transferase.This regimen could stimulate glutathione synthesis, as well as conjugation with toxicant(s), thereby increasing detoxification by elimination. Supplemental vitamins A and E were intended to protect against possible oxidative damage. Supplemen-

RA"s

2928

AND SMITH

TABLE 2. BLOOD SERUM CONSTITUENTS IN FINE-WOOLL A M B S FED 35% KOCHIA HAY AND 65% ALFALFA HAY FOR 4 WEEKS, 50% KOCHIA HAY AND 50% ALFALFA HAY FOR 5 WEEKS, AND TREATED WITH N-ACETYL-L-CYSTEINE + TRANS-STILBENE OXIDE, VITAMINS, OR ZINC FOR THE L A T E R 5 WEEKS" Constituent

Wk4

Wk6

Wk9

Sodium, mEq/lter Potassium, mEq/liter Chloride, mEQhter Bicarbonate/COZ, mEsfliter Anion gap. m t e r calcium, mg/dl Phosphorus (inorganic),mg/d Glucose. mg/d cholestero~mg/d Triglycerides, mg/dl Blood urea N, mddl Creatinine. mg/dl Blood urea N/creatinine Uric acid, mg/dl Albumin, g/dl Globulin, g/dl Total protein, g/dl Total bilirubin, mg/dl Alkaline phosphatase, Uhter Creatine kinase, U/liter Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase,u/liter Lactic dehydrogenase,U/liter Aspartate aminoeansferase,Ukter Alanine aminohmsferase, U/liter

147 4.8' 108 24.4

152 5.2d 110 23.6 19.4 10.2' 4.8d 73d 37 18.7 20.Sd .9 23.3 .35d 3.9 2.3 6.2 .18' 145 182

150 5 .Zd 108 23.3 19.1 9.6d 5.@ 73d 37 16.0 20.2d .8

205

9

9

5 .6'

66' 36 18.0 23.e .9 25.2 .04' 3.8 2.2 6.0 $15' 153 316 55

57

379

31 Id 70 11.3'

65

112

~~

SI?

.91 .10

.so

.49 .48 .12 .19 1.5 .9 1.o .65 .03

24.5

.70 .a2

.23e 3.8 2.2 6.0 .23d 141 389 58

.05 .04 .07 .01 9 124 1.5 25 10 .40

344* 77

13Sd ~~

"Split-plot analysis of variance revealed no treatment x week interactions (P > .lo). Therefore, week means are pooled across treabnents. bStandard error of the mean, n = 12. '+%ow values with different superscripts differ (P < .OS).

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increased (Pe .05). Total bilirubin concentration was elevated (P e .05) approximately 1.5-fold, accompanied by an increase in alanine aminotransferase (P e .05), reflecting mild hepatic involvement. Because toxicosis was negligible in lambs fed 35% kochia hay for 4 wk and during the first 2 wk fed 50% kochia, treatment effects were minimal. Body weight remained unchanged throughout the 5-wk treatment period while lambs were consuming 50% kochia hay (P > .10; Table 3). Table 4 shows means of blood serum constituents pooled across week because split-plot analysis of variance revealed no treatment x time interactions. Electrolytes were unchanged as a result of treatment; however, urea N concentrations were slightly decreased by C Y S + TSO (P < .lo), and this treatment also increased uric acid by 25% (P e .05). Treatment with Zn decreased gammaglutamyl transpeptidase levels but increased alanine aminotransferase, as did supplemental vitamins (P e .lo). Split-plot analysis of

tal zinc was intended to stimulate heme metabolism and to enhance protein synthesis (based on assumptions that the toxicant impairs heme and[or] protein metabolism in the animal). Table 2 shows the effects of kochia hay on blood serum constituents after 4,6, and 9 wk Means were p l e d across treatments because split-plot analysis of variance revealed no treatment x time interactions. Serum electrolytes remained unchanged, except for a slight increase (8%) in potassium. Calcium was increased slightly at wk 6 and decreased to original values by wk 9. No significant decrease was observed in Ca concentration from wk 0 values of 10.0 mg/dl. This finding eliminates oxalate from consideration as a major toxicant in this specimen of kochia hay, although the kochia hay contained 4.8% of DM as total oxalate, of which 4.0% of DM was soluble oxalate (Rankins, 1989). Both inorganic phosphorus and urea N were slightly decreased by kochia, and uric acid was

2929

KOCHJA HAY FED TO LAMBS

TABLE 3. EPPeCT OP TREATMENT WITH N-ACETYLL-CYSTEINE + TRANS-STILBENEOXIDE (CYS + TSO), V I T A M I N S , OR ZINC ON BODY WEIGHTS OF PINE-WOOL LAMBS FED 35%

~

~~

TreahnenP

Week

None

CYS + TSO

Vitamins

zinc

SEb

4 9

41.9 41.4

45.1 43.5

44.3 43.1

44.0 43.7

4.19 4.19

~~~~~~~~~~

%ow values do not differ (P > .lo). bStandard error of the. mean, n = 3.

variance showed a treatment x time interaction for sodium, alkaline phosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase; therefore, effect of treatment was examined within week for these constituents. Although some changes were statistically sisnificant, none had biological meaning. Therefore,

values for these main effects are included in Table 4. None of the treatments was consistent in altering serum profiles; however, effects of kochia were not detrimental enough to initially elicit substantial changes in serum profies. Analysis of whole blood collected from the lambs at wk 9 showed no differences caused

TABLE 4. BLOOD SERUM CONSTITUENTS IN FINE-WOOL LAMBS FED 35% KOCHIA HAY AND 65% ALFALPA HAY FOR 4 WEEKS AND 50% KOCHIA HAY AND 50% ALFALFA HAY FOR 5 WEEKS AND TREATED WITH N-ACHTYL-LCYSTEJNE + TRANS-STILBENE OXIDE (CYS + TSO), VlTAhClNS, OR ZINC FOR THE LA'l'TJB 5 WEEKS Treatmenta

+

Constituent

Control

CYS+TSO

Vitamins

Zinc

Sodium, mEqXter Potassium,mEqfliter Chloride, W t e r Bicarbonate/CO2, mEq/liter Anion gap, mE@ter calcium, mg/dl phosphorus (inorganic), mg/dl Glucose, mgldl Cholesterol, m&dl Triglycerides,mg/dl B o d urea N, mg/dl

149 5 .O 108

150 5.2 108 23.6

151 5.0 110 24.5 20.4 10.0 5.e 74 36 17.1 22.3Cd .9 24.3 .19Cd 3.9 2.1 6.0 21 140 395

150 5.1 108 22.6 18.5 10.1 4.gd 68 39 18.6 23.3d 1.o 24.2 .22cd 3.9 2.3 62 .19 133

Creatinine, mg/dl Blood urea N/creatinine Uric acid, mgld

Albumin, e/dl

Globulin,g/dl

Total protein, gldl Total bilirubin, mgjdl AltEaline phosphatase,u/liter Creatine kinase, Ufiter Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, Uiliter Lactic dehydrogenase, Ufitex Aspartate aminotransferase, uiliter Alanine aminotransferase,U/liter

24.4

20.2 9.9 S.Fd

70 40 17.2 20.4* .8 24.2 .18' 3.7 2.3 6.0 .19 149 131 61' 316 62 8.1'

19.5

9.6 5.5'

71 40 17.3 19.1' .8 24.7 .24d 3.8 2.2 6.0 .17 129 270 64c

55*

342 69 11.&

408 79 13.Sd

390 46d

358 72 14.3d

SEb .91 .22

.64 .70 .68 .I9 .16 2.0 2.8 12 1.o .05 2.2 .02 .12 .19 .17 .02 9 177 3.5 25 10 1.6

aSpli-plot analysis of variance revealed no treatment x week interactions (P > .IO). Therefore, treatment means me pooled across weeks. bStandard error of the mean, n = 12. '*dROw values with different superscripts mer (P e .IO).

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KOCHIA HAY AND 65% A L F U A HAY FOR 4 WEEKS WITHOUT ANY TREATMENTS AND 50% KOCHIA HAY AND 5096 ALPALFA HAY POR 5 WEEKS WITH TREATMENTS

2930

RANKINS

AND SMITH

Treatmenf Constituent

WBC RBcd Hemoglobin, g/dl Hematocrit, % MCV MCH~ MCHC~

Control 8.0 4.3 11.O

16.8 38.7 26.0 32.0

CYS + TSO

Vitamins

Zinc

SEb

55 42 10.7 16.6 38.5 25.5 28.0

5.2 4.9 11.9 19.4 39.0 24.7 30.3

6.8 4.8 11.0 19.3 39.0 23.7 38.3

1.3 .6 .8 2.6 .5 2.7 3.0

%ow values do not differ (P > .lo). bStandard error of the mean, n = 3. 'White blood cell count X Id. dRed blood cell count x lo6. Wean mrpusc~larvoiume ~ t m ~ ) . 'Mean corpuscular hemoglobin @g). BMean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (%).

by treatment (P> .lo; Table 5). However, both red blood cell count and packed cell volume (shown as hematocrit, %) were rather low for ovine species. Because no serum constituents were lowered in concentration, hemodilution can be excluded as the major cause. Decreased red blood cell concentration is likely the result of a shortened half-life of cells or an impairment in red blood cell synthesis. Table 6 shows nutritive value and fluid passage rate measurements of the hay mixture (50% kochia-50% alfalfa). The CP requirement designated by NRC (1985) for 50-kg lambs (moderate growth potential) is 181 g/d. Dietary protein levels should have been adequate (240 g/d) for lambs used in this trial. Dry matter intake at 3.5% of BW/d was also adequate for the last 5 w k In comparison with a diet containing 50% prairie hay and 50% alfalfa hay (Estell et al., 1985), the fluid dilution rate (13.4%/h vs 11.4%/h), ruminal fluid volume (6.0 liter vs 5.2 liter), turnover time (7.5 h vs 8.9 h), and flow rate (32 literh vs .60 literh) were all quite similar (Estell et al., 1985), suggesting normal digestive function in lambs fed kochia hay. Overall, dietary quality of the 50% kochia50% alfalfa hay mixture was quite high and more than adequate in digestible CP and DM. In spite of adequate intake of digestible nutrients, lambs fed 35% kochia hay for 4 wk and 50% kochia hay for an additional 5 wk did not gain BW. Mir et al. (1987) reported that

inclusion of kochia hay beyond 50% of the diet for sheep markedly reduced intake, but Cohen et al. (1989) found that DM intake was constant until kochia hay amounted to 60% or more of DM, although N retention declined as the proportion of kochia increased. Findings support the view that kochia herbage harvested prebloom was mildly toxic when fed as hay to fine-wool lambs. The treatments evaluated had negligible effects toward alleviating the mild kochia toxicosis that was elicited.

TABLE 6. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, APPARENT DIGESTIBILITIES OF CONSTITUENTS, AND FLUID PASSAGE RATE MEASUREMENTS OP HAY MMTURE (50% KOCHIA HAY AND 50% ALFALFA HAY) PED TO SHEEP Diet Item

Diet composition,% DM CP

ADP Diet apparent digestibility, % DM

CP ADF Passage rate parameters Fluid dilution rate, %/h Fluid volume, liter Turnover time, h Fluid flow rate, l i t a h

35% Kochia

50% Kochia

92 14 40

92

-

-

-

16 36

59 72 59 13.4 6.0 7.5 .82

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TABLE 5 . EFPECT OF TREATMENT WITH N-ACETI%L-CYSTEINE + TRANS-STILBENE OXIDE (CYS + TSO), VXTAMJNS, OR ZINC ON WHOLE BLOOD ANALYSIS IN FINE-WOOL LAMBS FED 35% KOCHIA HAY AND 65% ALFALFA HAY FOR 4 WEEKS AND 50% KOCHIA HAY AND 50% ALFALFA HAY POR AN ADDITIONAL 5 WEEKS

KOCHIA HAY FED TO LAMBS

lrnpllcations

Literature Cited AOAC. 1984. W c i a l Methods of Analysis (14th Ed.). Association of Official Analytical chemists, Arlington, VA. Cheeke, P. R. 1984.Dietary additives for protection against pyrrolizidbe alkaloid toxicosis in livestock. I a Proc. of Australia-U.S.A. PoisonousPlantsSymp. pp 8%97. Brisbane, Aust. Cohen, R.D.H., A. D. Iwaasa, M. E. Mann, E. Coxworthand J. A. Kernan. 1989. Studies on the feeding value of Kochiu scoparia (L.)Schrad. hay for beef cattle. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 69:735. Dickie, C. W. and J. R. Bcrryman. 1979. Polioencephalomalaciaand photosensitizationassociatedwith Kochia scoparia consumption in rauge cattle. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 175463. Dickie, C. W. and L. F. James. 1983. Kochia scoparia poisoning in cattle. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 183:765. Erickson,E. L.and A. L. Moxon. 1947.Porage from Kochia South Dakota Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 384. Estell, R. E., II, P.G. Hatfeld, M. L.Galyeanand T. T.Ross. 1985. Effects of protein supplementation and lasalocid on intake digestion and m e n fermentation in ewes fed a mixed hay diet. Roc. West.Sec. Am. Soc. of

Anim. Sci. 36:499. Finley, L. S. and L. B. Shenod. 1971.Nutritive value of Kochiu scopuriu. II. Intake and digestibilityof forage harvested at different maturity stages. J. Dairy Sci. 5 4 231. Galitzer,S.J. and F. W.Oehme.1978.Kochiu scopuriu (L.) Schrad toxicity in cattle: A literature rwiew. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 20421. Goering, H. D. and P.J. Van Soest. 1970.Forage fiber analyses (apparatus, reagents, procedures, and some applications). Agric. Handbook 379. ARS, USDA, Washington, Dc.

Kiesling, H. E., R E.Kirksey, D. M. Hallford, M. E.Grigsby and J. P.Thilsted. 1984.Nutritive value and toxicity problems of kochia for yearling steers. New Mexico Agric. ET. Sta. Res. Rep. 546. Mir, Z., S . Bittman, and W. Townley-Smith. 1987. Voluntary intake and digestibility of complete diets comprised ofvarying levels of Kochiu scopuria, alfaIfa hay and barley. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 671206 (Abstr.). NRC. 1985. Nutrient Requirements of Sheep (6th Ed.). National Academy Press, Washington, DC. Rankins, D. L., Jr. 1987. Evaluations of treatments to improve tolerance of toxicants in herbage of Kochiu scopuriu (L.)Schrad. by rats and sheep. M.S. Thesis. New Mexico State Univ., Las Cruces. Rankins, D. L., Jr. 1989.Evaluation of Kochiu scopariu (L.) Schrad. toxicosis in sheep and cattle. PhD. Dissertation. New Mexico State Univ., Las Cruces. SAS. 1982.SAS User’s Guide: Statistics. SAS Inst., Inc., Gary, NC.

Sherrod, L. B. 1971.Nutritive value of Kochia scoparia I. Yield and chemical composition at three stages of growth. Agron. J. 63343. Sherrod, L.B. 1973.Nutritive value of Kochiu scopuriu. m. Digestibilityof kocbia hay compared with alfalfa hay. J. Dairy Sci. 56:923. Smith, G. S., M. K. P.rickson, H. D. Fuehring and H. E. Kiesliog. 1986.Toxicity of kochia herbage related to alkaloids content: rat studies. Proc. West. Sec. Am. Soc. of Anim. Sci. 37:235. Smith, G. S.,H.E. Kiesling, D. M. Hallford,D. L. Rankins, Jr., M. M. Erickson,R. E. P i and C. French. 1989. Improving livestock tolerance of toxicants in kwhia toward increased use as a water-efficient crop. WRRI Rep. 236. New Mexico Water Resources Res. Inst., New Mexico State Univ., Las Cruces. Sprowls, R.W. 1981.Problems observed in horses, cattle and sheep grazingkochia.hoc. 24th Annu. Meet. Am. Assoc. Vet. Lab. Diag. p 397. Steel, R.G.D. and J. H. Tome. 1980. Principles and Proceduresof Statistics:A BiometricalApproach (2nd Ed.). McGraw-Hill Book Co., New Yo&. Thilsted, J., C. Hibbs, H. Kiesliug, D. Hallford, R Kirksey, A. Meininger and J. To-. 1989.Kochia (Kochiu scopuriu) toxicosis in cattle: results of four experimental grazing trials. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 31%. Uden, P., D. E. Colucci and P. J. Van Soest. 1980. Investigation of chromium, Cerium and cobalt as markers in digesta rate of passage studies. J. Sci. Food Agric. 31:625.

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These results suggest that kochia hay can be fed at levels up to 50% of total dry matter intake to maintain sheep without overt signs of toxicosis. However, if body weight gains are desired, irrigated kochia may not be suitable as an alternative forage crop for arid areas resembling eastern New Mexico.

293 1

Nutritional and toxicological evaluations of kochia hay (Kochia scoparia) fed to lambs.

Kochia foliage that had tested positive to Dragendorff's reagent (presumptive alkaloids) and had elicited chronic toxicosis when fed to rats was fed t...
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