Published December 12, 2014

Nutrient digestibility and growth performance of pigs fed diets with different levels of canola meal from Brassica napus black and Brassica juncea yellow1 N. Sanjayan,* J. M. Heo,*† and C. M. Nyachoti*2 *Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada; and †Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea

ABSTRACT: Nutrient digestibility and the effect of high dietary inclusion of canola meals from Brassica napus black (BNB) and Brassica juncea yellow (BJY) on growing and weaned pigs performance were determined. In Exp.1, 6 ileal cannulated barrows (initial BW = 20.7 ± 1.5 kg) were used to determine the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in BNB and BJY. Pigs were allotted to diets containing either BNB or BJY as the sole source of protein in a crossover design to give 6 replicates per diet. The SID of all AA in BNB and BJY were similar. In Exp. 2, 168 weaned pigs (initial BW = 7.61 ± 0.76 kg) were assigned in a randomized complete block design to 7 diets (n = 24) consisting of a wheat–soybean meal–based control diet and 6 diets containing 5, 10 or 15% of canola meal derived from either BNB or BJY to determine the effect of different dietary inclusion on growth performance over a 28-d period postweaning. Diets were formulated to contain similar NE and SID of Lys. There were no differences in growth performance among treatments. In Exp. 3, 162 weaned pigs (initial BW = 7.26 ± 0.70 kg) were used to determine the effect of high BNB and BJY inclusion level without or with multicarbohydrase supplementation on growth per-

formance and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of CP, DM, and GE. A wheat–soybean meal–based control diet and 8 diets containing 20 and 25% of either BNB or BJY without or with added multi-carbohydrase were formulated (n = 18) to contain comparable NE and similar SID of Lys contents. Feeding the diets containing 25% of BNB or BJY supported similar growth performance as those containing 20%. The multi-carbohydrase had no effect on growth performance but improved (P < 0.05) the ATTD of DM, CP, and GE compared with those fed nonsupplemented diets irrespective of canola meal type. Diets containing 25% canola meal had lower (P < 0.05) ATTD of DM, CP, and GE regardless of canola meal type compared with the 20% canola meal diets. There was an interaction (P < 0.05) between canola meal type and inclusion level on ATTD of DM in which ATTD of DM decreased with increasing inclusion of both canola meal types. Results of the current study indicate that both BNB and BJY can be included up to 25% in weaned pig diets without compromising performance as long as the diets are formulated on an NE and SID of Lys basis. Also, enzyme addition improved the ATTD of CP, DM, and GE in weaned pigs in both BNB and BJY diets.

Key words: amino acids, canola meal, digestibility, growth performance, pigs © 2014 American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved. J. Anim. Sci. 2014.92:3895–3905 doi:10.2527/jas2013-7215 INTRODUCTION Canola meal is widely used as a protein source in swine diets (Bell, 1993; Spragg and Mailer, 2007). However, its use in nursery pig diets has been limited due to its high fiber content, which is known to 1This

research was supported by Canola Council of Canada and the Government of Canada through the Canola Science Cluster. 2Corresponding author: [email protected] Received October 1, 2013. Accepted July 4, 2014.

limit feed intake and nutrient utilization (Nyachoti et al., 2004). In this regard, canola varieties with reduced fiber content have been developed (Slominski, 1997; Relf-Eckstein et al., 2007). Furthermore, recent studies have demonstrated that the inclusion level of canola meal in nursery pig diets can be increased considerably without compromising performance when diets are formulated to contain constant levels of NE and standardized ileal digestible AA (Landero et al., 2011, 2012). In a study using canola meal samples produced under pilot scale conditions, Trindade Neto et al. (2012)

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reported similar AA digestibility in canola meal from Brassica napus black (BNB) and canola meal from Brassica juncea yellow (BJY). However, it is not clear whether the similarity in AA digestibility translates into similar performance if the diets are formulated based on standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA. Furthermore, multicarbohydrase enzyme supplementation has been recognized as an effective method for depolymerizing cell wall nonstarch polysaccharide (NSP) in canola meal (Meng and Slominski, 2005), thereby improving nutrient digestibility and consequently allowing for higher inclusion of high fiber ingredients in nursery pig diets (Omogbenigun et al., 2004). Therefore, it was hypothesized that high dietary inclusion of BNB and BJY in nursery pig diets can support adequate performance when diets are formulated to contain similar NE and standardized ileal digestible AA contents and that supplementation of such diets with a carbohydrase mixture will enhance nutrient utilization of canola meal. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to 1) determine the SID of AA of BNB and BJY in growing pigs, 2) evaluate the effect of high dietary inclusion of BNB and BJY on piglet performance, and 3) examine the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of DM, CP, and GE in response to carbohydrase enzyme supplementation in weaned pigs. MATERIALS AND METHODS All procedures described in these experiments were approved by University of Manitoba Animal Care Committee and pigs were handled and cared for according to the guidelines of the Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC, 2009). Pigs were acquired from the Glenlea Swine Research Unit (University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada). Experiment 1 This experiment was conducted to determine the SID of AA and N in BNB and BJY produced under commercial conditions. Six barrows (Yorkshire–Landrace × Duroc) with an average BW of 20.9 ± 1.6 kg (mean ± SD) were housed in individual pens (1.47 by 1.14 m) with smooth sides and plastic-covered expanded metal floor within an environmentally controlled room, in which the temperature was maintained at 21 ± 2°C. During a 5-d acclimation period, pigs were fed a commercial grower diet and had free access to drinking water. After that, pigs were surgically fitted with a T-cannula at the distal ileum as described by Nyachoti et al. (2002) and given a 14-d postsurgical recovery period before the start of the experiment. During the recovery period they were fed increasing amounts of the same commercial grower diet.

Table 1. Analyzed chemical composition of Brassica juncea yellow and Brassica napus black (as-fed basis) Item DM CP Fat Total dietary fiber Total nonstarch polysaccharide Sucrose Glucosinolates, μmol/g Indispensable AA Arg His Ile Leu Lys Met Phe Thr Val Dispensable AA Ala Asp Cys Glu Gly Pro Ser Tyr

B. juncea yellow 90.3 37.7 2.6 24.9 18.9 6.2 15.1

B. napus black 89.7 37.2 2.6 30.3 18.4 5.0 8.5

2.36 0.96 1.20 2.64 1.92 0.72 1.40 1.63 1.52

2.13 0.97 1.23 2.64 2.03 0.76 1.44 1.64 1.63

1.73 2.94 0.73 6.65 1.85 2.22 1.69 0.95

1.74 2.75 0.86 6.93 1.86 2.44 1.67 0.97

Experimental diets were cornstarch based with either BNB or BJY as the sole source of AA and N and formulated to contain 14% CP (Table 1). Titanium dioxide (0.3%) was included as an indigestible marker. The experiment was conducted according to a crossover design with 2 periods to give 6 observations per treatment. Each period lasted for 9 d. Pigs were acclimatized to their respective diets for 7 d followed by 12 h of continuous ileal digesta collection on d 8 and 9 (Nyachoti et al., 2002). Daily feed allowance was based on the BW at the beginning of each period and calculated to supply 2.6 times the maintenance energy requirements (NRC, 1998) and offered in 2 equal portions at 0800 and 1600 h as a dry mash. Pigs had free access to water at all times. Digesta were stored at –20°C until required for further analyses. Experiment 2 A total of 168 pigs (Yorkshire–Landrace × Duroc) with an average initial BW of 7.62 ± 0.76 kg (mean ± SD) and weaned at 21 ± 1 d were used to determine the effect of high dietary inclusion of BNB and BJY on pig performance. Based on initial BW and gender, pigs were randomly blocked and allocated to 1 of 7 experimental treatments each with 6 replicates and 4 pigs per pen. Each

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pen had a plastic-covered expanded metal floor (space allowance of 0.45 m2 per pig), a stainless-steel feeder, and a low-pressure nipple drinker. Room temperature was maintained at 29 ± 1°C for the initial week and then gradually decreased by 1°C per wk. The 7 treatments consisted of a wheat–soybean meal–based control diet and 6 diets containing 5, 10, or 15% canola meal derived from either BNB or BJY in place of soybean meal. The SID of AA in BNB and BJY determined in Exp. 1 were used to formulate the diets. All diets were formulated to contain comparable NE (i.e., 2,400 and 2,300 kcal/kg) using established NE values (Sauvant et al., 2004) and similar amounts of standardized ileal digestible Lys in grams per megacalorie of NE (i.e., 5.1 and 5.0) in phase I and II diets, respectively, and were formulated to meet NRC (1998) requirement for weaned pigs (Tables 2 and 3). All diets were fed in dry mash form. Pigs were offered phase I diets for the first 14 d followed by phase II diets or another 14 d for ad libitum intake, and pigs had free access to drinking water at all times. Body weight and feed disappearance were monitored weekly and used to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F.

Table 2. Ingredient and nutrient analysis of experimental diets (%; as-fed basis) used in Exp 1. Item Brassica juncea yellow Brassica napus black Ingredients, % Canola meal 35.60 37.20 Corn starch 61.40 59.80 Limestone 0.60 0.60 Monocalcium phosphate 0.80 0.80 Iodized salt 0.30 0.30 Vitamin–mineral premix1 1.00 1.00 Titanium dioxide2 0.30 0.30 Analyzed nutrient composition DM, % 91.17 91.11 CP, % 14.38 13.64 NDF, % 5.67 9.02 ADF, % 6.12 6.40 GE, kcal/kg 3,868 3,900 1Provided the following nutrients (per kg of air-dry diet): vitamin A, 2,000 IU; vitamin D3, 200 IU; vitamin E, 40 IU; vitamin K, 2 mg; riboflavin, 7 mg; niacin, 21 mg; vitamin B12, 20 mg; biotin, 70 mg; Cu, 10 mg as CuO; I, 0.40 mg as Ca(IO3)2; Fe, 120 mg as FeSO4∙H2O; Mn, 10 mg as MnO; Se, 0.30 mg as Na2SeO3; and Zn, 110 mg as ZnO. 2Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis, MO.

Table 3. Ingredient and nutrient analysis of phase I diets (as-fed basis) used in Exp. 21 Item Ingredients, % Barley Corn Wheat Millrun Canola meal Soybean meal, 44% CP Menhaden fish meal Dried whey Vegetable oil Limestone Monocalcium phosphate Vitamin–mineral premix2 Lys HCl dl-Met Thr Trp Analyzed nutrient composition CP, % NDF, % ADF, % GE, kcal/kg 1Pigs

Control

5%

Brassica juncea yellow 10%

15%

5%

Brassica napus black 10%

15%

– 19.70 33.00 5.00 – 20.00 8.00 11.00 1.29 0.44 0.40 1.00 0.11 0.03 0.03 –

10.30 5.00 27.02 5.00 5.00 15.00 8.00 20.00 2.51 0.60 0.40 1.00 0.10 0.05 0.02 –

5.75 – 35.65 5.00 10.00 10.00 8.00 20.00 3.36 0.60 0.40 1.00 0.16 0.05 0.03 –

– – 39.05 7.57 15.00 5.00 8.00 20.00 3.59 0.44 0.10 1.00 0.20 – 0.04 0.01

– 10.25 33.10 5.00 5.00 15.00 8.00 20.00 1.51 0.60 0.40 1.00 0.10 0.02 0.02 –

– 1.99 38.10 7.00 10.00 10.00 8.00 20.00 2.88 0.47 0.40 1.00 0.14 – 0.02 –

– 5.00 36.30 5.00 15.00 5.00 9.00 20.00 3.03 0.30 0.20 1.00 0.15 – 0.01 0.01

23.26 9.33 2.90 4,110

22.77 9.72 3.27 4,112

23.24 9.73 3.33 4,135

23.79 10.52 3.84 4,182

22.94 9.45 3.42 4,115

22.41 10.37 4.17 4,120

23.01 11.97 4.96 4,159

were fed the phase I diet for the first 14 d after weaning. the following nutrients (per kg of air-dry diet): vitamin A, 8,250 IU; vitamin D3, 825 IU; vitamin E, 40 IU; vitamin K, 4 mg; niacin, 22.5 mg; vitamin B12, 0.25 mg; choline chloride, 500 mg; biotin, 0.20 mg; folic acid, 2 mg; Cu, 25 mg as CuO; I, 0.4 mg as Ca(IO3)2; Fe, 100 mg as FeSO4∙H2O; Mn, 50 mg as MnO; Se, 0.3 mg as Na2SeO3; and Zn, 150 mg as ZnO. 2Provided

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Table 4. Ingredient and nutrient analysis of phase II diets (as-fed basis) used in Exp. 21 Item Ingredients, % Barley Corn Wheat Millrun Canola meal Soybean meal, 44% CP Menhaden fish meal Vegetable oil Limestone Monocalcium phosphate Vitamin–mineral premix2 Lys HCl dl-Met Thr Analyzed nutrient composition CP, % NDF, % ADF, % GE, kcal/kg

Control

5%

Brassica juncea yellow 10%

15%

5%

Brassica napus black 10%

15%

14.00 10.30 37.00 10.00 – 20.00 3.50 2.15 0.90 0.71 1.00 0.27 0.10 0.07

13.00 10.00 37.40 10.00 5.00 15.00 4.00 2.72 0.90 0.53 1.00 0.30 0.05 0.10

13.00 9.20 37.30 10.00 10.00 10.00 4.50 3.37 0.90 0.30 1.00 0.33 0.03 0.07

7.22 10.10 41.00 10.00 15.00 5.00 5.00 3.88 0.90 0.47 1.00 0.36 0.02 0.05

13.00 9.00 38.60 10.00 5.00 15.00 4.00 2.67 0.80 0.55 1.00 0.29 0.04 0.05

11.20 7.00 41.40 10.00 10.00 10.00 4.50 3.33 0.90 0.31 1.00 0.31

7.70 5.50 45.26 10.00 15.00 5.00 5.00 4.00 0.86 0.30 1.00 0.34

0.05

0.04

21.76 13.48 4.37 4,159

21.13 12.82 4.63 4,182

21.56 12.34 4.09 4,254

20.68 13.65 4.48 4,278

22.04 12.42 4.60 4,158

21.61 14.11 5.70 4,230

21.17 15.31 6.30 4,302

1Pigs

were fed the phase II diets from d 15 to 28. the following nutrients (per kg of air-dry diet): vitamin A, 8,250 IU; vitamin D3, 825 IU; vitamin E, 40 IU; vitamin K, 4 mg; niacin, 22.5 mg; vitamin B12, 0.25 mg; choline chloride, 500 mg; biotin, 0.20 mg; folic acid, 2 mg; Cu, 25 mg as CuO; I, 0.4 mg as Ca(IO3)2; Fe, 100 mg as FeSO4∙H2O; Mn, 50 mg as MnO; Se, 0.3 mg as Na2SeO3; and Zn, 150 mg as ZnO. 2Provided

Experiment 3 The experiment was conducted to determine the effects of high dietary inclusion level of BNB and BJY on performance and ATTD of DM, CP, and energy without or with added carbohydrase mixture. A total of 162 pigs (Yorkshire–Landrace × Duroc) with an average initial BW of 7.26 ± 0.70 kg (mean ± SD) and weaned at 21 ± 1 d were used. Pigs were randomly assigned to 54 pens with 3 pigs per pen (space allowance of 0.60 m2 per pig) based on BW and gender. Pen and room temperature conditions were as described for Exp. 2. Nine dietary treatments including a wheat–soybean meal–based control diet and 8 diets containing 2 types of canola meal (i.e., BNB and BJY) each at 20 or 25% inclusion level and fed without or with added carbohydrase were used (i.e., half of diets containing 20 or 25% canola meal were supplemented with carbohydrase). The carbohydrase preparation (Canadian Biosystems, Inc. Calgary, AB, Canada) supplied 1,400 U of pectinase, 1,600 U of cellulase, 1,600 U of xylanase, 1,200 U of glucanase, 300 U of mannanase, 40 U of galactanase, 1,000 U of invertase, 2,000 U of protease, and 10,000 U of amylase per kg of diet according to the manufacturer’s specifications. Titanium dioxide (0.3%) was included as an indigestible marker. The SID of AA in BNB and BJY determined in Exp. 1 were used to formulate the diets. All diets contained similar amounts of standardized ileal digest-

ible Lys (i.e., 5.2 to 5.3 and 4.5 to 4.6 g/Mcal NE) and comparable NE content (i.e., 2,322 to 2,398 and 2,218 to 2,299 kcal/kg) in phases I and II, respectively. Diets were formulated to meet NRC (1998) requirements for weaned pig (Tables 4 and 5). Pigs were offered phase I diets for the first 14 d followed by phase II diets for another 14 d for ad libitum intake, and pigs had free access to drinking water at all times. Body weight and feed disappearance were monitored weekly and used to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Freshly voided feces were collected from each pen from 0800 to1600 h by grab sampling on d 22 and 23 of the experiment. Samples were pooled by pen and frozen at –20°C until required for further analyses. Sample Preparation and Chemical Analysis Digesta samples from Exp. 1 were thawed and pooled for each pig and period, homogenized in a blender (Waring Commercial, Torringtonn, CT), subsampled, and freeze-dried. Dried digesta and diet samples were ground through a 1-mm screen in a Thomas Wiley mill model 4 (Labwrench, Midland, ON, Canada) and mixed before chemical analysis. Digesta and diet samples were analyzed for DM, N, GE, AA, and TiO2. Canola meal samples were analyzed for DM, N, fat, total dietary fiber, NSP, sucrose, glucosinolates, and AA. Fecal

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Table 5. Ingredient and nutrient analysis of phase I diets (as-fed basis) used in Exp. 31 Item Ingredient, % Corn Wheat Canola meal Soybean meal, 44% CP Menhaden fish meal Dried whey Vegetable oil Limestone Monocalcium phosphate Vitamin–mineral premix2 Lys HCl dl-Met Thr Trp Ile Val Analyzed nutrient composition CP, % NDF, % ADF, % GE, kcal/kg

Brassica juncea yellow 20%3 25%3

Brassica napus black 20%3 25%3

12.72 41.57 – 21.00 6.86 15.00 0.95 0.59 0.10 1.00 0.15 0.03 0.03 – – –

27.01 19.85 20.0 8.00 6.20 15.0 2.04 0.46 0.11 1.00 0.22 – 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.03

25.13 19.44 25.00 5.00 5.50 15.00 2.89 0.48 0.16 1.00 0.25 – 0.02 0.03 0.06 0.04

25.02 21.40 20.00 8.45 6.35 15.00 2.01 0.44 0.10 1.00 0.18 – 0.01 0.02 0.02 –

24.79 19.03 25.00 5.80 5.74 15.00 2.80 0.46 0.12 1.00 0.19 – 0.01 0.02 0.04 –

23.90 8.67 2.65 4,008

23.75 10.70 4.24 4,088

23.42 11.45 4.78 4,143

23.41 11.56 6.20 4,099

23.57 13.30 7.00 4,166

Control

1Pigs

were fed the phase I diets the first 14 d after weaning. the following nutrients (per kg of air-dry diet): vitamin A, 8,250 IU; vitamin D3, 825 IU; vitamin E, 40 IU; vitamin K, 4 mg; niacin, 22.5 mg; vitamin B12, 0.25 mg; choline chloride, 500 mg; biotin, 0.20 mg; folic acid, 2 mg; Cu, 25 mg as CuO; I, 0.4 mg as Ca(IO3)2; Fe 100 mg as FeSO4∙H2O; Mn, 50 mg as MnO; Se, 0.3 mg as Na2SeO3; and Zn, 150 mg as ZnO. 3The basal diet was formulated and then divided in to 2 equal parts for the addition of enzymes. 2Provided

samples from Exp. 3 were dried in an oven at 60°C for 4 d, pooled, and ground in Cyclotec 1093 sample mill (Tecator AB, Höganäx, Sweden) and mixed before the analysis of DM, N, TiO2, and GE. Dry matter was determined according to the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (1990; method 925.09). Nitrogen content was determined by the combustion method (method 990.03; AOAC, 1990) using a combustion analyzer (model CNC-2000; Leco Corporation, St. Joseph, MI) using N to calculate the concentration of CP. The GE was determined using an adiabatic bomb calorimeter (Parr Instrument Co., Moline, IL), which had been calibrated using benzoic acid as a standard. The AA contents in the sample were analyzed by acid hydrolysis according to the method of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (1984; method 982.30) as modified by Mills et al. (1989). Briefly, 100-mg samples were digested in 4 mL of 6 M HCl for 24 h at 110°C. Digested mixture was neutralized with 4 mL of 6.25 M NaOH and allowed to cool to room temperature. The mixture was then made up to 50 mL volume with sodium citrate buffer solution (pH 2.2) and analyzed using an AA analyzer (Sykam, Eresing, Germany). Samples

for Met and Cys analysis were subjected to performic acid oxidation before acid hydrolysis. Tryptophan was not analyzed. Samples for titanium analysis were ashed and digested according to Lomer et al. (2000) and read on an inductively coupled plasma spectrometer (VistaMPX; Varian Canada Inc., Mississauga, ON, Canada). Fat content was determined according to the AOAC International (2006; method 2003.06) without acid hydrolysis pretreatment. Acid detergent fiber and NDF contents were analyzed according to the method of Goering and van Soest (1970) using α-amylase (Sigma number A3306; Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) and sodium sulfite and corrected for ash adapted for an Ankom 200 Fiber Analyzer (Ankom Technology, Fairport, NY). Sucrose content was determined by GLC according to Slominski et al. (1994). The total dietary fiber was determined by combination of NDF and detergent-soluble NSP and calculated as the sum of both NDF and detergent-soluble NSP (Slominski et al., 1994). Nonstarch polysaccharides were analyzed using GLC (component neutral sugars) using Varian CP3380 gas chromatography (Varian Inc., Palo Alto, CA) and by colorimetry (uronic acids) using a Biochrom Ultrospec 50 (Biochrom

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Ltd., Cambridge, UK) and the procedure described by Englyst and Cummings (1988) with some modifications (Slominski and Campbell, 1990). Glucosinolate content of the meals was analyzed using Varian 430-GC gas chromatography according to the procedure described by Thies (1977) with some modifications (Slominski and Campbell, 1987). Calculations and Statistical Analyses The ATTD was calculated using the following equation: ATTD = 100 – [(Nf/Nd) × (Td/Tf)], in which Nf = nutrient concentration in feces (% DM), Nd = nutrient concentration in diet (% DM), Td = TiO2 concentration in diet (% DM), and Tf = titanium concentration in feces (% DM). The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and SID were calculated using the following equations: AID = 100 – [(Ni/Nd) × (Td/Tf)], in which Ni = nutrient concentration in ileal digesta (% DM), Nd = nutrient concentration in diet (% DM), Td = TiO2 concentration in diet (% DM) and Ti= Titanium concentration in ileal digesta (% DM) and SID = AID + (EAL/AAf), in which EAL = nonspecific endogenous loss of AA at the distal ileum (mg/kg DM), and AAf = dietary content of the AA (% DM). The nonspecific (basal) endogenous ileal N and AA losses used to calculate the SID values were an average of values from 5 independent studies conducted in our laboratory (Opapeju et al., 2006; Kiarie and Nyachoti, 2007; Lan et al., 2008; Woyengo et al., 2010; Yang et al., 2010). These values (mg/kg DMI) were N, 3,083; Arg, 449; His, 335; Ile, 438; Leu, 574; Lys, 335; Met, 126; Phe, 315; Thr, 713; Val, 559; Ala, 668; Asp, 991; Cys, 289; Glu, 1,501; Gly, 1,997; Pro, 6,987; and Ser, 871. The average BW of pigs used in those studies ranged from 20.2 to 82.0 kg and a low casein diet was used to determine the basal endogenous losses. Data from Exp. 1 were analyzed as a crossover design using the GLM procedure of SAS (SAS software release 9.1; SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC). The model included block as a random factor. Treatment means were compared using the t-test procedure of SAS and P < 0.05 was considered significant. Data from Exp. 2 were analyzed using MIXED procedure of SAS. The pen and 2 rooms were considered the experimental unit and block for all measurements, respectively. The model includ-

Table 6. Ingredient and nutrient analysis of phase II diets (as-fed basis) used in Exp. 31 Brassica juncea yellow Control 20%3 25%3

Item Ingredient, % Corn 20.03 Wheat 48.75 Canola meal – Soybean meal, 44% CP 26.73 Vegetable oil 0.95 Limestone 0.95 Monocalcium phosphate 1.03 Vitamin–mineral premix2 1.00 Lys HCl 0.18 dl-Met 0.04 Thr 0.04 Trp – Ile – Val – 0.30 Titanium dioxide4 Analyzed nutrient composition CP, % 21.62 NDF, % 9.26 ADF, % 3.55 GE, kcal/kg 3,901 1Pigs

Brassica napus black 20%3 25%3

31.50 32.00 20.00 11.80 1.20 0.90 0.82 1.00 0.27 0.01 0.04 0.02 0.10 0.04 0.30

30.62 30.26 25.00 8.02 2.62 0.86 0.78 1.00 0.30 – 0.04 0.03 0.11 0.06 0.30

30.07 32.36 20.00 12.71 1.50 0.88 0.84 1.00 0.22 – 0.02 0.02 0.08 – 0.30

30.16 30.05 25.00 9.12 2.35 0.85 0.79 1.00 0.24 – 0.02 0.03 0.09 – 0.30

20.67 10.98 4.43 3,951

21.10 12.33 5.44 4,073

20.34 12.43 6.60 4,000

21.01 14.13 7.22 4,047

were fed the phase II diet from d 15 to 28.

2Provided the following nutrients (per kg of air-dry diet): vitamin A, 8,250

IU; vitamin D3, 825 IU; vitamin E, 40 IU; vitamin K, 4 mg; niacin, 22.5 mg; vitamin B12, 0.25 mg; choline chloride, 500 mg; biotin, 0.20 mg; folic acid, 2 mg; Cu, 25 mg as CuO; I, 0.4 mg as Ca(IO3)2; Fe, 100 mg as FeSO4∙H2O; Mn, 50 mg as MnO; Se, 0.3 mg as Na2SeO3; Zn, 150 mg as ZnO. 3The basal diet was formulated and then divided in to 2 equal parts for the addition of enzymes. 4Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis, MO.

ed block as a random factor and treatments and gender as sources of variation. Because no gender effect was detected (P > 0.10), data were pooled and analyzed for treatments effects. Orthogonal polynomial contrasts were used to test for linear or quadratic effects of canola meal inclusion. Statistical significance was accepted at P < 0.05. Performance and digestibility data from Exp. 3 were analyzed using MIXED procedure of SAS. Pen was considered the experimental unit. Diet was considered as fixed effect and block was considered as a random effect. The 8 dietary treatments that contained either BNB or BJY with and without added enzyme were compared as a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement and were together compared with the control diet, using 6 preplanned, orthogonal contrasts. Means for the interaction were separated using the PDIFF statement of SAS. Treatment differences were considered significant at P < 0.05 and trends were observed at 0.05 < P < 0.10.

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Table 7. Apparent ileal digestibility (%) of DM, N, GE, and AA in canola meal from Brassica juncea yellow and Brassica napus black fed to growing pigs, Exp. 1.

Table 8. Standardized ileal digestibility (%) of N and AA in canola meal from Brassica juncea yellow and Brassica napus black fed to growing pigs, Exp. 1.

Item B. juncea yellow DM 73.1 CP 62.2 GE 76.6 Indispensable AA Arg 83.2 His 79.0 Ile 72.0 Leu 75.1 Lys 69.9 Met 82.8 Phe 62.5 Thr 63.8 Val 70.5 Dispensable AA Ala 71.9 Asp 69.8 Cys 70.8 Glu 80.6 Gly 61.2 Pro 59.7 Ser 66.8 Tyr 71.6

Item B. juncea yellow CP 79.2 Indispensable AA Arg 92.4 His 88.7 Ile 80.2 Leu 81.1 Lys 77.1 Met 87.0 Phe 68.4 Thr 75.2 Val 79.8 Dispensable AA Ala 78.3 Asp 79.3 Cys 80.1 Glu 88.7 Gly 74.6 Ser 79.4 Tyr 78.9

B. napus black 72.4 64.4 75.0

SEM 0.06 0.10 0.06

P-value 0.449 0.140 0.110

81.0 78.4 71.6 74.7 72.9 79.9 65.4 66.7 69.6

0.12 0.13 0.16 0.15 0.16 0.10 0.24 0.18 0.17

0.218 0.723 0.830 0.840 0.204 0.068 0.414 0.277 0.700

72.2 68.5 71.5 81.1 64.1 64.4 69.3 71.9

0.16 0.17 0.07 0.12 0.21 0.36 0.15 0.16

0.894 0.590 0.454 0.769 0.349 0.377 0.274 0.900

RESULTS Experiment 1 The chemical composition of the tested canola meal is presented in Table 6. Overall, the CP, fat, total NSP, and AA contents were similar between the 2 canola meals. The total dietary fiber and glucosinolate content of BNB and BJY were 30.3 vs. 25.0% and 15.1 vs. 8.5 μmol/g. There were no differences in the AID of DM, CP, energy, and all measured AA and in the SID of CP and all AA between BNB and BJY (P > 0.10; Tables 7 and 8). Experiment 2 Increasing dietary inclusion of either BNB or BJY had no affect (P > 0.10) on ADG, ADFI, and G:F compared with the control (Table 9). However, increasing BNB inclusion tended to linearly increase (P = 0.055) ADG compared with pigs fed control diet from d 22 to 28. Experiment 3 Regardless of canola meal type and inclusion level, ADG, ADFI, and G:F were not affected over the entire 4-wk study period (P > 0.10; Table 10). Multicarbohydrase supplementation had no effect (P > 0.10) on ADG, ADFI, and G:F.

B. napus black 79.8

SEM 0.10

P-value 0.714

90.3 87.1 79.7 80.3 78.9 84.2 70.8 77.1 78.5

0.12 0.13 0.16 0.15 0.16 0.10 0.24 0.18 0.17

0.253 0.414 0.805 0.722 0.428 0.074 0.485 0.463 0.619

78.2 77.8 79.8 88.3 76.5 80.7 78.7

0.16 0.17 0.07 0.12 0.21 0.15 0.16

0.968 0.544 0.750 0.822 0.540 0.558 0.912

There were no diet × level or diet × level × enzyme interactions found on the ATTD of CP (Table 11). However, the ATTD of CP was higher in the 20% canola meal–containing diets compared with the 25% canola meal–containing diets and enzyme supplementation increased CP digestibility in the 25% diets (P < 0.01). Canola meal type and inclusion level interacted for ATTD of DM (P < 0.05). Increasing inclusion level canola meal decreased ATTD of DM by 6% for both BJY and BNB. Compared with control, the ATTD of CP, energy, and DM and the DE content of canola meal–containing diets were lower (P < 0.001). However, pigs fed diets containing BJY had higher (P < 0.05) ATTD of CP, DM, and energy compared with pigs fed diets containing BNB. A significant 3-way interaction between canola meal type, inclusion level, and enzyme was observed for DE content, in which increasing inclusion level of BNB reduced DE content by 167 kcal/kg of DM and enzyme supplementation increased DE content by 143 kcal/kg of DM in BNB at 25% inclusion. DISCUSSION The analyzed contents of CP (37.2 and 37.7%) and AA for BNB and BJY were comparable to the values reported for canola meal (NRC, 2012). However, the CP and AA contents of BNB and BJY were lower than the values reported by Trindade Neto et al. (2012). As has been reported previously (Montoya and Leterme, 2009), BJY had a lower total dietary fiber content (24.0 vs. 30.2%) than BNB.

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Table 9. Growth performance of weaned pigs fed diets with increasing inclusion levels of Brassica napus black and Brassica juncea yellow in place of soybean meal from d 0 to 28, Exp. 21 Item Control ADG, g/d 452 ADFI, g/d 741 G:F 0.60

B. juncea yellow 5% 10% 15% 440 444 454 746 740 750 0.59 0.59 0.60

5% 472 778 0.60

B. napus black 10% 15% 468 453 777 754 0.59 0.60

SEM 16.5 21.7 0.014

P-value 0.794 0.777 0.954

Control vs. B. juncea Lin2 0.896 0.856 0.910

Control vs. B. napus Lin 0.979 0.686 0.714

1Least 2Lin

square means based on 6 pens of 4 pigs per diet. = linear contrast.

There has been a renewed interest in investigating the use of canola meal in nursery pig diets as a result of improved understanding of diet formulation strategies to enhance nutrient utilization and the development of canola varieties with reduced fiber content and therefore better potential nutritive value for swine. Although the digestibility of AA in BNB for swine has been reported in several studies (e.g., Seneviratne et al., 2010; Woyengo et al., 2010), only 1 study that has reported the AA digestibility of BJY (Trindade Neto et al., 2012). In the study by Trindade Neto et al. (2012), the canola meal samples tested originated from a small scale pilot plant whereas the samples tested in the present study were produced in a commercial-scale canola crushing plant and therefore are more representative of materials likely to be used in

feed formulation. Results of the current study showed that the AID and SID of CP and AA in BNB and BJY were not different, suggesting that the slight differences in total dietary fiber between the 2 meals were not sufficient to influence digestibility of these components as has been reported previously (Schulze et al., 1994; Newkirk et al., 1997; Nyachoti et al., 1997). In general, the AID of CP in the BNB and BJY were within the range of values reported for conventional canola meal by others (Fan and Sauer, 1995; Woyengo et al., 2010; Trindade Neto et al., 2012). The SID values of Lys and Met in BNB (78.9 and 84.2%) and BJY (77.1 and 87.0%) from the current study were comparable to the values reported for canola meal (NRC, 2012). However, the SID of AA in the current study were higher than those reported for solvent extracted canola

Table 10. Effect of canola meal type, inclusion level, and enzyme supplementation on growth performance of weaned pigs, Exp. 31

Item ADG, g/d d 0 to 7 d 8 to 14 d 15 to 21 d 22 to 28 d 0 to 28 ADFI, g/d d 0 to 7 d 8 to 14 d 15 to 21 d 22 to 28 d 0 to 28 G:F d 0 to 7 d 8 to 14 d 15 to 21 d 22 to 28 d 0 to 28 1Least

Control

Brassica juncea yellow 20% 25% –Enz2 +Enz2 –Enz +Enz

SEM

Control vs. the rest

CM4

Level

Enz5

235 396 458 464 400

212 408 455 459 386

200 400 470 500 384

212 365 441 482 373

218 421 497 508 407

207 416 479 481 389

210 418 485 494 401

189 406 461 495 388

192 420 473 513 393

19.9 27.4 22.0 28.8 18.9

0.165 0.719 0.600 0.336 0.991

0.431 0.407 0.579 0.639 0.852

0.732 0.709 0.794 0.445 0.683

0.982 0.436 0.161 0.202 0.402

312 604 767 788 617

285 607 744 803 610

262 570 760 826 604

283 553 744 855 606

291 591 810 843 634

282 595 779 811 617

279 609 770 847 626

257 587 786 859 622

248 615 753 835 613

20.6 34.8 33.2 47.7 21.3

0.086 0.730 0.944 0.354 0.968

0.365 0.393 0.684 0.854 0.693

0.635 0.721 0.734 0.440 0.767

0.642 0.666 0.611 0.872 0.720

0.75 0.66 0.60 0.60 0.63

0.74 0.67 0.62 0.58 0.63

0.77 0.71 0.62 0.62 0.64

0.75 0.66 0.59 0.57 0.62

0.77 0.71 0.62 0.61 0.64

0.74 0.70 0.62 0.61 0.63

0.75 0.68 0.63 0.61 0.65

0.74 0.70 0.59 0.58 0.62

0.77 0.68 0.63 0.61 0.64

0.06 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.02

0.883 0.390 0.684 0.969 0.957

0.932 0.818 0.884 0.776 0.630

0.853 0.865 0.697 0.759 0.893

0.609 0.540 0.456 0.377 0.553

square means based on 6 pens of 3 pigs per diet. = without enzyme supplementation; +Enz = with enzyme supplementation. 3Two- or 3-way interactions were not significant. 4CM = canola meal. 5Enz = multi-carbohydrase. 2–Enz

P-value3

Brassica napus black 20% 25% –Enz +Enz –Enz +Enz

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Table 11. Effect of canola meal type, inclusion level, and enzyme supplementation on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD; %) of CP, energy, and DM, Exp 31 Brassica juncea yellow 20% 25% Control –Enz2 +Enz2 –Enz +Enz

Item ATTD, % CP 82.4a Energy 81.5a DM 81.8a DE, kcal/kg 3,561a

81.6a 81.6ab 81.0ab 3,465bc

81.0ab 80.6ab 79.9ab 3,561a

76.6cd 77.5cd 76.1de 3,513ab

79.3bc 78.9bc 78.1c 3,537ab

Brassica napus black 20% 25% –Enz +Enz –Enz +Enz 77.6cd 78.7bc 77.5cd 78.0cd 76.6cde 77.7cd 3,441bc 3,465bc

P-value SEM

73.8e 75.7de 0.98 72.9e 76.1d 0.84 71.4f 75.2e 0.69 3,274d 3,418c 38.24

Control vs. the rest CM3 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001

0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001

Level

Enz4

Diet × level

Diet × level × Enz

0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001

0.004 0.001 0.001 0.001

0.210 0.060 0.042 0.004

0.210 0.089 0.177 0.007

a–eMeans

within a row with different superscript letters differ (P < 0.05). square means based on 6 pens per treatment and 3 pigs per pen. 2–Enz = without enzyme supplementation; +Enz = with enzyme supplementation. 3CM = canola meal. 4Enz = multi-carbohydrase. 1Least

meal by Woyengo et al. (2010) and expeller-pressed canola meal by Seneviratne et al. (2010). This could have been due to lower glucosinolate contents (8.5 and 15.1 μmol/g in BNB and BJY, respectively) in the canola meal used in the current study compared with 23.2 μmol/g reported in the study by Seneviratne et al. (2010), even though the total dietary fiber content in the current study (30.3 and 24.9% in BNB and BJY, respectively) is similar (27%) to the study done by Seneviratne et al. (2010). Although our SID values for indispensable AA for BNB and BJY were in agreement with the values reported by Trindade Neto et al. (2012), current values were slightly lower (80.8 and 81.1% vs. 82.8 and 86.7%). This response could be due to the fact that the pigs used in the current study were lighter than the pigs used in the study by Trindade Neto et al. (2012; 20.9 vs. 30.9 kg, respectively). It has been reported that AA digestibility increases with the age of the animals as young pigs have lower enzyme activity to digest protein (Wilson and Leibholz, 1981; Moughan, 1993; Caine et al., 1997). The results of Exp. 1 demonstrated that BNB and BJY had similar ileal digestible AA. Therefore, it was expected that feeding starter pigs diets containing similar amounts of BNB and BJY would support similar performance of weaned pigs, when such diets are formulated on the NE and SID of AA systems as has been suggested by Zijlstra and Payne (2007). Although the use of canola meal in nursery pig diets has been limited due to concerns regarding adverse effects on performance (McIntosh et al., 1986; Baidoo et al., 1987), recent studies have demonstrated that a relatively high amount of canola meal can be included in weaned pig diets without compromising performance as long as such diets are formulated based on the NE system and SID of AA (Landero et al., 2011, 2012). However, additional research in this area is warranted to further support the use of canola meal derived from different canola types in nursery pig diets than is the case in current industry practice. In the present study, the effects of including higher amounts of

canola meal from BNB and BJY in weaned pig diets were investigated. Results of Exp. 2 indicate that including up to 15% BNB and BJY in piglet diets had no effect on performance indices during the 4-wk postweaning period, which is in agreement with the results of Landero et al. (2011). Over the entire study period, however, the ADG in the current study averaged between the 2 canola meal types when included at 15%, which is 10.1% lower to the value reported by Landero et al. (2011) for a diet with a similar amount of canola meal (454 vs. 509 g/d, respectively). In Exp. 3, dietary inclusion of higher amounts of canola meal in weaned pig diets than used in the Exp. 2 and in the study by Landero et al. (2011) was investigated. Overall, including up to 25% BNB and BJY in weaned pig diets did not compromising performance. Nonetheless, the results of Exp. 3 are in agreement with those of a recent report demonstrating that inclusion of solvent-extracted canola meal up to 20% had no negative effect on piglet performance (Landero et al., 2012). Taken together, the results of the current study and those of others clearly demonstrate that BNB and BJY can be used in nursery pig diets in relatively higher amounts than has been the case thus far. To achieve this, it is critical that the diets are formulated on the NE and SID of AA systems as has been recommended (NRC, 2012). It is also possible that these inclusion levels reflect the improvements in canola meal quality that have been achieved over time. Supplementing nursery pig diets with carbohydrase supplementation has been shown to improve performance (Patience et al., 1992; Baidoo et al., 1998; Omogbenigun et al., 2004; Zijlstra et al., 2004), although such responses are variable (Mavromichalis et al., 2000; Olukosi et al., 2007). In the present study, supplementing nursery pig diets containing high levels of canola meal with a carbohydrase mixture had no effect on performance despite the fact that there was a significant increase in ATTD of CP, DM, and energy. Lack of enzyme response could be attributed to differences in the dietary

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NSP content and the dose and type of enzyme used. As the diets were formulated to be nutritionally adequate, it is also possible that the small improvements in nutrient digestibility may not have been sufficient to cause noticeable changes in performance. Improvement in nutrient digestibility without corresponding improvement in performance measurements due to enzyme supplementation has been reported by others (Barrera et al., 2004). Increasing dietary inclusion of canola meal from 20 to 25% increased NDF content from 12.43 to 14.14% in BNB and from 10.98 to 12.33% in BJY diets, which may have led to the 4 to 5% reduction in ATTD of N, DM, and energy as has been reported by others (Landero et al., 2011, 2012). Enzyme supplementation had a much more pronounced positive effect on ATTD of DM, N, and energy in diets with 25% canola meal than those with 20% canola meal, which might have been due to higher dietary fiber content in diets containing 25% canola meal than in those with 20% canola meal (10.9 vs. 12.3% NDF in BJY and 12.4 vs. 14.1% NDF in BNB at 20 and 25% inclusion level, respectively), thus providing more substrate for the enzyme. This observation is in agreement with results of a previous study showing that carbohydrase supplementation was more effective in diets with 30% DDGS than those that had 15% (Emiola et al., 2009). In conclusion, the results indicated that BJY had similar AID values of DM and energy and AID and SID of N and AA compared with BNB and that up to 25% BNB and BJY can be included in weaned pig diets without compromising performance when diets are formulated on the basis of the NE system and SID of AA. Furthermore, enzyme supplementation to mixed grainbased diets with high levels of BNB and BJY improved CP, DM, and energy digestibility in weaned pigs, but those improvements were not translated into improved piglet performance. LITERATURE CITED AOAC International. 2006. Official methods of analysis. 18th ed. AOAC Int., Arlington, VA. Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). 1984. Official methods of analysis. 14th ed. AOAC, Washington, DC. Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). 1990. Official methods of analysis. 15th ed. AOAC, Washington, DC. Baidoo, S. K., Y. G. Liu, and D. Yungblut. 1998. Effect of microbial enzyme supplementation on energy, amino acid digestibility and performance of pigs fed hulless barley based diets. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 78:625–631. Baidoo, S. K., B. N. Mitaru, F. X. Aherne, and R. Blair. 1987. The nutritional value of canola meal for early-weaned pigs. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 18:45–53. Barrera, M., M. Cervantes, W. C. Sauer, A. B. Araiza, N. Torrentera, and M. Cervantes. 2004. Ileal amino acid digestibility and performance of growing swine fed wheat-based diets supplemented with xylanase. J. Anim. Sci. 82:1997–2003.

Bell, J. M. 1993. Factors affecting the nutritional value of canola meal: A review. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 73:689–697. Caine, W. R., W. C. Sauer, S. Taminga, M. W. A. Verstegen, and H. Schulze. 1997. Apparent ileal digestibilities of amino acid in newly weaned pigs fed diets with protease-treated soybean meal. J. Anim. Sci. 75:2962–2969. Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC). 2009. Guidelines on the care and use of farm animals in research, teaching and testing. Canadian Council on Animal Care, Ottawa, ON. Emiola, I. A., F. O. Opapeju, B. A. Slominski, and C. M. Nyachoti. 2009. Growth performance and nutrient digestibility in pigs fed barley/wheat DDGS-based diets supplemented with a multicarbohydrase enzyme. J. Anim. Sci. 87:2315–2322. Englyst, H. N., and J. H. Cummings. 1988. Improved method for measurement of dietary fiber as non-starch polysaccharides in plant foods. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 71:808–814. Fan, M. Z., and W. C. Sauer. 1995. Determination of apparent ileal amino acid digestibility in barley and canola meal for pigs with the direct, difference, and regression methods. J. Anim. Sci. 73:2364–2374. Goering, H. K., and P. J. VanSoest. 1970. Forage fiber analysis. USDA Agric. Handbook 379. USDA, Washington, DC. Kiarie, E., and C. M. Nyachoti. 2007. Ileal digestibility of amino acids in co-extruded peas and full fat canola for growing pigs. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 139:40–51. Lan, Y., F. O. Opapeju, and C. M. Nyachoti. 2008. True ileal protein and amino acid digestibilities in wheat dried distillers’ grains with solubles fed to finishing pigs. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 140:155–163. Landero, J. L., E. Beltranena, M. Cervantes, A. B. Araiza, and R. T. Zijlstra. 2012. The effect of feeding expeller-pressed canola meal on growth performance and diet nutrient digestibility in weaned pigs. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 171:240–245. Landero, J. L., E. Beltranena, M. Cervantes, A. Morales, and R. T. Zijlstra. 2011. The effect of feeding solvent-extracted canola meal on growth performance and diet nutrient digestibility in weaned pigs. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 170:136–140. Lomer, M. C., R. P. Thompson, J. Commisso, C. L. Keen, and J. J. Powell. 2000. Determination of titanium dioxide in foods using inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry. Analyst (Lond.) 125:2339–2343. Mavromichalis, I., J. D. Hancock, B. W. Senne, T. L. Gugle, G. A. Kennedy, R. H. Hines, and C. L. Wyatt. 2000. Enzyme supplementation and particle size of wheat in diets for nursery and finishing swine. J. Anim. Sci. 78:3086–3095. McIntosh, M. K., S. K. Baidoo, F. X. Aherne, and J. P. Bowland. 1986. Canola meal as a protein supplement for 6 to 20 kilogram pigs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 66:1051–1056. Meng, X., and B. A. Slominski. 2005. Nutritive values of corn, soybean meal, canola meal, and peas for broiler chickens as affected by a multicarbohydrase preparation of cell wall degrading enzymes. Poult. Sci. 84:1242–1251. Mills, P. A., R. G. Rotter, and R. R. Marquardt. 1989. Modification of the glucosamine method for the quantification of fungal contamination. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 69:1105–1107. Montoya, C. A., and P. Leterme. 2009. Determination of the digestible energy and prediction of the net energy content of toasted and non-toasted canola meals from Brassica juncea and Brassica napus in growing pigs by the total faecal collection and the indigestible marker methods. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 89:481–487. Moughan, P. J. 1993. Towards an improved utilization of dietary amino acids by the growing pig. In: D. J. A. Cole, W. Haresign, and P. C. Garnsworthy, editors, Recent developments in pig nutrition 2. Nottingham Univ. Press, Nottingham, UK. p. 117–136.

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Seneviratne, R. W., M. G. Young, E. Beltranena, L. A. Goonewardene, R. W. Newkirk, and R. T. Zijlstra. 2010. The nutritional value of expeller-pressed canola meal for grower-finisher pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 88:2073–2083. Slominski, B. A. 1997. Development in the breeding of low rapeseed/ canola. J. Anim. Feed Sci. 6:303–317. Slominski, B. A., and L. D. Campbell. 1987. Gas chromatographic determination of indole glucosinolates—A re-examination. J. Sci. Food Agric. 40:131–143. Slominski, B. A., and L. D. Campbell. 1990. Non-starch polysaccharides of canola meal: Quantification, digestibility in poultry and potential benefit of dietary enzyme supplementation. J. Sci. Food Agric. 53:175–184. Slominski, B. A., L. D. Campbell, and W. Guenter. 1994. Carbohydrates and dietary fiber components of yellow and brown seeded canola. J. Agric. Food Chem. 42:704–707. Spragg, J., and R. Mailer. 2007. Canola meal value chain quality improvement. Aust. Oilseeds Fed., Australia Square, New South Wales. Accessed Jan. 31. 2009 www.australianoilseeds.com/__data/ assets/pdf_file/0006/2589/AOF_Protein_Meal_Final_Report.pdf. Thies, W. 1977. Analysis of glucosinolates in seeds of rapeseed (Brassica napus): Concentration of glucosinolates by ion exchange. Z. Pflanzenzuecht. 79:331–335. Trindade Neto, M. A., F. O. Opapeju, B. A. Slominski, and C. M. Nyachoti. 2012. Ileal amino acid digestibility in canola meals from yellow- and black-seeded Brassica napus and Brassica juncea fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 90:3477–3484. Wilson, R. H., and J. Leibholz. 1981. Digestion in the pig between 7 and 35 d of age. 3. The digestion of nitrogen in pigs given milk and soya-bean proteins. Br. J. Nutr. 45:337–346. Woyengo, T. A., E. Kiarie, and C. M. Nyachoti. 2010. Energy and amino acid utilization in expeller-extracted canola meal fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 88:1433–1441. Yang, Y., E. Kiarie, B. A. Slominski, A. Brûlé-Babel, and C. M. Nyachoti. 2010. Amino acid and fiber digestibility, intestinal bacterial profile, and enzyme activity in growing pigs fed dried distillers grains with solubles-based diets. J. Anim. Sci. 88:3304–3312. Zijlstra, R. T., S. Li, A. Owusu-Asiedu, P. H. Simmins, and J. F. Patience. 2004. Effect of carbohydrase supplementation of wheat- and canola-meal based diets on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in group-housed weaned pigs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 84:689–695. Zijlstra, R. T., and R. L. Payne. 2007. Net energy system for pigs. In: J. E. Patterson and J. A. Barker, editors, Manipulating pig production XI. Australas. Pig Sci. Assoc., Werribee, Victoria. p. 80–90.

Nutrient digestibility and growth performance of pigs fed diets with different levels of canola meal from Brassica napus black and Brassica juncea yellow.

Nutrient digestibility and the effect of high dietary inclusion of canola meals from Brassica napus black (BNB) and Brassica juncea yellow (BJY) on gr...
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