Note: Experimental platform for magnetized high-energy-density plasma studies at the omega laser facility G. Fiksel, A. Agliata, D. Barnak, G. Brent, P.-Y. Chang, L. Folnsbee, G. Gates, D. Hasset, D. Lonobile, J. Magoon, D. Mastrosimone, M. J. Shoup III, and R. Betti Citation: Review of Scientific Instruments 86, 016105 (2015); doi: 10.1063/1.4905625 View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4905625 View Table of Contents: http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/rsi/86/1?ver=pdfcov Published by the AIP Publishing Articles you may be interested in TRIDENT high-energy-density facility experimental capabilities and diagnosticsa) Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 10F305 (2008); 10.1063/1.2972020 Present Status and Future Prospects of Laser Fusion and Related High Energy Density Plasma Research AIP Conf. Proc. 740, 387 (2004); 10.1063/1.1843522 National Ignition Facility targets driven at high radiation temperature: Ignition, hydrodynamic stability, and laser–plasma interactions Phys. Plasmas 11, 1128 (2004); 10.1063/1.1640625 Experimental investigation of short scalelength density fluctuations in laser-produced plasmas Phys. Plasmas 7, 2114 (2000); 10.1063/1.874056 Direct-drive high-convergence-ratio implosion studies on the OMEGA laser system Phys. Plasmas 7, 2108 (2000); 10.1063/1.874032
This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://scitationnew.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to IP: 157.211.3.15 On: Mon, 19 Jan 2015 14:57:23
REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 86, 016105 (2015)
Note: Experimental platform for magnetized high-energy-density plasma studies at the omega laser facility G. Fiksel,a) A. Agliata, D. Barnak, G. Brent, P.-Y. Chang, L. Folnsbee, G. Gates, D. Hasset, D. Lonobile, J. Magoon, D. Mastrosimone, M. J. Shoup III, and R. Betti Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Rd, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
(Received 6 November 2014; accepted 26 December 2014; published online 12 January 2015) An upgrade of the pulsed magnetic field generator magneto-inertial fusion electrical discharge system [O. Gotchev et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 043504 (2009)] is described. The device is used to study magnetized high-energy-density plasma and is capable of producing a pulsed magnetic field of tens of tesla in a volume of a few cubic centimeters. The magnetic field is created by discharging a high-voltage capacitor through a small wire-wound coil. The coil current pulse has a duration of about 1 µs and a peak value of 40 kA. Compared to the original, the updated version has a larger energy storage and improved switching system. In addition, magnetic coils are fabricated using 3-D printing technology which allows for a greater variety of the magnetic field topology. C 2015 Author(s). All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4905625]
Over the past few years, there has been considerable interest in magnetized high-energy-density (HED) plasma studies. An approach that is utilized on the OMEGA Laser System1 makes use of a miniature magnetic coil, energized by discharging an electrostatic capacitor, to magnetize a laserproduced plasma. Using this approach, new and exciting results have been obtained in several relevant HED areas, ranging from inertial fusion applications2–5 to pair-plasma generation6 to investigation of astrophysical phenomena such as Weibel instability7 and magnetic reconnection.8 To be compatible with the physics requirement of a particular campaign and with constraints set by the OMEGA’s infrastructure, the magnetic system’s electrical and mechanical properties must satisfy certain, if often contradictory, requirements. From the physics standpoint, a magnetic field of up to tens of tesla and a magnetization volume of up to 1 cm3 may be required. The coil itself must be small to minimize the amount of debris, and the coil elements must not interfere with the laser beams. The duration of the current pulse must be short enough to reduce the energy stored in the capacitors and to minimize the thermal dissipation and the electromagnetic stresses in the coil, which must remain intact and immobile up to the moment of the laser firing. Last but not least, the magnetic system’s turnaround rate must be fast enough to be compatible with the typical OMEGA shot rate of 45 min. The original pulsed magnetic field generator MIFEDS9 (magneto-inertial fusion electrical discharge system) was used on OMEGA to create a magnetic field with a magnitude of up to tens of tesla and a duration of hundreds of nanoseconds. Since then, the original MIFEDS device has been redesigned from the ground up to become more reliable and user friendly and to meet all the requirements outlined above. In particular, the energy storage is quadrupled to 200 J using 1 µF capacitors
a)Electronic mail: [email protected]
charged to 20 kV. A custom-made, nitrogen-filled triggered spark gap is replaced by an industry-standard sealed triggered spark gap (PerkinElmer GP-12B). A complex laser-triggered system has been replaced by a much simpler triggering system that uses a high-voltage (HV) pulse generator. In addition, the charging and control systems have been rebuilt using modern and more reliable electronic components. The purpose of this note is to briefly describe the design and operation principles of the upgraded device-MIFEDS-U. A general view of MIFEDS-U is shown in Fig. 1. The system components are situated in an air-tight aluminum enclosure with a size of 104 cm × 18 cm × 22 cm (L ×W × H). Two electrostatic capacitors (General Atomics #31150), 0.5 µF each, are connected in parallel and charged up to 20 kV using a HV power supply (UltraVolt #30C24-P60). The capacitors are discharged via a triggered spark gap (PerkinElmer GP-12B) triggered by a custom-made trigger pulse generator (North Star High Voltage). The discharge current is measured with a custom-made current monitor, a Rogowski coil with a calibrated sensitivity of 0.07 V/kA and a bandwidth of 3 MHz. These components are kept at an atmospheric pressure inside the aluminum enclosure. The HV charging is interlocked with a pressure monitor and is disabled in case of a sudden depressurization of the enclosure. A magnetic coil is connected to the capacitor’s output with a vacuum coaxial transmission line with a size of 40 cm × 6 cm (L × D). The coil end of the coaxial line narrows to a diameter of about 1 cm in order to avoid interference with the laser beams. The coaxial line is connected to the capacitors by custom-made high-voltage, high-current vacuum feedthroughs so both the coil and the coaxial line are able to operate inside OMEGA’s vacuum chamber. A magnetic coil consists of several loops of Kapton® (polyimide) insulated copper wire (Accu-Glass Products) wound around an acrylic coilform. Typically, a wire gauge of 24 American wire gauge (AWG) is used with an outer
0034-6748/2015/86(1)/016105/3 86, 016105-1 © Author(s) 2015 This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://scitationnew.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to IP: 157.211.3.15 On: Mon, 19 Jan 2015 14:57:23
016105-2
Fiksel et al.
Rev. Sci. Instrum. 86, 016105 (2015)
FIG. 1. A general viewI of MFEDS-U showing the main components-HV charging supply, HV capacitors, HV transmission line, trigger pulse generator, and spark gap switch. The inset shows a magnified view of a circular magnetic coil.
diameter of 0.762 mm and a Kapton insulation thickness of 0.127 mm. It was found that coils made out of a wire smaller than 26 AWG (OD = 0.635 mm) are destroyed prior the current reaching its peak. The coil is attached to an electrical coaxial connector, with the inner and outer copper cylindrical electrodes isolated by an Ultem® (polyetherimide) cylindrical shell [Fig. 2(a)]. The electrical connection to the electrodes is made with two respective Multilam sliding connectors, facilitating quick coil insertion and removal. The wire connection to the electrodes is made using #2 − 56 × 1/8 screws. The coilform is fabricated using CAD solid modeling and 3-D printing technology to optimize the coil topology, to minimize interference with incoming laser beams, and to facilitate rapid prototyping and design performance evaluation. Furthermore, this approach allows for a virtually unlimited choice of the coil topology, ranging from the simple circular coil shown in Fig. 2(a) to the more “exotic” geometries shown in Figs. 2(b) and 2(c). An example of the coil current and corresponding magnetic field waveforms is shown in Fig. 3. The current rise time from zero to peak is about 1 µs, and the flat-top window,
FIG. 3. MIFEDS coil current (left y axis) and magnetic field (right y axis). The moments of MIFEDS firing (−1 µs) and the laser firing t = 0 are denoted by arrows.
defined as the time period within which the current change is limited by ±5%, is about 300 ns. The laser is nominally fired at the current peak and, given that a typical MIFEDS-U trigger jitter rms is less than 50 ns, the laser firing always happens well within the flat-top window. Finally, the short zero-to-peak time duration guarantees that the coil wire remains intact and the coil remains immobile during that time. The magnetic field was calculated using the measured coil current and the coil geometry. In a separate experiment, the magnetic field was directly measured via Faraday rotation of a linearly polarized laser beam passing through a small Faraday rotator crystal (TGG or Tb glass) placed at the coil’s center. The calculated and directly measured magnetic fields agree within 1%. For this specific coil configuration, the peak magnetic field value was 15 T and the volume occupied by the magnetic field was about 1 cm3. In general, the magnetic field depends on the coil size and geometry, as well as the number of wire turns. The MIFEDS-U device is inserted into the OMEGA vacuum chamber using any of the six TIM (ten-inch manipulator) diagnostic insertion modules. All the power and I/O and interlock signals are fed through the vacuum flanges using standard 18- and 19-pin feedthrough connectors. The trigger signal and the current monitor voltage are fed via standard BNC connectors. All the control of and communication with MIFEDS-U is done using Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE) standard Ethernet-based protocols and Web-based Shot Request Forms that incorporate the capacitors charge voltage and the triggered gap firing time. Between the laser shots, the TIM is withdrawn from the vacuum chamber and the coil, which is typically damaged or destroyed by the hot dense laser plasma, is replaced. After the coil replacement, the TIM is evacuated and inserted back into the vacuum chamber. The overall MIFEDS-U turnaround cycle is about 30 min, which is less than OMEGA 45–min shot cycle. Overall, the upgraded MIFEDS-U device has been in operation for over two years and has proved to be an indispensable, reliable, self-contained, and user-friendly tool for studies of magnetized HED plasmas on both OMEGA and OMEGA EP laser devices. During 2013, it was used in 15 experimental
FIG. 2. Magnetic coils. (a) A general coil assembly showing a circular coil attached to the coil electrical coaxial connector. [(b) and (c)] Examples of coil configurations used in Ref. 8 and Ref. 10, respectively. This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://scitationnew.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to IP:
157.211.3.15 On: Mon, 19 Jan 2015 14:57:23
016105-3
Fiksel et al.
campaigns with 12 of them conducted by various external users. A very busy campaign schedule is being planned for 2014. This work has been supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Cooperative Agreement No. DE-GF0204ER54786, the University of Rochester, and the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority. The support of DOE does not constitute an endorsement by DOE of the views expressed in this article. 1T.
R. Boehly, D. L. Brown, R. S. Craxton, R. L. Keck, J. P. Knauer, J. H. Kelly, T. J. Kessler, S. A. Kumpan, S. J. Loucks, S. A. Letzring, F. J. Marshall, R. L. McCrory, S. F. B. Morse, W. Seka, J. M. Soures, and C. P. Verdon, Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997). 2O. V. Gotchev, P. Y. Chang, J. P. Knauer, D. D. Meyerhofer, O. Polomarov, J. Frenje, C. K. Li, M. J.-E. Manuel, R. D. Petrasso, J. R. Rygg, F. H. Seguin, and R. Betti, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 215004 (2009).
Rev. Sci. Instrum. 86, 016105 (2015) 3J.
P. Knauer, O. V. Gotchev, P. Y. Chang, D. D. Meyerhofer, O. Polomarov, R. Betti, J. A. Frenje, C. K. Li, M. J.-E. Manuel, R. D. Petrasso, J. R. Rygg, and F. H. Séguin, Phys. Plasmas 17, 056318 (2010). 4P. Y. Chang, G. Fiksel, M. Hohenberger, J. P. Knauer, R. Betti, F. J. Marshall, D. D. Meyerhofer, F. H. Seguin, and R. D. Petrasso, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 035006 (2011). 5M. Hohenberger, P. Y. Chang, G. Fiksel, J. P. Knauer, R. Betti, F. J. Marshall, D. D. Meyerhofer, F. H. Seguin, and R. D. Petrasso, Phys. Plasmas 19, 056306 (2012). 6H. Chen, G. Fiksel, D. Barnak, P. Y. Chang, R. F. Heeter, A. Link, and D. D. Meyerhofer, Phys. Plasmas 21, 040703 (2014). 7W. Fox, G. Fiksel, A. Bhattacharjee, P. Y. Chang, K. Germaschewski, S. X. Hu, and P. M. Nilson, Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 225002 (2013). 8 G. Fiksel, W. Fox, A. Bhattacharjee, D. H. Barnak, P. Y. Chang, K. Germaschewski, S. X. Hu, and P. M. Nilson, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 105003 (2014). 9O. V. Gotchev, J. P. Knauer, P. Y. Chang, N. W. Jang, M. J. Shoup III, D. D. Meyerhofer, and R. Betti, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 043504 (2009). 10R. P. Young, C. C. Kuranz, R. P. Drake, D. Froula, J. Ross, C. Li, and G. Fiksel, in American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts, American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts Vol. 224 (American Astronomical Society, 2014), p. 41906.
This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://scitationnew.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to IP: 157.211.3.15 On: Mon, 19 Jan 2015 14:57:23
This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://scitationnew.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to IP: 157.211.3.15 On: Mon, 19 Jan 2015 14:57:23
REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 86, 016105 (2015)
Note: Experimental platform for magnetized high-energy-density plasma studies at the omega laser facility G. Fiksel,a) A. Agliata, D. Barnak, G. Brent, P.-Y. Chang, L. Folnsbee, G. Gates, D. Hasset, D. Lonobile, J. Magoon, D. Mastrosimone, M. J. Shoup III, and R. Betti Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Rd, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
(Received 6 November 2014; accepted 26 December 2014; published online 12 January 2015) An upgrade of the pulsed magnetic field generator magneto-inertial fusion electrical discharge system [O. Gotchev et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 043504 (2009)] is described. The device is used to study magnetized high-energy-density plasma and is capable of producing a pulsed magnetic field of tens of tesla in a volume of a few cubic centimeters. The magnetic field is created by discharging a high-voltage capacitor through a small wire-wound coil. The coil current pulse has a duration of about 1 µs and a peak value of 40 kA. Compared to the original, the updated version has a larger energy storage and improved switching system. In addition, magnetic coils are fabricated using 3-D printing technology which allows for a greater variety of the magnetic field topology. C 2015 Author(s). All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4905625]
Over the past few years, there has been considerable interest in magnetized high-energy-density (HED) plasma studies. An approach that is utilized on the OMEGA Laser System1 makes use of a miniature magnetic coil, energized by discharging an electrostatic capacitor, to magnetize a laserproduced plasma. Using this approach, new and exciting results have been obtained in several relevant HED areas, ranging from inertial fusion applications2–5 to pair-plasma generation6 to investigation of astrophysical phenomena such as Weibel instability7 and magnetic reconnection.8 To be compatible with the physics requirement of a particular campaign and with constraints set by the OMEGA’s infrastructure, the magnetic system’s electrical and mechanical properties must satisfy certain, if often contradictory, requirements. From the physics standpoint, a magnetic field of up to tens of tesla and a magnetization volume of up to 1 cm3 may be required. The coil itself must be small to minimize the amount of debris, and the coil elements must not interfere with the laser beams. The duration of the current pulse must be short enough to reduce the energy stored in the capacitors and to minimize the thermal dissipation and the electromagnetic stresses in the coil, which must remain intact and immobile up to the moment of the laser firing. Last but not least, the magnetic system’s turnaround rate must be fast enough to be compatible with the typical OMEGA shot rate of 45 min. The original pulsed magnetic field generator MIFEDS9 (magneto-inertial fusion electrical discharge system) was used on OMEGA to create a magnetic field with a magnitude of up to tens of tesla and a duration of hundreds of nanoseconds. Since then, the original MIFEDS device has been redesigned from the ground up to become more reliable and user friendly and to meet all the requirements outlined above. In particular, the energy storage is quadrupled to 200 J using 1 µF capacitors
a)Electronic mail: [email protected]
charged to 20 kV. A custom-made, nitrogen-filled triggered spark gap is replaced by an industry-standard sealed triggered spark gap (PerkinElmer GP-12B). A complex laser-triggered system has been replaced by a much simpler triggering system that uses a high-voltage (HV) pulse generator. In addition, the charging and control systems have been rebuilt using modern and more reliable electronic components. The purpose of this note is to briefly describe the design and operation principles of the upgraded device-MIFEDS-U. A general view of MIFEDS-U is shown in Fig. 1. The system components are situated in an air-tight aluminum enclosure with a size of 104 cm × 18 cm × 22 cm (L ×W × H). Two electrostatic capacitors (General Atomics #31150), 0.5 µF each, are connected in parallel and charged up to 20 kV using a HV power supply (UltraVolt #30C24-P60). The capacitors are discharged via a triggered spark gap (PerkinElmer GP-12B) triggered by a custom-made trigger pulse generator (North Star High Voltage). The discharge current is measured with a custom-made current monitor, a Rogowski coil with a calibrated sensitivity of 0.07 V/kA and a bandwidth of 3 MHz. These components are kept at an atmospheric pressure inside the aluminum enclosure. The HV charging is interlocked with a pressure monitor and is disabled in case of a sudden depressurization of the enclosure. A magnetic coil is connected to the capacitor’s output with a vacuum coaxial transmission line with a size of 40 cm × 6 cm (L × D). The coil end of the coaxial line narrows to a diameter of about 1 cm in order to avoid interference with the laser beams. The coaxial line is connected to the capacitors by custom-made high-voltage, high-current vacuum feedthroughs so both the coil and the coaxial line are able to operate inside OMEGA’s vacuum chamber. A magnetic coil consists of several loops of Kapton® (polyimide) insulated copper wire (Accu-Glass Products) wound around an acrylic coilform. Typically, a wire gauge of 24 American wire gauge (AWG) is used with an outer
0034-6748/2015/86(1)/016105/3 86, 016105-1 © Author(s) 2015 This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://scitationnew.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to IP: 157.211.3.15 On: Mon, 19 Jan 2015 14:57:23
016105-2
Fiksel et al.
Rev. Sci. Instrum. 86, 016105 (2015)
FIG. 1. A general viewI of MFEDS-U showing the main components-HV charging supply, HV capacitors, HV transmission line, trigger pulse generator, and spark gap switch. The inset shows a magnified view of a circular magnetic coil.
diameter of 0.762 mm and a Kapton insulation thickness of 0.127 mm. It was found that coils made out of a wire smaller than 26 AWG (OD = 0.635 mm) are destroyed prior the current reaching its peak. The coil is attached to an electrical coaxial connector, with the inner and outer copper cylindrical electrodes isolated by an Ultem® (polyetherimide) cylindrical shell [Fig. 2(a)]. The electrical connection to the electrodes is made with two respective Multilam sliding connectors, facilitating quick coil insertion and removal. The wire connection to the electrodes is made using #2 − 56 × 1/8 screws. The coilform is fabricated using CAD solid modeling and 3-D printing technology to optimize the coil topology, to minimize interference with incoming laser beams, and to facilitate rapid prototyping and design performance evaluation. Furthermore, this approach allows for a virtually unlimited choice of the coil topology, ranging from the simple circular coil shown in Fig. 2(a) to the more “exotic” geometries shown in Figs. 2(b) and 2(c). An example of the coil current and corresponding magnetic field waveforms is shown in Fig. 3. The current rise time from zero to peak is about 1 µs, and the flat-top window,
FIG. 3. MIFEDS coil current (left y axis) and magnetic field (right y axis). The moments of MIFEDS firing (−1 µs) and the laser firing t = 0 are denoted by arrows.
defined as the time period within which the current change is limited by ±5%, is about 300 ns. The laser is nominally fired at the current peak and, given that a typical MIFEDS-U trigger jitter rms is less than 50 ns, the laser firing always happens well within the flat-top window. Finally, the short zero-to-peak time duration guarantees that the coil wire remains intact and the coil remains immobile during that time. The magnetic field was calculated using the measured coil current and the coil geometry. In a separate experiment, the magnetic field was directly measured via Faraday rotation of a linearly polarized laser beam passing through a small Faraday rotator crystal (TGG or Tb glass) placed at the coil’s center. The calculated and directly measured magnetic fields agree within 1%. For this specific coil configuration, the peak magnetic field value was 15 T and the volume occupied by the magnetic field was about 1 cm3. In general, the magnetic field depends on the coil size and geometry, as well as the number of wire turns. The MIFEDS-U device is inserted into the OMEGA vacuum chamber using any of the six TIM (ten-inch manipulator) diagnostic insertion modules. All the power and I/O and interlock signals are fed through the vacuum flanges using standard 18- and 19-pin feedthrough connectors. The trigger signal and the current monitor voltage are fed via standard BNC connectors. All the control of and communication with MIFEDS-U is done using Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE) standard Ethernet-based protocols and Web-based Shot Request Forms that incorporate the capacitors charge voltage and the triggered gap firing time. Between the laser shots, the TIM is withdrawn from the vacuum chamber and the coil, which is typically damaged or destroyed by the hot dense laser plasma, is replaced. After the coil replacement, the TIM is evacuated and inserted back into the vacuum chamber. The overall MIFEDS-U turnaround cycle is about 30 min, which is less than OMEGA 45–min shot cycle. Overall, the upgraded MIFEDS-U device has been in operation for over two years and has proved to be an indispensable, reliable, self-contained, and user-friendly tool for studies of magnetized HED plasmas on both OMEGA and OMEGA EP laser devices. During 2013, it was used in 15 experimental
FIG. 2. Magnetic coils. (a) A general coil assembly showing a circular coil attached to the coil electrical coaxial connector. [(b) and (c)] Examples of coil configurations used in Ref. 8 and Ref. 10, respectively. This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://scitationnew.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to IP:
157.211.3.15 On: Mon, 19 Jan 2015 14:57:23
016105-3
Fiksel et al.
campaigns with 12 of them conducted by various external users. A very busy campaign schedule is being planned for 2014. This work has been supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Cooperative Agreement No. DE-GF0204ER54786, the University of Rochester, and the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority. The support of DOE does not constitute an endorsement by DOE of the views expressed in this article. 1T.
R. Boehly, D. L. Brown, R. S. Craxton, R. L. Keck, J. P. Knauer, J. H. Kelly, T. J. Kessler, S. A. Kumpan, S. J. Loucks, S. A. Letzring, F. J. Marshall, R. L. McCrory, S. F. B. Morse, W. Seka, J. M. Soures, and C. P. Verdon, Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997). 2O. V. Gotchev, P. Y. Chang, J. P. Knauer, D. D. Meyerhofer, O. Polomarov, J. Frenje, C. K. Li, M. J.-E. Manuel, R. D. Petrasso, J. R. Rygg, F. H. Seguin, and R. Betti, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 215004 (2009).
Rev. Sci. Instrum. 86, 016105 (2015) 3J.
P. Knauer, O. V. Gotchev, P. Y. Chang, D. D. Meyerhofer, O. Polomarov, R. Betti, J. A. Frenje, C. K. Li, M. J.-E. Manuel, R. D. Petrasso, J. R. Rygg, and F. H. Séguin, Phys. Plasmas 17, 056318 (2010). 4P. Y. Chang, G. Fiksel, M. Hohenberger, J. P. Knauer, R. Betti, F. J. Marshall, D. D. Meyerhofer, F. H. Seguin, and R. D. Petrasso, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 035006 (2011). 5M. Hohenberger, P. Y. Chang, G. Fiksel, J. P. Knauer, R. Betti, F. J. Marshall, D. D. Meyerhofer, F. H. Seguin, and R. D. Petrasso, Phys. Plasmas 19, 056306 (2012). 6H. Chen, G. Fiksel, D. Barnak, P. Y. Chang, R. F. Heeter, A. Link, and D. D. Meyerhofer, Phys. Plasmas 21, 040703 (2014). 7W. Fox, G. Fiksel, A. Bhattacharjee, P. Y. Chang, K. Germaschewski, S. X. Hu, and P. M. Nilson, Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 225002 (2013). 8 G. Fiksel, W. Fox, A. Bhattacharjee, D. H. Barnak, P. Y. Chang, K. Germaschewski, S. X. Hu, and P. M. Nilson, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 105003 (2014). 9O. V. Gotchev, J. P. Knauer, P. Y. Chang, N. W. Jang, M. J. Shoup III, D. D. Meyerhofer, and R. Betti, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 043504 (2009). 10R. P. Young, C. C. Kuranz, R. P. Drake, D. Froula, J. Ross, C. Li, and G. Fiksel, in American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts, American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts Vol. 224 (American Astronomical Society, 2014), p. 41906.
This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://scitationnew.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to IP: 157.211.3.15 On: Mon, 19 Jan 2015 14:57:23
