Normal limits of the electrocardiogram in Indians Peter W. Macfarlane, Suzanne M. Lloyd, Dilbag Singh, Satish Hamde, Elaine Clark, Brian Devine, Bernard G. Francq, Vinod Kumar PII: DOI: Reference:

S0022-0736(15)00120-X doi: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2015.04.013 YJELC 52045

To appear in:

Journal of Electrocardiology

Please cite this article as: Macfarlane Peter W., Lloyd Suzanne M., Singh Dilbag, Hamde Satish, Clark Elaine, Devine Brian, Francq Bernard G., Kumar Vinod, Normal limits of the electrocardiogram in Indians, Journal of Electrocardiology (2015), doi: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2015.04.013

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Normal limits of the electrocardiogram in Indians

Peter W. Macfarlane1, Suzanne M Lloyd2, Dilbag Singh3, Satish Hamde4, Elaine Clark1,

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Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow 2 3

Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow.

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Brian Devine1, Bernard G. Francq2, Vinod Kumar5.

Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar, India.

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SGGS Institute of Engineering and Technology, Vishnupuri, Nanded, India. 5

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Address for Correspondence:

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Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Roorkee, India.

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Professor P.W. Macfarlane Electrocardiology Section,

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Level 1, New Lister Building, Royal Infirmary,

Glasgow, G31 2ER

e-mail address: [email protected] Tel: +44 141 211 4724 Fax: +44 141 552 6114

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT ABSTRACT

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Aims

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The objective of the study was to develop normal limits of the ECG in an apparently healthy population of South Asians living in India.

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Methods

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Three centres contributed to recording 12 lead ECGs on identical digital electrocardiographs. Apparently healthy volunteers were recruited and ECGs were first transferred to a local database and then to Glasgow where all ECGs were analysed by the same University of Glasgow ECG Interpretation Program.

Results

Conclusion

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963 individuals were recruited into the study (30.4% female) with an age range of 18 to 83 years. QRS duration was longer in males than females, QT interval was longer in females than males, and QRS voltages in general were higher in males than females and in younger compared to older individuals.

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Findings in general paralleled those in other populations and suggested that criteria for a White Caucasian population could be applied to an Indian South Asian population.

Keywords Electrocardiography; normal limits; automated ECG analysis; South Asian population.

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Introduction Previous studies have shown that there can be an effect of ethnic origin on amplitudes of the

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electrocardiogram (1, 2). Because the use of automated ECG interpretation has become a

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worldwide technique, it is of ever increasing importance to assess whether or not the diagnostic criteria for interpreting the ECG should be adapted for use in different parts of the

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world.

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In addition, migration of populations is now far more common than previously so that in many major cities of the world, a variety of ethnic groups can be found. There are very few studies dealing with ECGs in apparently healthy Indian individuals. A

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recent study (3) reported on morphological abnormalities in healthy normal volunteers participating in clinical trials and stated that 11.5% had rhythm abnormalities, including one

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individual with atrial fibrillation. Two had WPW Syndrome and hence, there were no Tables of normal limits provided in this publication. As far as is known, there has not been a large

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study of apparently healthy Indians involving the use of automated ECG recording and

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measurement of the waveforms. For this reason, it was decided to establish a database of electrocardiograms from healthy individuals living in India. The University of Glasgow established a Memorandum of Understanding with the Indian Institute of Technology in Roorkee, India in 2008 and the study proceeded under the terms of this agreement. Ethical approval was obtained both in India and in the University of Glasgow for carrying out the study. The Indian population is in fact not entirely uniform. There is a section of the inhabitants who moved from Asia and eventually settled towards the south of India. They are slightly darker in colour than their compatriots and are known as Dravidians. It was not possible in

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT this study to look at this particular subdivision of the population but very few such individuals were included in the study, given that the centres involved were north of the part

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of the country where most Dravidians live.

The first was based in the Indian Institute of

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Three Centres in India were involved.

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Methods

Technology in Roorkee. The second was located in the National Institute of Technology in

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Jalandhar in Northern India, while the third was situated in the SGGS Institute of Engineering and Technology in Vishnupuri, Nanded, a little south of Hyderabad in central India. Each Centre was provided with a Cardiac Science Burdick Atria 6100 electrocardiograph,

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which was capable of recording all leads of a 12 lead ECG simultaneously at 500 samples per second. Each machine was also linked to a PC for downloading the ECGs to a proprietary

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database (Cardiovue) from which ECGs could subsequently be transferred to the University

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of Glasgow ECG core lab for processing using the University of Glasgow software (4,5). A training course on ECG recording was held in Roorkee, India in May 2008 and

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representatives of all three participating Indian centres were present in order to ensure a standardised approach to recording the ECG and accompanying demographic data. Volunteers were recruited mainly from the local Institutes of Higher Education and included students, staff and family members. Other individuals from the local communities were also invited to participate. All individuals were apparently healthy and none had any evidence of cardiovascular disease or any problem that would have affected the cardiovascular system. Statistical analysis of the results was undertaken by the Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, which is also based in the University of Glasgow. 4

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT As for a similar study involving Nigerians (6), the statistical analysis resulted in the production of the mean and standard deviation along with the normal 96% range of each

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measurement studied by age group and for males and females separately, i.e. 2% of values

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were excluded at each end of the range so that the values quoted for the 96 percentile limits represent the 2nd and 98th percentiles of the distribution. Results are presented on the basis of

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age and sex based subgroups in the usual fashion. Differences between the sexes and trends across ages were investigated within linear regression models: P values from these models

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are presented. Where a measurement was not found within an ECG, i.e. a Q wave was not present in a lead, it was not included in the calculation of the mean value. For comparative studies, linear regression was used and normal limits displayed from a

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knowledge of the mean regression line. Quantile regression was also used, and the quantiles

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were computed with a moving quantile window of 10 years.

Results

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All statistical analyses were undertaken using the SAS v 9.2 package.

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A total of 963 individuals were included in the study (see Figure 1). This was after exclusion of a number of ECGs on account of technical errors and excessive noise.

There were 670

males and 293 females in the group with a preponderance in the 18-29 years age range. The mean (SD) of the age was 36 (14) years for males and 36 (16) years for females. The body mass index for the study cohort is given in Table 1. Table 2 shows a range of global measures, including heart rate, PR interval, QRS duration and QT interval as well as QTc based on the Hodges formula (7). The QRS average duration showed the usual increased duration in males of the order of 4-6ms compared to that in females.

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Mean QTc showed the expected longer duration in females compared to males although the upper limit of QTc in the over 60s age group was slightly longer in males. This was most

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probably due to the relatively small numbers of individuals in this age group. Indeed, the

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upper limit of normal QTc did not exceed 440ms in any of the female groups and exceeded 430ms only once in the male groups, again in the over 60s age group.

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Mean PR interval was always longer in males than females while the upper limit of normal

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exceeded 220 only in the over 50 age group in a few individuals. Axes

Table A1 (see electronic Appendix) shows the P, QRS, T axes and the QRS-T angle in the

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frontal plane. The standard angular reference frame for frontal plane angles was used with lead I directed at 0° and aVF at 90°. The spatial QRS-T angle was obtained by using the

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inverse Dower transform (8) to calculate the three orthogonal leads X, Y, Z from which the maximum spatial QRS vector and the maximum spatial T vector were calculated. From these

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measures, the QRS – T spatial angle was obtained.

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Mean QRS axis showed the expected shift from a mean of approximately 60ᵒ in the youngest age group to 34ᵒ in the oldest male group. Similarly, in females, the axis shifted from 59ᵒ in the 18-29 age group to 38ᵒ in the 50-59 age range but then it shifted oppositely to 47ᵒ in the small group of 30 females over 60 years of age. The mean frontal T wave axis ranged from 42ᵒ to 48ᵒ in males and from 34ᵒ to 48ᵒ in females. The lower limit of normal was -11ᵒ in 40-49 year old males. The QRS-T frontal axis ranged widely from -102ᵒ to 73ᵒ in those aged under 60 years. There were slightly larger values in males aged 60 years and over where the sample size was small. This angle was calculated using a simple subtraction of the two individual angles. A positive

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT value implies that the QRS angle is more inferiorly located than the T axis and vice versa. This applies to QRS and T axes lying in the range -90° to 180° in the frontal plane as was the

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case in this study.

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Amplitudes

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Tables A2 – A8 (see electronic Appendix) provide details of P, Q, R, S and T wave amplitudes. P wave amplitudes were unremarkable with no unexpected findings.

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negative P amplitude in V1 exceeded 100µV in very few individuals, mainly at the upper end of the age spectrum. Small Q waves were present in a very small number of individuals in V2 and a QS in V1, V2 was found in under 10 individuals giving a prevalence of under 0.1%.

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QRS amplitudes are best summarised via the Sokolow and Lyon Index (9) and the Cornell Index (10). The former, taken as the maximum of |Q,S| + maximum of R, R’ in V5 ranged

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from a mean of 2.85mV in young males to 2.6mV in males over 60. In women, the lowest mean value was in the 40-49 year old age range, where it was 2.1mV, with the highest being

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2.47mV in the oldest females. The upper limit of normal was 4.8mV in males and 3.6mV in

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females where the group size exceeded 50 persons (data not shown). Similarly, the Cornell Index (SV3 + RaVL amplitudes) was significantly higher in males than in females (Table 3) with a mean difference of approximately(0.5mV in the youngest age group decreasing to approximately 0.2mV in the oldest age group). With respect to T wave amplitudes, there was minimal negativity in V2 in only one male and none in V3 whereas in females, there was T wave negativity in 23 females in V2 and in 20 females in V3. These occurred predominantly in the younger age groups. There was the very occasional T wave negativity in other precordial leads possibly technical in origin.

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Wave Durations Tables A9 – A11 (See electronic Appendix) provide data on Q, R and S wave durations. Of

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particular interest was the finding of an upper limit of normal Q duration ≤ 30ms in I, II, aVF,

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V4- V6 with one exception in the 40-49 years old male age group. This would suggest that

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criteria for abnormal Q wave duration > 30ms would be highly specific in this population. Discussion

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It would be reasonable to consider whether a project to look at the normal limits of the ECG in a population from the Indian subcontinent was a worthwhile study in that in general terms, individuals from that part of the world might a priori be regarded as Caucasians. On the other

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hand, the country has a population of 1.3 billion individuals with a growing healthcare industry and a realisation that much has to be done to improve the health of some sections of

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the population. From that standpoint, such a study was certainly thought to be of value.

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In large measure, in this study it has been found that normal limits of the ECG used for Caucasians as published elsewhere (11) can be applied to an Indian Population. That in itself

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is an important finding given the foregoing consideration with respect to population size. It is of interest that the major findings from other populations, such as an increased QRS duration in males, higher voltage in young males compared to females and criteria like the Sokolow and Lyon Index remain of minimal value in younger individuals unless appropriate limits are made age and sex dependent. In other words, not much use is made clinically of these basic differences due to age and sex of an individual. A study of the Cornell Index (amplitude of SV3 + RaVL) is of interest in comparing the Indian population with results from a similar study undertaken on a population in the West of Scotland (11). Although the latter had over 50% more individuals in the study, the results

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT plotted in Figure 2 are instructive. First of all, it can be seen that in males, the upper limit of normal based on linear regression is nearly constant for Indians while it is slightly decreasing

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for Caucasians. The Cornell Index has a slightly higher upper limit of normal in Caucasians

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than in Indians. The lighter continuous line shows the observed quantiles (here 2nd and 98th percentiles) based on a moving quantile with a 10 years window. It can be seen that when

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fewer individuals are in a window in the higher age range, then the moving quantiles drift considerably from the linear regression lines, especially the upper limit of normal..

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Nevertheless, the larger numbers in the lower age groups are sufficient to indicate the trend of the measure which is based on the mean regression obtained from all study members. Similarly, if the upper limit of normal for females is assessed, there is very little difference

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between Indian and Caucasian values. Again, at the upper end of the age spectrum where there are few individuals in the sample, particularly the Indian cohort, the normal limit based

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on the moving quantiles is quite out of line with that suggested by the linear regression line.

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The conclusion that can be drawn from these graphs is that, with respect to the Cornell Index, there is no need to apply different normal limits for Indians and Caucasians. Indeed, based on

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the regression analysis with the effect of race taken into account, the difference in the limits between Caucasian and Indian for a 20 years old man is only 172µV and 81µV for an 80 years old man (and respectively 25.6 µV and 72.4 µV for the women). A secondary conclusion is that the upper normal limit of the Cornell Index should not only be gender dependent as it is (the Cornell Group suggest (10) 2.8mV for white males and 2.2mV for white females) but our data show that this index should be age dependent for females. The reason as to why this should be the case for females and not males is not totally clear. R in aVL can be expected to increase with increasing age due to superior shift of the frontal plane QRS axis but this would apply equally to males and females.

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Of some interest is the fact that ECG voltage in Indian females actually increased to a limited extent with increasing age, which was something that was also seen in a Nigerian population

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(6) and possibly the Caucasian population. This was not related to BMI in Indian females,

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which was relatively stable with increasing age.

The American FDA produced guidelines (12) on ethnicity and classified individuals from

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India, sometimes called South Asia, as “Asian”. However, from the point of view of ECG

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interpretation, it would be wrong to group South Asians with individuals of Chinese or Japanese ethnicity. Although this paper presents normal limits in an Indian population rather than a detailed comparison with a White Caucasian population, it can be seen from analysis of one measurement that there is no statistically significant difference in a typical ECG

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voltage index used in routine electrocardiography. Inspection of the tables of normal limits provided as an appendix does not reveal any major differences compared to previously

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published data on Caucasians.

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Limitations

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Certainly one of the major limitations of the study is the small numbers of volunteers aged over 50, both for males and females. Indeed, the number of females overall was disappointingly low. On the other hand, in a similar study from the Glasgow laboratory involving 500 Chinese individuals (13), only 250 females were included, although more evenly distributed over the age ranges. Nevertheless, these limited numbers of participants were used to develop normal ranges in that population. As pointed out through the use of Figure 2, it is still feasible to produce meaningful conclusions from the data available in the Indian population despite the imbalance in the sample. One other limitation of all such studies in apparently healthy asymptomatic individuals is that subclinical cardiovascular disease may be present. It is not feasible in this approach to 10

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT developing normal limits to undertake extensive clinical testing because of time, practical and financial constraints. If an individual in any such study had a frank ECG abnormality such as

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atrial fibrillation, as could happen in older age groups, then the individual would certainly be

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excluded from the study. The approach adopted in the present study is entirely pragmatic and has been adopted in similar work (6).

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Conclusion

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The main conclusion to be drawn is that software for automated ECG interpretation developed in a Caucasian population can be used essentially with little change when dealing with individuals of Indian ethnicity. It goes without saying that such individuals can be found not only in India, but in large measure in other parts of the world due to continued This study therefore provides some reassurance that available

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emigration from India.

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the Indian subcontinent.

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software can be used without change for the analysis of ECGs recorded in individuals from

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Macfarlane PW, Katibi IA, Hamde ST, Singh D, Clark E, Devine B, Francq BG,

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Lloyd S, Kumar V. Racial differences in the ECG - selected aspects. J Electrocardiol

Rautaharju PM, Zhou SH, Calhoun HP. Ethnic differences in ECG amplitudes in

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2.

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2014; 47: 809-814.

North American white, black and Hispanic men and women: effect of obesity and

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age. J Electrocardiol 1994; 27(Suppl 1): 20-31.

Hingorani P, Natekar M, Deshmukh S, Karnad DR, Kothari S, Narula D, Lokhandwala Y. Morphological abnormalities in baseline ECGs in healthy normal

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volunteers participating in phase I studies. Indian J Med Res 2012; 135: 322-330. Macfarlane PW, Devine B, Clark E. The University of Glasgow (Uni-G) Analysis

Macfarlane PW, Devine B, Latif S, McLaughlin S, Shoat DB, Watts MP.

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5.

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Program. Computers in Cardiology, 2005; 32: 451-4.

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Methodology of ECG interpretation in the Glasgow program. Methods of Information in Medicine, 1990; 29: 354-61. 6.

Katibi I, Clark EN, Devine B, Lloyd SM, Macfarlane P. Normal limits of the electrocardiogram in Nigerians. J. Electrocardiol. 2013; 46: 289-95.

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Hodges M, Salerno D, Erlien D. Bazett's QT correction reviewed. Evidence that a linear QT correction for heart is better. J. A. Coll. Cardiol, 1984; 1: 694.

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Edenbrandt L, Pahlm O. Vectorcardiogram synthesized from a 12 lead ECG: Superiority of the Inverse Dower Matrix. J. Electrocardiol. 1988; 21: 361-367.

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 9.

Sokolow M, Lyon TP. The ventricular complex in left ventricular hypertrophy as obtained by unipolar precordial and limb leads. Am Heart J 1949; 37: 161-86. Casale PN, Devereux RB, Alonso DR, Campo E, Kligfield P. Improved sex-specific

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criteria of left ventricular hypertrophy for clinical and computer interpretation of

11.

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electrocardiograms: validation with autopsy findings. Circulation 1987; 75: 565-72. Macfarlane PW, Lawrie TDV: Appendix 1. Adult normal limits. p2058. In

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Macfarlane PW, van Oosterom A, Pahlm O, Kligfield P, Janse J, Camm J, editors. Comprehensive Electrocardiology. 2nd ed. London: Springer-Verlag; 2011. 12.

Guidance for Industry. Collection of Race and Ethnicity Data in Clinical Trials. US

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Dept of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research

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(CBER), Center for Devices and Radiologic Health (CDRH), Office of the

Chen CY, Chiang BN, Macfarlane PW. Normal limits of the electrocardiogram in a Chinese population. J Electrocardiol 1989; 22: 1-15.

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13.

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Commissioner (OC). Clinical Medical; September 2005.

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Figure Legends

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Figure 1. Histogram of the numbers of male and female Indian subjects in the study.

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Figure 2. Upper and lower limits of the Cornell Index (heavy lines) in 963 Indians compared to those in 1496 white Caucasians. The thin lines represent normal limits based on moving quantiles which are of limited value at the upper extremes of the age

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range where study participant numbers were low. (See text for further discussion).

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Table 1: Body mass index.

Age group (years) 18-29

30-39

40-49

Female

Male

Female

Male

21.94 (3.57)

20.82 (3.15)

24.67 (5.90)

22.05 (3.85)

n = 266

n = 121

n = 128

n = 63

60+

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

24.75 (4.18)

23.71 (5.84)

25.12 (4.18)

24.08 (4.63)

22.57 (4.37)

20.08 (4.76)

n = 149

n = 37

n = 83

n = 33

n = 37

n = 29

Age group (years)

30-39

40-49

50+

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

21.94 (3.57)

20.82 (3.15)

24.67 (5.90)

22.05 (3.85)

24.75 (4.18)

23.71 (5.84)

24.34 (4.39)

22.21 (5.07)

n = 266

n = 121

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Male

50-59

n = 128

n = 63

n = 149

n = 37

n = 120

n = 62

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Table 2 Normal limits of heart rate, PR interval, QRS duration, QT interval and QT corrected using the Hodges formula. Age group (years) 18-29

30-39

40-49

Female

Male

Female

Male

Heart

77.41 (12.87)

78.99 (11.26)

76.03 (11.49)

79.38 (11.57)

Rate

56.00 - 110.00

57.00 - 105.00

56.00 - 100.00

n = 266

n = 122

138.74 (17.24)

60+

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

74.68 (11.11)

79.74 (12.59)

75.61 (12.44)

82.78 (14.49)

77.08 (13.67)

80.81 (16.73)

62.00 – 104.00

56.00 - 97.00

58.00 - 111.00

48.00 - 104.00

55.00 - 119.00

57.00 - 103.00

55.00 - 126.00

n = 130

n = 64

n = 149

n = 39

n = 87

n = 37

n = 38

n = 31

133.30 (18.22)

143.18 (18.35)

140.06 (21.78)

146.87 (20.01)

137.90 (20.90)

150.07 (19.47)

146.11 (25.45)

164.21 (28.48)

146.13 (20.04)

108.00 - 182.00

100.00 - 184.00

106.00 - 190.00

100.00 - 196.00

102.00 - 196.00

104.00 - 186.00

116.00 - 192.00

108.00 - 222.00

124.00 - 226.00

106.00 - 202.00

n = 266

n = 122

n = 130

n = 64

n = 149

n = 39

n = 87

n = 37

n = 38

n = 31

Overall

87.07 (8.41)

82.23 (6.83)

87.91 (7.20)

81.84 (7.79)

86.52 (7.47)

81.44 (6.74)

86.85 (7.93)

81.89 (7.47)

87.00 (11.31)

82.90 (8.82)

QRS

74.00 - 110.00

68.00 - 96.00

76.00 - 104.00

64.00 - 96.00

70.00 - 102.00

66.00 - 100.00

72.00 - 104.00

62.00 - 98.00

66.00 - 108.00

66.00 - 102.00

Duration

n = 266

n = 122

n = 130

n = 64

n = 149

n = 39

n = 87

n = 37

n = 38

n = 31

Overall

353.95 (25.17)

370.16 (24.91)

359.09 (24.40)

371.06 (24.54)

368.44 (21.76)

375.79 (23.21)

366.44 (23.65)

364.59 (26.57)

369.42 (33.67)

372.39 (36.67)

QT

306.00 - 404.00

318.00 - 418.00

302.00 - 410.00

320.00 - 414.00

326.00 - 414.00

332.00 - 422.00

312.00 - 418.00

314.00 - 432.00

302.00 - 430.00

298.00 - 440.00

Interval

n = 266

n = 122

n = 130

n = 64

n = 149

n = 39

n = 87

n = 37

n = 38

n = 31

384.03 (14.50)

402.97 (13.56)

386.75 (15.91)

404.69 (13.38)

393.79 (14.09)

410.03 (13.74)

393.32 (13.01)

404.08 (14.85)

398.71 (19.89)

408.35 (15.55)

358.00 - 417.00

377.00 - 436.00

352.00 - 417.00

371.00 - 432.00

363.00 - 427.00

384.00 - 437.00

371.00 - 418.00

372.00 - 435.00

365.00 - 456.00

372.00 - 434.00

n = 266

n = 122

n = 130

n = 64

n = 149

n = 39

n = 87

n = 37

n = 38

n = 31

QTcH

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Table 3 Cornell Index (µV).

Age group (years) 30-39

D

18-29 Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

1524.67 (663.77)

1065.50 (488.19)

1524.05 (533.40)

1031.95 (416.58)

1433.29 (583.00)

1078.16 (384.68)

353.00 - 2951.00

319.00 - 2339.00

556.00 - 2771.00

214.00 - 1899.00

449.00 - 2824.00

434.00 - 2083.00

n = 242

n = 115

n = 128

n = 63

n = 139

n = 38

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CE P

TE

Male

40-49

Age group (years)

50-59

60+

Male

Female

Male

Female

1447.40 (615.12)

1199.16 (480.38)

1558.35 (663.47)

1334.81 (617.25)

297.00 - 2972.00

464.00 - 2117.00

359.00 - 3400.00

396.00 - 3202.00

n = 84

n = 37

n = 37

n = 31

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT APPENDICES Amplitude and Duration Data. P wave axis, QRS axis, T wave axis and Frontal QRS - Frontal T axis, Spatial QRS-T angle

A2:

P+ wave amplitudes in all leads

A3 :

P- wave amplitudes in all leads

A4:

Q wave amplitudes in all leads

A5:

R wave amplitudes in all leads

A6:

T+ wave amplitudes in all leads

A7:

T- wave amplitudes in all leads

A8:

S wave amplitudes in all leads

A9:

Q wave duration in all leads

A10:

R wave duration in all leads

A11:

S wave duration in all leads

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A1:

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Table A1: P wave axis, QRS axis, T wave axis and Frontal QRS - Frontal T axis, Spatial QRS-T angle

18-29

30-39

PT

Age group (years) 40-49

Male

Female

Male

P+ wave

55.87 (21.15)

50.13 (18.74)

51.90 (20.77)

47.92 (22.68)

53.31 (19.67)

amplitudes

-8.00 - 81.00

1.00 - 80.00

-11.00 - 77.00

-5.00 - 75.00

6.00 - 81.00

In all leads

n = 266

n = 120

n = 129

n = 63

QRS

59.79 (25.75)

58.80 (20.48)

46.57 (29.17)

axis

-25.00 - 91.00

9.00 - 90.00

n = 266 T wave axis

60+

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

54.89 (18.04)

55.08 (18.53)

48.95 (27.23)

61.08 (13.74)

60.19 (13.79)

-3.00 - 75.00

-9.00 - 82.00

-81.00 - 81.00

29.00 - 81.00

17.00 - 80.00

n = 149

n = 38

n = 87

n = 37

n = 37

n = 31

41.05 (22.23)

40.73 (33.40)

39.63 (25.92)

37.06 (32.49)

38.37 (28.07)

34.34 (40.19)

47.57 (26.29)

-29.00 - 85.00

-6.00 - 80.00

-47.00 - 101.00

-5.00 - 105.00

-38.00 - 85.00

-37.00 - 88.00

-61.00 - 94.00

-9.00 - 81.00

n = 122

n = 129

n = 64

n = 143

n = 38

n = 85

n = 35

n = 38

n = 30

47.18 (18.57)

38.45 (17.25)

42.32 (19.97)

33.92 (18.52)

42.91 (22.39)

42.36 (14.37)

45.08 (18.71)

42.57 (19.29)

48.05 (22.77)

47.80 (23.87)

3.00 - 75.00

2.00 - 70.00

-6.00 - 72.00

1.00 - 66.00

10.00 - 68.00

-4.00 - 76.00

4.00 - 75.00

3.00 - 76.00

-8.00 - 82.00

n = 264

n = 121

n = 130

n = 62

n = 149

n = 39

n = 87

n = 37

n = 38

n = 30

Frontal QRS

13.11 (23.98)

20.83 (21.37)

4.02 (27.99)

8.19 (25.94)

-3.92 (34.32)

-3.95 (22.80)

-9.19 (31.28)

-6.27 (33.91)

-13.71 (39.21)

-0.23 (30.77)

axis - Frontal

-57.00 - 61.00

-22.00 - 73.00

-61.00 - 50.00

-52.00 - 61.00

-106.00 - 66.00

-51.00 - 42.00

-81.00 - 54.00

-102.00 - 58.00

-129.00 - 52.00

-87.00 - 87.00

T axis

n = 263

n = 121

n = 126

n = 64

n = 145

n = 37

n = 84

n = 37

n = 38

n = 30

Spatial

74.41 (28.83)

38.77 (22.34)

75.01 (33.18)

39.19 (21.28)

68.95 (35.82)

44.00 (25.61)

63.84 (37.33)

44.27 (30.84)

69.16 (38.15)

49.58 (32.60)

QRS-T

18.00 – 139.00

8.00 – 98.00

16.00 – 162.00

8.00 – 85.00

11.00 – 162.00

8.00 - 132.00

11.00 – 162.00

8.00 - 154.00

21.00 – 167.00

8.00 - 154.00

angle

n = 266

n = 121

n = 129

n = 62

n = 149

n = 39

n = 87

n = 37

n = 38

n = 31

MA

D

-11.00 - 78.00

TE

CE P

AC

CR I

Female

NU S

Male

50-59

19

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Age group (years) 30-39

40-49

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

I

79.72 (26.20)

81.01 (21.67)

85.32 (22.80)

86.81 (29.78)

84.07 (27.34)

35.00 - 146.00

42.00 - 130.00

45.00 - 150.00

40.00 - 142.00

32.00 - 156.00

n = 266

n = 122

n = 130

n = 64

n = 149

151.73 (51.43)

126.05 (39.18)

145.91 (49.97)

132.73 (49.55)

143.03 (42.81)

50.00 - 267.00

42.00 - 198.00

38.00 - 255.00

35.00 - 244.00

n = 266

n = 122

n = 130

97.28 (49.23)

69.75 (34.83)

15.00 - 218.00

aVR

aVL

aVF

V1

Female

Male

Female

82.67 (25.21)

85.64 (26.90)

91.00 (28.27)

83.92 (30.19)

78.29 (35.87)

38.00 - 142.00

31.00 - 142.00

17.00 - 148.00

33.00 - 154.00

36.00 - 205.00

n = 39

n = 87

n = 37

n = 38

n = 31

140.56 (45.93)

151.25 (50.14)

151.86 (54.29)

164.89 (52.80)

147.68 (44.43)

66.00 - 238.00

55.00 - 230.00

59.00 - 288.00

13.00 - 251.00

87.00 - 325.00

78.00 - 260.00

n = 64

n = 149

n = 39

n = 87

n = 37

n = 38

n = 31

85.38 (46.67)

74.72 (43.42)

85.03 (42.18)

82.06 (35.59)

89.81 (43.52)

86.09 (43.27)

106.43 (50.59)

92.90 (34.20)

15.00 - 147.00

16.00 - 194.00

13.00 - 180.00

18.00 - 195.00

17.00 - 180.00

22.00 - 203.00

19.00 - 216.00

30.00 - 232.00

18.00 - 171.00

n = 248

n = 114

n = 123

n = 57

n = 143

n = 36

n = 85

n = 35

n = 37

n = 31

17.50 (0.71)

. (.)

18.50 (12.02)

30.67 (9.24)

8.00 (.)

19.50 (7.78)

29.00 (.)

23.00 (.)

. (.)

. (.)

17.00 - 18.00

.-.

10.00 - 27.00

20.00 - 36.00

8.00 - 8.00

14.00 - 25.00

29.00 - 29.00

23.00 - 23.00

.-.

.-.

n=2

n=0

n=2

n=3

n=1

n=2

n=1

n=1

n=0

n=0

39.38 (23.23)

37.99 (18.51)

39.96 (20.55)

42.33 (26.43)

43.67 (23.36)

35.09 (21.69)

42.06 (24.77)

39.64 (18.27)

42.27 (25.50)

38.23 (22.75)

7.00 - 92.00

9.00 - 74.00

7.00 - 94.00

7.00 - 104.00

10.00 - 101.00

6.00 - 84.00

9.00 - 87.00

10.00 - 76.00

10.00 - 116.00

9.00 - 89.00

n = 195

n = 110

n = 104

n = 55

n = 118

n = 32

n = 65

n = 33

n = 26

n = 22

121.09 (50.75)

93.14 (37.92)

111.78 (49.17)

97.94 (47.42)

110.77 (42.74)

105.49 (42.98)

118.26 (45.96)

114.38 (48.39)

132.13 (52.96)

118.10 (37.15)

31.00 - 232.00

13.00 - 161.00

28.00 - 225.00

22.00 - 211.00

36.00 - 216.00

18.00 - 205.00

44.00 - 244.00

10.00 - 234.00

44.00 - 278.00

48.00 - 214.00

n = 262

n = 122

n = 129

n = 63

n = 148

n = 39

n = 86

n = 37

n = 38

n = 31

64.54 (29.42)

38.14 (20.06)

58.11 (27.07)

57.69 (23.63)

49.23 (26.18)

48.87 (19.61)

44.99 (25.70)

56.67 (21.57)

50.31 (20.96)

68.33 (23.88)

13.00 - 132.00

9.00 - 90.50

15.00 - 114.00

16.00 - 117.00

14.00 - 129.00

14.00 - 89.00

12.00 - 124.00

7.00 - 106.00

18.00 - 107.00

16.00 - 116.00

n = 246

n = 100

n = 127

n = 62

n = 133

n = 38

n = 80

n = 36

n = 29

n = 30

MA

D

TE

CE P

III

60+

Male

AC

II

50-59

Female

NU S

Leads

CR I

18-29

PT

Table A2: P+ wave amplitudes in all leads

20

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Age group (years) 30-39

40-49

Female

Male

Female

Male

V2

78.92 (33.25)

58.93 (24.70)

81.44 (31.58)

72.63 (24.98)

23.00 - 164.00

17.00 - 113.00

24.00 - 162.00

n = 264

n = 121

85.18 (29.79)

V6

Male

Female

72.03 (25.78)

74.10 (23.26)

72.51 (31.12)

75.24 (24.02)

68.39 (32.93)

88.61 (30.29)

30.00 - 141.00

17.00 - 126.00

6.00 - 127.00

23.00 - 140.00

16.00 - 124.00

15.00 - 194.00

29.00 - 140.00

n = 130

n = 64

n = 147

n = 39

n = 86

n = 37

n = 36

n = 31

74.97 (21.70)

87.81 (28.18)

77.94 (26.51)

84.07 (22.49)

86.72 (25.30)

86.75 (29.00)

86.05 (30.08)

91.87 (31.18)

95.77 (28.01)

36.00 - 155.00

31.00 - 118.00

42.00 - 150.00

38.00 - 136.00

50.00 - 144.00

24.00 - 161.00

33.00 - 145.00

28.00 - 188.00

41.00 - 171.00

40.00 - 171.00

n = 266

n = 122

n = 130

n = 64

n = 149

n = 39

n = 87

n = 37

n = 38

n = 31

84.08 (26.83)

70.06 (19.39)

85.02 (24.17)

76.70 (23.55)

86.74 (23.44)

83.21 (20.67)

89.22 (26.15)

85.54 (30.69)

88.76 (24.17)

92.45 (26.46)

40.00 - 148.00

35.00 - 106.00

48.00 - 145.00

39.00 - 130.00

26.00 - 133.00

44.00 - 147.00

24.00 - 168.00

32.00 - 131.00

32.00 - 157.00

n = 265

n = 122

n = 130

n = 64

n = 149

n = 39

n = 86

n = 37

n = 38

n = 31

79.30 (20.89)

66.05 (17.93)

80.22 (21.67)

77.34 (31.03)

80.91 (18.73)

80.00 (19.32)

85.21 (24.18)

82.27 (29.72)

84.74 (21.54)

86.45 (23.61)

44.00 - 128.00

33.00 - 102.00

34.00 - 132.00

38.00 - 146.00

45.00 - 125.00

25.00 - 124.00

43.00 - 145.00

13.00 - 145.00

30.00 - 128.00

49.00 - 139.00

n = 265

n = 122

n = 130

n = 64

n = 149

n = 39

n = 87

n = 37

n = 38

n = 31

72.56 (19.21)

61.96 (17.38)

75.04 (20.23)

73.31 (24.80)

74.91 (16.41)

76.82 (18.12)

77.54 (23.18)

80.72 (27.15)

75.61 (22.53)

82.52 (20.92)

36.00 - 123.00

29.00 - 102.00

33.00 - 123.00

29.00 - 134.00

43.00 - 110.00

25.00 - 113.00

36.00 - 159.00

8.00 - 125.00

26.00 - 116.00

54.00 - 127.00

n = 266

n = 122

n = 129

n = 64

n = 149

n = 39

n = 87

n = 36

n = 38

n = 31

D

51.00 - 149.00

TE

V5

Female

CE P

V4

Male

AC

V3

60+

Female

NU S

Male

MA

Leads

50-59

CR I

18-29

PT

Table A2: P+ wave amplitudes in all leads (cont'd)

21

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

PT

Table A3: P- wave amplitudes in all leads Age group (years) 30-39

40-49

CR I

18-29

50-59

60+

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

I

-19.80 (8.90)

-26.67 (9.71)

-18.50 (0.71)

-19.00 (2.83)

-23.00 (10.42)

-24.80 (9.28)

-18.67 (11.84)

-19.67 (5.03)

. (.)

-13.50 (3.54)

-31.00 - -9.00

-35.00 - -16.00

-19.00 - -18.00

-21.00 - -17.00

-35.00 - -10.00

-33.00 - -13.00

-40.00 - -6.00

-25.00 - -15.00

.-.

-16.00 - -11.00

n=5

n=3

n=2

n=2

n=4

n=5

n=6

n=3

n=0

n=2

-24.40 (8.41)

. (.)

-23.33 (11.93)

-29.20 (17.06)

-18.50 (4.95)

-23.50 (10.61)

-27.00 (1.41)

-36.00 (.)

. (.)

. (.)

-37.00 - -15.00

.-.

-37.00 - -15.00

-47.00 - -9.00

-22.00 - -15.00

-31.00 - -16.00

-28.00 - -26.00

-36.00 - -36.00

.-.

.-.

n=5

n=0

n=3

n=5

n=2

n=2

n=2

n=1

n=0

n=0

-35.90 (26.47)

-32.87 (14.64)

-33.71 (19.69)

-38.29 (18.43)

-37.26 (19.41)

-35.90 (19.37)

-34.76 (26.41)

-32.67 (13.57)

-48.17 (29.74)

-40.33 (20.64)

-93.00 - -9.00

-82.00 - -10.00

-91.00 - -9.00

-75.00 - -10.00

-81.00 - -11.00

-66.00 - -9.00

-161.00 - -15.00

-64.00 - -14.00

-97.00 - -21.00

-77.00 - -20.00

n = 68

n = 46

n = 42

n = 24

n = 47

n = 10

n = 29

n = 12

n=6

n=6

-111.47 (28.16)

-100.06 (24.46)

-111.92 (27.99)

-106.69 (29.27)

-108.89 (24.65)

-109.00 (29.13)

-114.06 (30.52)

-117.62 (36.69)

-119.32 (30.85)

-107.52 (34.67)

-177.00 - -59.00

-160.00 - -56.00

-172.00 - -52.00

-165.00 - -57.00

-168.00 - -60.00

-165.00 - -55.00

-188.00 - -59.00 -184.00 - -10.00 -210.00 - -50.00 -218.00 - -64.00

n = 266

n = 122

n = 130

n = 64

n = 149

n = 39

n = 87

n = 37

n = 38

n = 31

-36.10 (21.90)

-24.70 (17.74)

-31.39 (18.79)

-25.21 (18.39)

-32.61 (18.63)

-27.48 (14.92)

-33.17 (19.76)

-28.73 (24.25)

-37.74 (21.59)

-32.37 (15.52)

-86.00 - -9.00

-72.00 - -6.00

-79.00 - -8.00

-84.00 - -6.00

-77.00 - -9.00

-71.00 - -6.00

-82.00 - -9.00

-92.00 - -8.00

-90.00 - -12.00

-69.00 - -7.00

n = 183

n = 66

n = 82

n = 38

n = 92

n = 25

n = 59

n = 22

n = 31

n = 27

-28.48 (14.69)

-15.70 (8.50)

-21.92 (8.92)

-22.78 (10.45)

-20.47 (6.44)

-23.00 (10.54)

-61.00 (45.25)

-20.25 (10.14)

-21.50 (9.19)

-32.50 (21.92)

-72.00 - -11.00

-28.00 - -5.00

-41.00 - -11.00

-38.00 - -11.00

-33.00 - -10.00

-36.00 - -12.00

-93.00 - -29.00

-35.00 - -12.00

-28.00 - -15.00

-48.00 - -17.00

n = 21

n = 10

n = 13

n=9

n = 15

n=5

n=2

n=4

n=2

n=2

aVR

aVL

aVF

MA

D

TE

CE P

III

AC

II

NU S

Leads

22

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

PT

Table A3: P- wave amplitudes in all leads (cont'd)

Age group (years) 30-39

40-49

CR I

18-29

50-59

60+

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

V1

-41.68 (25.07)

-37.82 (18.58)

-37.00 (18.22)

-26.81 (10.88)

-45.13 (21.38)

-33.50 (14.05)

-44.49 (23.34)

-40.58 (31.64)

-61.15 (33.83)

-34.82 (28.75)

-103.00 - -12.00

-79.00 - -12.00

-87.00 - -15.00

-50.00 - -13.00

-100.00 - -16.00

-64.00 - -15.00

-96.00 - -12.00

n = 162

n = 99

n = 87

n = 32

n = 127

n = 24

n = 75

n = 24

n = 34

n = 17

-26.68 (14.34)

-15.73 (8.43)

-25.88 (14.51)

-16.14 (6.77)

-26.49 (11.63)

-14.50 (1.91)

-28.85 (16.50)

-33.50 (16.06)

-33.87 (17.52)

-16.00 (.)

-64.00 - -6.00

-42.00 - -7.00

-65.00 - -7.00

-26.00 - -7.00

-58.00 - -12.00

-17.00 - -13.00

-89.00 - -10.00

-56.00 - -21.00

-82.00 - -15.00

-16.00 - -16.00

n = 68

n = 22

n = 26

n=7

n = 57

n=4

n = 34

n=6

n = 15

n=1

-22.19 (8.70)

-23.33 (8.50)

-20.23 (6.67)

-20.71 (3.30)

-24.83 (10.28)

-24.00 (2.83)

-26.89 (9.72)

-23.33 (7.51)

-21.00 (7.62)

-15.50 (7.78)

-57.00 - -11.00

-32.00 - -15.00

-35.00 - -12.00

-25.00 - -17.00

-55.00 - -15.00

-26.00 - -22.00

-52.00 - -14.00

-31.00 - -16.00

-33.00 - -14.00

-21.00 - -10.00

n = 31

n=3

n = 13

n=7

n = 24

n=2

n = 19

n=3

n=7

n=2

-22.00 (16.37)

-31.00 (11.51)

-21.25 (6.41)

-22.50 (7.72)

-18.57 (4.86)

-16.67 (2.52)

-25.45 (12.74)

-21.00 (4.24)

-19.25 (5.56)

-31.00 (.)

-88.00 - -11.00

-45.00 - -12.00

-31.00 - -12.00

-27.00 - -11.00

-25.00 - -11.00

-19.00 - -14.00

-53.00 - -10.00

-24.00 - -18.00

-27.00 - -14.00

-31.00 - -31.00

n = 21

n=6

n=8

n=4

n=7

n=3

n = 11

n=2

n=4

n=1

-17.22 (5.74)

-28.00 (10.39)

-22.17 (7.99)

-70.00 (110.25)

-15.33 (2.52)

-19.00 (7.07)

-23.25 (9.29)

-21.25 (8.30)

-13.00 (.)

. (.)

-24.00 - -9.00

-40.00 - -22.00

-36.00 - -12.00

-267.00 - -12.00

-18.00 - -13.00

-24.00 - -14.00

-36.00 - -15.00

-28.00 - -10.00

-13.00 - -13.00

.-.

n=9

n=3

n=6

n=5

n=3

n=2

n=4

n=4

n=1

n=0

-15.50 (6.28)

-25.50 (10.61)

-34.00 (18.38)

-23.75 (11.84)

-33.00 (.)

-28.00 (22.93)

-19.83 (7.78)

-20.00 (11.17)

. (.)

. (.)

-24.00 - -5.00

-33.00 - -18.00

-47.00 - -21.00

-41.00 - -14.00

-33.00 - -33.00

-61.00 - -11.00

-32.00 - -13.00

-36.00 - -10.00

.-.

.-.

n = 10

n=2

n=2

n=4

n=1

n=4

n=6

n=4

n=0

n=0

V4

V5

V6

MA

D

TE

CE P

V3

AC

V2

NU S

Leads

23

-157.00 - -15.00 -147.00 - -13.00 -132.00 - -13.00

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Age group (years) 18-29

30-39

40-49

Female

Male

Female

Male

I

-59.21 (38.69)

-66.34 (45.23)

-73.01 (51.23)

-80.30 (53.63)

-172.00 - -21.00

-180.00 - -20.00

-218.00 - -24.00

n = 152

n = 58

-89.09 (61.65)

aVL

aVF

V1

Male

Female

-59.84 (33.40)

-60.78 (30.97)

-63.65 (42.71)

-56.50 (25.54)

-46.30 (24.06)

-44.17 (23.04)

-231.00 - -20.00

-161.00 - -20.00

-117.00 - -22.00

-245.00 - -20.00

-109.00 - -27.00

-100.00 - -22.00

-100.00 - -21.00

n = 73

n = 33

n = 93

n = 27

n = 46

n = 16

n = 20

n = 12

-88.04 (59.12)

-96.74 (61.69)

-77.03 (45.03)

-64.35 (37.24)

-62.48 (45.26)

-67.90 (51.33)

-72.48 (51.64)

-63.35 (38.19)

-65.71 (37.99)

-229.00 - -22.00

-229.00 - -21.00

-253.00 - -25.00

-177.00 - -21.00

-167.00 - -21.00

-239.00 - -20.00

-308.00 - -20.00

-222.00 - -22.00

-147.00 - -25.00

-176.00 - -27.00

n = 171

n = 78

n = 81

n = 35

n = 72

n = 25

n = 40

n = 21

n = 17

n = 17

-115.61 (83.93)

-102.05 (62.97)

-131.07 (91.88)

-127.19 (91.41)

-136.00 (119.10)

-151.17 (91.94)

-118.03 (124.10)

-173.28 (111.79)

-131.89 (103.10)

-131.00 (113.25)

-396.00 - -21.00

-251.00 - -23.00

-434.00 - -22.00

-459.00 - -30.00

-557.00 - -22.00

-390.00 - -35.00

-563--20.00

-449.00 - -29.00

-374.00 - -33.00

-419.00 - -28.00

n = 142

n = 79

n = 68

n = 36

n = 66

n = 18

n = 40

n = 18

n = 18

n = 19

-843.05 (226.61)

-760.32 (210.74)

-789.35 (236.79)

-759.91 (204.96)

-710.39 (245.32)

-763.40 (288.91)

-723.91 (243.12)

-847.29 (248.71)

-641.87 (262.62)

-719.41 (318.33)

-1540.0 - -463.00

-1250.0 - -320.00

-1261.0 - -373.00

-1199.0 - -426.00

-1320.0 - -240.00

-1574.0 - -292.00

-1260.0 - -285.00

-1400.0 - -467.00

-1062.0 - -21.00

-1153.0 - -20.00

n = 99

n = 57

n = 51

n = 33

n = 66

n = 15

n = 46

n = 17

n = 23

n = 22

-121.73 (121.56)

-101.21 (127.66)

-83.56 (59.39)

-93.18 (62.97)

-91.17 (76.99)

-72.75 (58.74)

-84.62 (67.61)

-66.31 (54.30)

-88.63 (62.32)

-100.00 (50.09)

-579.00 - -22.00

-371.00 - -24.00

-314.00 - -21.00

-269.00 - -20.00

-339.00 - -20.00

-301.00 - -20.00

-267.00--21.00

-230.00 - -25.00

-278.00 - -21.00

-179.00 - -31.00

n = 137

n = 52

n = 66

n = 28

n = 98

n = 24

n = 52

n = 16

n = 19

n = 12

-92.12 (66.36)

-92.52 (54.94)

-97.61 (62.25)

-76.71 (47.82)

-67.45 (37.95)

-69.45 (53.81)

-71.02 (56.86)

-85.58 (59.45)

-63.78 (44.27)

-73.90 (40.89)

-232.00 - -21.00

-233.00 - -23.00

-252.00 - -25.00

-221.00 - -20.00

-151.00 - -22.00

-263.00 - -22.00

-315.11--22.00

-242.00 - -28.00

-184.00 - -26.00

-175.00 - -25.00

n = 154

n = 73

n = 75

n = 34

n = 67

n = 20

n = 42

n = 19

n = 18

n = 20

-32.00 (.)

-770.67 (515.72)

-992.00 (48.08)

. (.)

-381.50 (477.30)

. (.)

-1009.0 (282.84)

-867.50 (484.37)

-915.33 (563.68)

-22.00 (.)

-32.00 - -32.00

-1330.0 - -314.00

-1026.0 - -958.00

.-.

-719.00 - -44.00

.-.

-1209.0 --809.00

-1210.0 - -525.00

-1362.0 - -282.00

-22.00 - -22.00

n=1

n=3

n=2

n=0

n=2

n=0

n=2

n=2

n=3

n=1

MA

D

TE

aVR

Female

CE P

III

60+

Male

AC

II

50-59

Female

CR I

Male

NU S

Leads

PT

Table A4: Q wave amplitudes in all leads

24

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Age group (years) 18-29

30-39

40-49

Female

Male

Female

Male

V2

-58.17 (54.36)

. (.)

-101.50 (101.12)

. (.)

-164.00 - -22.00

.-.

-173.00 - -30.00

n=6

n=0

-86.07 (78.74)

V6

Male

Female

-43.00 (19.00)

. (.)

-29.33 (6.11)

-60.50 (53.03)

-738.50 (1005.27)

-31.00 (.)

.-.

-62.00 - -24.00

.-.

-36.00 - -24.00

-98.00 - -23.00

-2160.0 - -24.00

-31.00 - -31.00

n=2

n=0

n=3

n=0

n=3

n=2

n=4

n=1

. (.)

-138.60 (90.28)

. (.)

-38.14 (18.65)

-72.00 (.)

-64.50 (65.36)

-140.00 (.)

-43.00 (14.14)

-26.00 (1.41)

-338.00 - -20.00

.-.

-278.00 - -56.00

.-.

-77.00 - -20.00

-72.00 - -72.00

-219.00 - -22.00

-140.00 - -140.00

-53.00 - -33.00

-27.00 - -25.00

n = 15

n=0

n=5

n=0

n=7

n=1

n = 10

n=1

n=2

n=2

-91.63 (66.73)

-58.83 (31.20)

-100.41 (79.63)

-49.57 (44.51)

-60.63 (34.43)

-85.71 (50.87)

-78.05 (82.78)

-85.50 (91.36)

-56.63 (49.24)

-90.80 (74.44)

-296.00 - -20.00

-151.00 - -21.00

-280.00 - -21.00

-182.00 - -21.00

-137.00 - -21.00

-193.00 - -38.00

-398.00 - -20.00

-308.00 - -22.00

-165.00 - -23.00

-185.00 - -26.00

n = 64

n = 29

n = 29

n = 14

n = 38

n=7

n = 20

n = 12

n=8

n=5

-104.45 (73.61)

-81.08 (58.76)

-90.75 (74.96)

-71.06 (51.76)

-80.57 (57.41)

-68.77 (43.66)

-70.74 (49.78)

-70.63 (66.30)

-61.53 (36.37)

-65.71 (78.05)

-292.00 - -21.00

-224.00 - -20.00

-307.00 - -21.00

-255.00 - -24.00

-230.00 - -20.00

-216.00 - -20.00

-293.00 - -20.00

-270.00 - -20.00

-150.00 - -20.00

-310.00 - -22.00

n = 170

n = 66

n = 89

n = 33

n = 82

n = 22

n = 47

n = 19

n = 15

n = 14

-102.28 (67.63)

-85.19 (56.23)

-100.35 (66.76)

-86.30 (62.86)

-77.14 (48.56)

-79.88 (46.33)

-64.59 (35.69)

-62.27 (45.95)

-59.83 (29.33)

-71.76 (74.96)

-282.00 - -21.00

-205.00 - -20.00

-260.00 - -22.00

-325.00 - -20.00

-195.00 - -21.00

-213.00 - -20.00

-126.00 - -23.00

-193.00 - -20.00

-115.00 - -20.00

-331.00 - -21.00

n = 201

n = 85

n = 94

n = 37

n = 102

n = 25

n = 56

n = 22

n = 18

n = 17

MA

D

TE

V5

Female

CE P

V4

60+

Male

AC

V3

50-59

Female

CR I

Male

NU S

Leads

PT

Table A4: Q wave amplitudes in all leads (cont'd)

25

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Table A5: R wave amplitudes in all leads

18-29

30-39

40-49

Female

Male

Female

Male

I

605.03 (266.66)

584.53 (261.63)

733.08 (306.56)

728.73 (257.77)

706.54 (303.66)

172.00 - 1270.00

182.00 - 1271.00

252.00 - 1557.00

279.00 - 1229.00

127.00 - 1518.00

n = 266

n = 122

n = 130

n = 64

1305.71 (434.03)

1183.16 (376.22)

1132.45 (445.36)

464.00 - 2176.00

573.00 - 2084.00

n = 266

aVL

aVF

V1

736.31 (289.53)

684.18 (266.21)

789.43 (276.68)

684.45 (301.22)

627.84 (288.14)

139.00 - 1733.00

236.00 - 1369.00

325.00 - 1388.00

189.00 - 1460.00

35.00 - 1408.00

n = 149

n = 39

n = 87

n = 37

n = 38

n = 31

970.64 (342.68)

894.91 (383.12)

932.03 (333.11)

849.28 (422.63)

1000.54 (391.62)

881.87 (465.80)

963.81 (352.83)

191.00 - 2113.00

530.00 - 1889.00

38.00 - 1804.00

419.00 - 1746.00

44.00 - 1863.00

322.00 - 2279.00

32.00 - 1951.00

382.00 - 1812.00

n = 122

n = 130

n = 64

n = 149

n = 39

n = 87

n = 37

n = 38

n = 31

813.58 (526.74)

701.44 (430.87)

570.35 (505.75)

450.51 (353.48)

407.58 (361.60)

355.05 (344.30)

432.53 (372.85)

401.17 (389.67)

464.57 (410.70)

524.61 (350.86)

36.00 - 2026.00

38.00 - 1755.00

24.00 - 1747.00

50.00 - 1322.00

21.00 - 1472.00

23.00 - 1158.00

29.00 - 1394.00

20.00 - 1596.00

26.00 - 1992.00

95.00 - 1484.00

n = 266

n = 122

n = 130

n = 61

n = 149

n = 37

n = 87

n = 36

n = 37

n = 31

92.29 (79.76)

78.40 (53.15)

94.56 (77.74)

76.67 (46.71)

81.57 (67.40)

66.84 (44.70)

75.90 (54.25)

57.54 (33.26)

112.67 (105.57)

61.18 (32.30)

21.00 - 343.00

22.00 - 243.00

22.00 - 293.00

22.00 - 253.00

21.00 - 268.00

22.00 - 228.00

20.00 - 237.00

24.00 - 159.00

21.00 - 362.00

22.00 - 117.00

n = 236

n = 95

n = 112

n = 43

n = 121

n = 32

n = 67

n = 24

n = 27

n = 17

243.88 (235.57)

217.79 (185.08)

356.90 (276.38)

362.69 (230.20)

404.08 (292.36)

400.63 (259.50)

392.89 (282.84)

421.49 (262.64)

382.16 (290.35)

324.42 (280.16)

22.50 - 906.00

32.00 - 769.00

35.00 - 1033.00

32.00 - 964.00

26.00 - 1276.00

58.00 - 1451.00

22.00 - 932.00

92.00 - 991.00

24.00 - 1294.00

35.00 - 1033.00

n = 250

n = 117

n = 128

n = 64

n = 141

n = 38

n = 85

n = 37

n = 37

n = 31

1044.64 (482.07)

915.97 (424.07)

824.76 (479.06)

643.80 (371.40)

599.08 (392.78)

583.08 (350.48)

589.11 (413.01)

653.54 (403.49)

620.82 (437.76)

690.77 (381.79)

91.00 - 2091.00

32.00 - 1912.00

81.00 - 1905.00

120.00 - 1416.00

37.00 - 1493.00

60.00 - 1436.00

21.00 - 1605.00

21.00 - 1939.00

29.00 - 1947.00

140.00 - 1619.00

n = 266

n = 122

n = 130

n = 64

n = 149

n = 39

n = 87

n = 37

n = 38

n = 31

402.45 (228.48)

272.59 (169.34)

321.31 (187.53)

212.83 (135.69)

268.53 (163.79)

190.64 (136.89)

219.00 (155.25)

225.26 (167.24)

197.78 (136.70)

146.06 (103.84)

89.00 - 990.00

50.00 - 795.00

63.00 - 898.00

30.00 - 542.00

56.00 - 732.00

20.00 - 481.00

44.00 - 666.00

39.00 - 700.00

31.00 - 494.00

43.00 - 455.00

n = 266

n = 119

n = 128

n = 64

n = 148

n = 39

n = 85

n = 35

n = 36

n = 31

MA

D

TE

aVR

Female

CE P

III

60+

Male

AC

II

50-59

Female

CR I

Male

NU S

Leads

PT

Age group (years)

26

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

PT

Table A5: R wave amplitudes in all leads (cont'd)

Age group (years) 30-39

40-49

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

V2

1057.25 (466.00)

617.19 (349.91)

902.75 (452.38)

571.17 (273.76)

790.32 (403.70)

348.00 - 2084.00

127.00 - 1278.00

242.00 - 2119.00

152.00 - 1193.00

190.00 - 2116.00

n = 266

n = 122

n = 130

n = 64

1254.06 (502.10)

720.90 (355.63)

1187.31 (597.26)

388.00 - 2588.00

196.00 - 1718.00

n = 266

V5

V6

Female

530.36 (265.96)

729.44 (423.59)

731.68 (349.82)

760.50 (433.25)

519.39 (293.67)

167.00 - 1203.00

50.00 - 1945.00

179.00 - 1513.00

171.00 - 2013.00

116.00 - 1393.00

n = 149

n = 39

n = 87

n = 37

n = 36

n = 31

707.67 (411.39)

1189.38 (566.76)

722.59 (362.25)

1139.03 (506.68)

976.73 (531.66)

1079.92 (599.77)

806.00 (522.81)

296.00 - 2763.00

151.00 - 1871.00

351.00 - 2613.00

208.00 - 1561.00

285.00 - 2542.00

208.00 - 2712.00

267.00 - 2776.00

209.00 - 2196.00

n = 122

n = 130

n = 64

n = 149

n = 39

n = 87

n = 37

n = 38

n = 31

1689.28 (623.92)

1280.25 (531.71)

1619.68 (683.06)

1127.31 (485.82)

1667.88 (693.83)

1175.28 (467.61)

1611.48 (597.55)

1456.78 (621.99)

1737.21 (790.85)

1542.97 (682.33)

662.00 - 3171.00

412.00 - 2301.00

524.00 - 3664.00

361.00 - 2311.00

516.00 - 3628.00

427.00 - 2256.00

269.00 - 3043.00

530.00 - 3039.00

461.00 - 3589.00

373.00 - 2751.00

n = 266

n = 122

n = 130

n = 64

n = 149

n = 39

n = 87

n = 37

n = 38

n = 31

1732.19 (532.93)

1358.06 (439.83)

1687.79 (564.46)

1298.83 (485.11)

1678.47 (591.09)

1310.18 (519.71)

1628.45 (503.20)

1396.00 (504.54)

1694.84 (778.43)

1529.77 (701.97)

752.00 - 2939.00

649.00 - 2413.00

728.00 - 3082.00

601.00 - 2396.00

672.00 - 3353.00

474.00 - 2851.00

608.00 - 2798.00

699.00 - 2761.00

517.00 - 3661.00

584.00 - 4075.00

n = 266

n = 122

n = 130

n = 64

n = 149

n = 39

n = 87

n = 37

n = 38

n = 31

1354.56 (425.24)

1155.90 (358.73)

1407.20 (501.05)

1248.42 (531.74)

1327.63 (460.78)

1193.28 (430.62)

1304.18 (416.62)

1254.65 (459.92)

1406.13 (705.08)

1318.42 (666.60)

616.00 - 2341.00

513.00 - 1902.00

467.00 - 2681.00

627.00 - 2666.00

525.00 - 2467.00

465.00 - 2561.00

514.00 - 2431.00

568.00 - 2651.00

307.00 - 3434.00

533.00 - 3631.00

n = 266

n = 122

n = 130

n = 64

n = 149

n = 39

n = 87

n = 37

n = 38

n = 31

MA

D

TE

CE P

V4

60+

Male

AC

V3

50-59

Female

NU S

Leads

CR I

18-29

27

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Table A6: T+ wave amplitudes in all leads

18-29

30-39

40-49

Female

Male

Female

Male

I

237.32 (96.79)

202.20 (67.60)

229.30 (91.78)

230.52 (88.03)

90.00 - 455.00

85.00 - 344.00

68.00 - 416.00

n = 266

n = 122

342.38 (118.57)

aVL

aVF

V1

Female

Male

Female

199.51 (86.61)

194.26 (91.46)

188.43 (79.38)

187.35 (67.91)

185.89 (87.02)

175.84 (94.74)

55.00 - 403.00

48.00 - 361.00

56.00 - 427.00

73.00 - 406.00

72.00 - 330.00

60.00 - 388.00

25.00 - 388.00

n = 130

n = 64

n = 149

n = 39

n = 87

n = 37

n = 38

n = 31

247.93 (97.14)

304.75 (125.48)

245.75 (92.30)

269.13 (125.92)

245.59 (121.09)

259.80 (94.10)

250.70 (92.60)

287.08 (125.23)

265.35 (104.11)

125.00 - 597.00

88.00 - 454.00

63.00 - 586.00

88.00 - 439.00

61.00 - 618.00

88.00 - 613.00

82.00 - 481.00

99.00 - 461.00

67.00 - 656.00

71.00 - 477.00

n = 266

n = 122

n = 130

n = 64

n = 149

n = 39

n = 87

n = 37

n = 38

n = 31

151.28 (92.85)

87.16 (63.25)

127.99 (88.23)

76.84 (65.25)

124.73 (89.84)

79.00 (59.28)

108.25 (67.96)

104.31 (80.74)

145.38 (108.62)

129.30 (93.65)

17.00 - 376.00

6.50 - 244.00

13.00 - 306.00

8.00 - 308.00

11.00 - 365.00

16.00 - 266.00

17.00 - 257.00

5.00 - 317.00

11.00 - 359.00

6.00 - 340.00

n = 235

n = 100

n = 109

n = 45

n = 119

n = 36

n = 77

n = 32

n = 34

n = 27

. (.)

. (.)

27.00 (.)

. (.)

51.00 (.)

74.00 (.)

. (.)

. (.)

. (.)

38.00 (7.07)

.-.

.-.

27.00 - 27.00

.-.

51.00 - 51.00

74.00 - 74.00

.-.

.-.

.-.

33.00 - 43.00

n=0

n=0

n=1

n=0

n=1

n=1

n=0

n=0

n=0

n=2

106.24 (78.75)

91.36 (49.48)

103.66 (73.72)

122.54 (67.02)

93.88 (67.42)

79.79 (49.09)

82.91 (57.13)

89.12 (51.20)

99.46 (72.47)

89.13 (78.60)

8.00 - 296.00

15.00 - 220.00

10.00 - 271.00

10.00 - 273.00

7.00 - 261.00

7.00 - 214.00

11.00 - 216.00

12.00 - 203.00

4.00 - 257.00

8.00 - 264.00

n = 215

n = 116

n = 118

n = 61

n = 130

n = 39

n = 77

n = 33

n = 26

n = 24

233.32 (106.14)

153.89 (80.55)

202.11 (106.74)

139.51 (76.19)

179.72 (108.62)

153.49 (86.23)

172.37 (79.61)

162.78 (86.66)

201.84 (119.25)

181.03 (101.41)

60.00 - 476.00

37.00 - 340.00

24.00 - 462.00

21.00 - 308.00

18.00 - 453.00

38.00 - 436.00

33.00 - 377.00

32.00 - 374.00

42.00 - 504.00

36.00 - 375.00

n = 263

n = 121

n = 128

n = 63

n = 146

n = 39

n = 87

n = 37

n = 38

n = 31

171.80 (131.04)

54.89 (38.21)

174.03 (128.54)

68.95 (57.64)

137.01 (91.14)

70.14 (46.93)

128.35 (109.48)

76.40 (67.66)

104.54 (79.99)

82.04 (87.89)

21.00 - 503.00

10.00 - 177.00

23.00 - 651.00

12.00 - 321.00

21.00 - 387.00

15.00 - 184.00

14.00 - 468.00

6.00 - 237.00

7.00 - 324.00

10.00 - 380.00

n = 245

n = 47

n = 116

n = 38

n = 129

n = 28

n = 81

n = 25

n = 35

n = 26

MA

D

TE

CE P

aVR

60+

Male

AC

III

50-59

Female

CR I

Male

NU S

Leads

II

PT

Age group (years)

28

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

PT

Table A6: T+ wave amplitudes in all leads (cont'd)

Age group (years)

40-49

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

V2

841.38 (327.58)

260.15 (162.50)

816.79 (272.76)

312.44 (194.85)

231.00 - 1534.00

30.00 - 667.00

335.00 - 1515.00

67.00 - 658.00

n = 266

n = 116

n = 130

n = 61

832.88 (297.68)

266.90 (172.42)

738.90 (291.03)

280.92 (192.64)

274.00 - 1451.00

31.00 - 722.00

245.00 - 1439.00

32.00 - 771.00

n = 266

n = 118

n = 130

n = 63

679.99 (287.39)

323.78 (174.94)

587.32 (280.21)

216.00 - 1342.00

86.00 - 779.00

n = 266 V5

V6

Female

Male

Female

656.38 (287.40)

333.00 (202.26)

615.71 (302.27)

334.36 (246.51)

600.71 (259.57)

353.19 (261.35)

85.00 - 1409.00

35.00 - 850.00

89.00 - 1458.00

28.00 - 989.00

123.00 - 1167.00

35.00 - 1130.00

n = 149

n = 39

n = 87

n = 36

n = 38

n = 31

653.97 (299.40)

312.77 (201.81)

618.15 (285.97)

323.92 (250.86)

659.37 (299.89)

360.94 (230.38)

205.00 - 1450.00

38.00 - 797.00

232.00 - 1610.00

51.00 - 1057.00

135.00 - 1425.00

72.00 - 1023.00

n = 149

n = 39

n = 87

n = 37

n = 38

n = 31

323.62 (175.07)

525.46 (272.33)

326.92 (217.61)

510.93 (253.69)

308.59 (189.80)

542.71 (245.63)

386.61 (223.39)

183.00 - 1383.00

76.00 - 670.00

86.00 - 1306.00

59.00 - 1015.00

161.00 - 1418.00

101.00 - 855.00

118.00 - 1037.00

103.00 - 964.00

n = 122

n = 130

n = 63

n = 149

n = 39

n = 87

n = 37

n = 38

n = 31

476.07 (199.60)

311.80 (137.01)

418.02 (185.08)

316.39 (157.95)

379.98 (198.56)

295.08 (189.17)

370.68 (193.01)

261.05 (122.24)

386.29 (172.62)

332.58 (186.04)

123.00 - 943.00

97.00 - 659.00

120.00 - 875.00

80.00 - 675.00

59.00 - 948.00

36.00 - 878.00

109.00 - 975.00

92.00 - 505.00

116.00 - 730.00

64.00 - 828.00

n = 266

n = 122

n = 130

n = 64

n = 149

n = 39

n = 87

n = 37

n = 38

n = 31

350.54 (152.34)

259.30 (102.68)

326.01 (151.56)

292.00 (160.91)

290.75 (150.76)

260.51 (158.40)

289.80 (138.53)

246.27 (119.42)

317.32 (138.03)

306.87 (183.31)

86.00 - 761.00

91.00 - 528.00

56.00 - 710.00

65.00 - 587.00

30.00 - 676.00

41.00 - 778.00

66.00 - 653.00

71.00 - 604.00

81.00 - 663.00

38.00 - 724.00

n = 266

n = 122

n = 130

n = 64

n = 149

n = 39

n = 87

n = 37

n = 38

n = 31

D

TE

CE P

V4

60+

Male

AC

V3

50-59

Female

MA

Leads

CR I

30-39

NU S

18-29

29

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Table A7: T- wave amplitudes in all leads.

30-39

40-49

Leads

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

I

. (.)

. (.)

. (.)

. (.)

-27.00 (.)

.-.

.-.

.-.

.-.

n=0

n=0

n=0

n=0

-63.00 (.)

-44.00 (.)

. (.)

. (.)

-63.00 - -63.00

-44.00 - -44.00

.-.

.-.

n=1

n=1

n=0

n=0

-89.44 (69.82)

-62.45 (39.09)

-84.53 (69.43)

-72.69 (46.46)

-270.00 - -12.00

-174.00 - -10.00

-325.00 - -22.00

-181.00 - -10.00

n = 59

n = 40

n = 36

-287.36 (87.93)

-223.07 (72.79)

-264.28 (92.42)

-493.00 - -115.00

-387.00 - -94.00

-455.00 - -79.00

n = 266

n = 122

n = 130

-50.65 (32.23)

-47.38 (35.68)

-47.23 (24.52)

-141.00 - -11.00

-140.00 - -9.00

n = 79

aVL

aVF

V1

. (.)

. (.)

-27.00 - -27.00

-90.00 - -90.00

.-.

.-.

.-.

.-.

n=1

n=1

n=0

n=0

n=0

n=0

-38.00 (.)

. (.)

. (.)

-57.00 (.)

. (.)

-57.00 (.)

-38.00 - -38.00

.-.

.-.

-57.00 - -57.00

.-.

-57.00 - -57.00

n=1

n=0

n=0

n=1

n=0

n=1

-87.20 (52.25)

-37.70 (16.40)

-65.14 (40.16)

-65.82 (26.93)

-83.40 (52.60)

-85.89 (63.16)

-196.00 - -7.00

-63.00 - -16.00

-163.00 - -11.00

-122.00 - -24.00

-166.00 - -7.00

-173.00 - -23.00

n = 32

n = 41

n = 10

n = 21

n = 11

n = 10

n=9

-236.19 (77.88)

-232.76 (89.97)

-217.77 (102.27)

-221.62 (75.19)

-216.81 (65.41)

-233.74 (84.06)

-217.97 (79.13)

-414.00 - -87.00

-480.00 - -96.00

-483.00 - -72.00

-421.00 - -90.00

-344.00 - -116.00

-480.00 - -67.00

-343.00 - -64.00

n = 64

n = 148

n = 39

n = 87

n = 37

n = 38

n = 31

-44.00 (30.53)

-47.08 (32.02)

-42.33 (16.92)

-41.95 (25.12)

-48.22 (34.63)

-55.17 (35.11)

-52.08 (37.42)

-100.00 - -12.00

-95.00 - -5.00

-135.00 - -4.00

-61.00 - -28.00

-108.00 - -16.00

-119.00 - -15.00

-126.00 - -6.00

-145.00 - -20.00

n = 13

n = 26

n=7

n = 40

n=3

n = 21

n=9

n = 18

n = 12

-58.25 (35.36)

-51.00 (12.77)

-37.29 (18.68)

-24.00 (4.24)

-35.25 (17.68)

. (.)

-31.00 (1.41)

. (.)

-55.00 (.)

-58.00 (21.21)

-133.00 - -14.00

-62.00 - -37.00

-66.00 - -8.00

-27.00 - -21.00

-56.00 - -3.00

.-.

-32.00 - -30.00

.-.

-55.00 - -55.00

-73.00 - -43.00

n=8

n=3

n=7

n=2

n=8

n=0

n=2

n=0

n=1

n=2

-85.88 (57.73)

-112.90 (63.35)

-78.31 (67.26)

-97.80 (51.84)

-82.21 (54.40)

-65.77 (42.43)

-60.90 (36.92)

-98.50 (72.12)

-55.14 (45.85)

-67.00 (34.27)

-258.00 - -19.00

-250.00 - -17.00

-292.00 - -13.00

-244.00 - -18.00

-213.00 - -11.00

-162.00 - -13.00

-132.00 - -10.00

-301.00 - -20.00

-184.00 - -15.00

-140.00 - -11.00

n = 76

n = 107

n = 32

n = 46

n = 39

n = 22

n = 21

n = 24

n = 14

n = 15

D

MA

NU S

. (.)

TE

aVR

. (.)

CE P

III

60+

-90.00 (.)

AC

II

50-50

Female

CR I

18-29

PT

Age group (years)

30

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Table A7: T- wave amplitudes in all leads (cont'd)

30-39

40-49

Leads

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

V2

. (.)

-85.88 (69.61)

. (.)

-67.75 (40.63)

-83.00 (.)

.-.

-277.00 - -12.00

.-.

-107.00 - -18.00

n=0

n = 16

n=0

n=4

. (.)

-68.58 (46.98)

. (.)

-62.43 (32.72)

.-.

-174.00 - -11.00

.-.

-114.00 - -17.00

n=0

n = 12

n=0

n=7

. (.)

. (.)

. (.)

. (.)

.-.

.-.

.-.

.-.

n=0

n=0

n=0

. (.)

. (.)

. (.)

.-.

.-.

.-.

n=0

n=0

n=0

-14.00 (.)

. (.)

. (.)

-14.00 - -14.00

.-.

.-.

n=1

n=0

n=0

V6

-96.50 (101.12)

. (.)

. (.)

-83.00 - -83.00

-47.00 - -47.00

.-.

-168.00 - -25.00

.-.

.-.

n=1

n=1

n=0

n=2

n=0

n=0

. (.)

. (.)

. (.)

. (.)

. (.)

-55.00 (.)

.-.

.-.

.-.

.-.

.-.

-55.00 - -55.00

n=0

n=0

n=0

n=0

n=0

n=1

. (.)

-52.00 (.)

. (.)

. (.)

. (.)

. (.)

.-.

-52.00 - -52.00

.-.

.-.

.-.

.-.

n=0

n=0

n=1

n=0

n=0

n=0

n=0

. (.)

. (.)

. (.)

. (.)

. (.)

. (.)

. (.)

.-.

.-.

.-.

.-.

.-.

.-.

.-.

n=0

n=0

n=0

n=0

n=0

n=0

n=0

. (.)

. (.)

-56.00 (.)

. (.)

. (.)

. (.)

. (.)

.-.

.-.

-56.00 - -56.00

.-.

.-.

.-.

.-.

n=0

n=0

n=1

n=0

n=0

n=0

n=0

D

MA

NU S

. (.)

TE

V5

60+

-47.00 (.)

CE P

V4

AC

V3

50-50

Female

CR I

18-29

PT

Age group (years)

31

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Table A8: S wave amplitudes in all leads

18-29

30-39

40-49

Female

Male

Female

Male

I

-164.75 (97.83)

-114.32 (70.44)

-157.34 (101.10)

-105.07 (72.62)

-419.00 - -30.00

-329.00 - -32.00

-392.00 - -31.00

n = 181

n = 56

-216.26 (131.10)

aVL

aVF

V1

Male

Female

-160.86 (102.08)

-147.86 (106.50)

-142.31 (94.31)

-130.08 (64.61)

-183.14 (100.24)

-120.85 (78.94)

-351.00 - -23.00

-419.00 - -21.00

-411.00 - -27.00

-407.00 - -30.00

-296.00 - -48.00

-389.00 - -27.00

-286.00 - -48.00

n = 87

n = 29

n = 87

n = 14

n = 49

n = 12

n = 22

n = 13

-151.84 (69.41)

-179.08 (123.49)

-136.03 (79.46)

-189.41 (120.43)

-124.45 (67.00)

-201.38 (115.96)

-195.06 (107.15)

-219.90 (169.54)

-120.89 (47.76)

-578.00 - -41.00

-326.00 - -41.00

-476.00 - -32.00

-474.00 - -50.00

-504.00 - -41.00

-275.00 - -44.00

-505.00 - -41.00

-494.00 - -82.00

-631.00 - -42.00

-210.00 - -59.00

n = 147

n = 57

n = 66

n = 29

n = 73

n = 20

n = 45

n = 17

n = 21

n=9

-252.82 (235.37)

-179.10 (142.21)

-281.70 (243.83)

-254.69 (216.76)

-337.55 (289.81)

-271.77 (276.90)

-392.00 (284.31)

-332.71 (319.19)

-367.73 (343.34)

-422.09 (288.80)

-875.00 - -27.00

-573.00 - -48.00

-1009.0 - -26.00

-992.00 - -27.00

-1369.0 - -25.00

-1243.0 - -28.00

-992.00 - -34.00

-913.00 - -33.00

-1149.0 - -29.00

-940.00 - -115.00

n = 153

n = 62

n = 79

n = 39

n = 89

n = 22

n = 51

n = 21

n = 22

n = 11

-958.66 (244.86)

-918.67 (245.62)

-986.97 (229.06)

-904.16 (209.27)

-818.03 (256.66)

-845.67 (212.59)

-771.05 (214.16)

-894.95 (277.18)

-891.69 (282.92)

-803.09 (186.43)

-1468.0 - -359.00

-1362.0 - -378.00

-1416.0 - -608.00

-1451.0 - -553.00

-1420.0 - -103.00

-1290.0 - -486.00

-1487.0 - -451.00

-1544.0 - -407.00

-1639.0 - -456.00

-1100.0 - -511.00

n = 170

n = 66

n = 79

n = 31

n = 86

n = 24

n = 41

n = 20

n = 16

n = 11

-343.20 (261.55)

-286.60 (201.29)

-291.66 (238.72)

-221.26 (160.79)

-244.64 (163.04)

-199.55 (156.26)

-239.32 (175.05)

-215.18 (146.57)

-274.74 (213.45)

-241.37 (173.87)

-1066.0 - -32.00

-916.00 - -36.00

-824.00 - -35.00

-648.00 - -28.00

-715.00 - -30.00

-490.00 - -28.00

-620.00 - -46.00

-554.00 - -37.00

-1040.0 - -28.00

-710.00 - -61.00

n = 205

n = 87

n = 97

n = 35

n = 96

n = 20

n = 56

n = 22

n = 23

n = 19

-204.40 (146.60)

-131.26 (72.65)

-176.40 (127.86)

-156.48 (117.73)

-222.20 (161.93)

-143.70 (98.36)

-247.44 (174.57)

-226.80 (171.33)

-271.55 (210.17)

-187.60 (134.33)

-673.00 - -25.00

-317.00 - -25.00

-547.00 - -46.00

-554.00 - -30.00

-606.00 - -26.00

-446.00 - -34.00

-658.00 - -34.00

-647.00 - -39.00

-816.00 - -55.00

-404.00 - -46.00

n = 146

n = 58

n = 63

n = 31

n = 69

n = 20

n = 43

n = 20

n = 20

n = 10

-1100.0 (463.67)

-875.66 (316.71)

-1010.5 (397.46)

-831.17 (318.78)

-866.99 (378.59)

-786.92 (407.54)

-837.68 (467.95)

-792.77 (360.58)

-882.88 (464.79)

-902.81 (549.46)

-2302.0 - -322.00

-1563.0 - -225.00

-1720.0 - -294.00

-1404.0 - -103.00

-1708.0 - -198.00

-2009.0 - -180.00

-2299.0 - -206.00

-1537.0 - -207.00

-1827.0 - -211.00

-2115.0 - -174.00

n = 266

n = 119

n = 128

n = 64

n = 148

n = 39

n = 85

n = 35

n = 34

n = 31

MA

D

TE

aVR

Female

CE P

III

60+

Male

AC

II

50-59

Female

CR I

Male

NU S

Leads

PT

Age group (years)

32

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Table A8: S wave amplitudes in all leads (cont'd) 18-29

30-39

40-49

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

V2

-1861.5 (780.63)

-1078.3 (433.45)

-1665.0 (579.57)

-976.91 (416.34)

-1427.4 (557.45)

-3774.0 - -324.00

-1954.0 - -306.00

-3076.0 - -590.00

-1842.0 - -219.00

n = 264

n = 122

n = 130

n = 64

-1277.9 (609.80)

-842.12 (462.27)

-1162.1 (510.98)

-672.27 (363.24)

-2467.0 - -184.00

-2147.0 - -170.00

-2435.0 - -207.00

-1643.0 - -130.00

n = 258

n = 120

n = 130

n = 63

-756.51 (444.40)

-374.37 (228.85)

-692.85 (350.60)

-389.61 (203.90)

-1866.0 - -91.00

-978.00 - -82.00

-1474.0 - -103.00

n = 243

n = 108

-331.81 (217.77)

V6

Male

Female

-1008.6 (522.47)

-1356.0 (599.56)

-999.05 (440.09)

-1352.8 (600.86)

-1311.2 (540.63)

-2701.0 - -358.00

-2952.0 - -313.00

-3213.0 - -374.00

-2104.0 - -293.00

-2586.0 - -393.00

-2352.0 - -418.00

n = 149

n = 39

n = 86

n = 37

n = 36

n = 31

-1044.5 (527.07)

-702.51 (360.04)

-1051.9 (499.37)

-774.30 (403.15)

-1188.8 (605.21)

-1009.5 (550.60)

-2296.0 - -226.00

-1685.0 - -140.00

-2342.0 - -52.00

-1810.0 - -196.00

-2715.0 - -281.00

-2711.0 - -260.00

n = 147

n = 39

n = 86

n = 37

n = 38

n = 31

-692.59 (441.52)

-444.49 (223.75)

-699.06 (408.39)

-452.19 (332.95)

-804.61 (528.83)

-545.97 (327.07)

-959.00 - -113.00

-1996.0 - -128.00

-1272.0 - -161.00

-1871.0 - -148.00

-1600.0 - -70.00

-2225.0 - -76.00

-1540.0 - -50.00

n = 123

n = 56

n = 140

n = 35

n = 84

n = 36

n = 38

n = 29

-205.49 (135.42)

-325.49 (198.07)

-207.39 (113.82)

-371.54 (296.29)

-225.42 (121.29)

-385.30 (265.52)

-309.88 (222.38)

-538.34 (379.38)

-275.24 (214.31)

-938.00 - -64.00

-668.00 - -31.00

-754.00 - -37.00

-684.00 - -25.00

-1340.0 - -44.00

-649.00 - -57.00

-1034.0 - -77.00

-823.00 - -42.00

-1449.0 - -22.00

-1002.0 - -68.00

n = 217

n = 90

n = 110

n = 46

n = 120

n = 33

n = 74

n = 24

n = 32

n = 21

-187.16 (134.09)

-142.26 (85.84)

-215.92 (159.18)

-150.18 (85.80)

-239.77 (209.83)

-154.67 (76.68)

-229.85 (123.08)

-273.17 (154.68)

-408.72 (274.53)

-237.46 (154.96)

-583.00 - -46.00

-361.00 - -29.00

-651.00 - -28.00

-479.00 - -33.00

-852.00 - -33.00

-279.00 - -35.00

-494.00 - -46.00

-543.00 - -78.00

-1076.0 - -93.00

-498.00 - -36.00

n = 185

n = 61

n = 88

n = 34

n = 86

n = 21

n = 59

n = 18

n = 29

n = 13

NU S

MA

D

TE

V5

60+ Female

CE P

V4

50-59 Male

AC

V3

Female

CR I

Leads

PT

Age group (years)

33

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Age group (years) 18-29

30-39

40-49

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

I

14.56 (4.36)

14.69 (4.04)

16.12 (4.12)

15.15 (5.21)

14.69 (4.17)

7.00 - 23.00

7.00 - 23.00

8.00 - 25.00

6.00 - 30.00

n = 152

n = 58

n = 73

15.58 (4.36)

15.00 (4.74)

7.00 - 24.00

aVL

aVF

V1

Female

14.11 (4.10)

13.87 (3.82)

13.63 (3.77)

12.75 (4.05)

10.83 (3.21)

6.00 - 22.00

8.00 - 26.00

7.00 - 21.00

6.00 - 20.00

5.00 - 21.00

4.00 - 15.00

n = 33

n = 93

n = 27

n = 46

n = 16

n = 20

n = 12

16.57 (4.30)

14.43 (4.86)

14.81 (4.70)

13.52 (5.39)

14.33 (3.53)

13.29 (4.78)

12.71 (3.55)

13.59 (3.57)

7.00 - 26.00

8.00 - 24.00

4.00 - 25.00

6.00 - 26.00

6.00 - 26.00

8.00 - 21.00

4.00 - 21.00

7.00 - 21.00

9.00 - 21.00

n = 171

n = 78

n = 81

n = 35

n = 72

n = 25

n = 40

n = 21

n = 17

n = 17

18.44 (6.79)

18.59 (6.06)

20.81 (6.70)

24.28 (11.69)

23.06 (11.13)

26.83 (19.35)

20.95 (10.10)

27.00 (14.65)

25.89 (15.59)

20.42 (9.39)

6.00 - 31.00

7.00 - 38.00

6.00 - 35.00

7.00 - 76.00

6.00 - 50.00

7.00 - 80.00

7.00 - 50.00

10.00 - 74.00

7.00 - 70.00

5.00 - 45.00

n = 142

n = 79

n = 68

n = 36

n = 66

n = 18

n = 40

n = 18

n = 18

n = 19

48.08 (11.22)

46.84 (11.12)

49.39 (13.29)

48.70 (11.42)

46.65 (11.67)

47.87 (12.84)

50.76 (12.41)

57.59 (14.79)

52.43 (17.91)

52.32 (21.11)

32.00 - 76.00

33.00 - 70.00

32.00 - 78.00

33.00 - 74.00

30.00 - 74.00

33.00 - 80.00

33.00 - 78.00

32.00 - 80.00

8.00 - 86.00

7.00 - 96.00

n = 99

n = 57

n = 51

n = 33

n = 66

n = 15

n = 46

n = 17

n = 23

n = 22

23.64 (16.10)

20.31 (10.69)

18.91 (9.41)

18.54 (5.42)

20.59 (14.77)

17.21 (12.03)

17.06 (9.44)

14.69 (4.94)

21.32 (13.36)

18.50 (5.54)

6.00 - 68.00

8.00 - 50.00

6.00 - 43.00

9.00 - 33.00

6.00 - 72.00

6.00 - 64.00

6.00 - 56.00

6.00 - 23.00

8.00 - 70.00

8.00 - 28.00

n = 137

n = 52

n = 66

n = 28

n = 98

n = 24

n = 52

n = 16

n = 19

n = 12

16.38 (5.13)

16.56 (4.49)

17.87 (5.13)

15.47 (4.38)

17.10 (6.49)

14.90 (6.32)

16.19 (5.64)

16.74 (5.28)

14.44 (6.10)

16.15 (6.15)

6.00 - 26.00

6.00 - 26.00

9.00 - 28.00

6.00 - 23.00

7.00 - 38.00

4.00 - 26.00

6.00 - 30.00

7.00 - 29.00

6.00 - 26.00

8.00 - 27.00

n = 154

n = 73

n = 75

n = 34

n = 67

n = 20

n = 42

n = 19

n = 18

n = 20

7.00 (.)

53.33 (6.11)

77.00 (9.90)

. (.)

44.00 (42.43)

. (.)

52.00 (5.66)

66.00 (0.00)

70.00 (28.35)

8.00 (.)

7.00 - 7.00

48.00 - 60.00

70.00 - 84.00

.-.

14.00 - 74.00

.-.

48.00 - 56.00

66.00 - 66.00

38.00 - 92.00

8.00 - 8.00

n=1

n=3

n=2

n=0

n=2

n=0

n=2

n=2

n=3

n=1

NU S

MA

D

TE

aVR

Male

CE P

III

60+ Female

AC

II

50-59 Male

CR I

Leads

PT

Table A9: Q wave duration in all leads

34

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Age group (years) 40-49

CR I

30-39

50-59

60+

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

V2

10.00 (5.22)

. (.)

10.50 (6.36)

. (.)

11.67 (2.08)

. (.)

7.67 (0.58)

7.50 (3.54)

44.75 (45.12)

9.00 (.)

5.00 - 19.00

.-.

6.00 - 15.00

.-.

10.00 - 14.00

.-.

7.00 - 8.00

5.00 - 10.00

4.00 - 94.00

9.00 - 9.00

n=6

n=0

n=2

n=0

n=3

n=0

n=3

n=2

n=4

n=1

15.07 (4.73)

. (.)

14.00 (4.00)

. (.)

7.86 (2.61)

17.00 (.)

9.70 (4.60)

14.00 (.)

9.50 (0.71)

7.00 (1.41)

5.00 - 26.00

.-.

9.00 - 19.00

.-.

4.00 - 12.00

17.00 - 17.00

5.00 - 18.00

14.00 - 14.00

9.00 - 10.00

6.00 - 8.00

n = 15

n=0

n=5

n=0

n=7

n=1

n = 10

n=1

n=2

n=2

14.48 (4.56)

13.10 (4.17)

14.17 (4.94)

11.86 (5.23)

12.39 (3.87)

14.43 (4.35)

12.25 (4.64)

12.08 (5.09)

8.75 (3.88)

12.00 (4.85)

7.00 - 23.00

5.00 - 21.00

6.00 - 22.00

6.00 - 25.00

4.00 - 24.00

10.00 - 23.00

5.00 - 21.00

6.00 - 21.00

4.00 - 16.00

7.00 - 18.00

n = 64

n = 29

n = 29

n = 14

n = 38

n=7

n = 20

n = 12

n=8

n=5

15.90 (4.53)

14.14 (4.56)

15.13 (4.36)

13.79 (4.63)

14.39 (4.11)

13.55 (4.36)

13.00 (3.68)

13.16 (3.75)

10.93 (2.99)

10.07 (4.83)

7.00 - 24.00

7.00 - 23.00

6.00 - 24.00

7.00 - 29.00

7.00 - 24.00

4.00 - 22.00

7.00 - 21.00

8.00 - 23.00

6.00 - 17.00

5.00 - 22.00

n = 170

n = 66

n = 89

n = 33

n = 82

n = 22

n = 47

n = 19

n = 15

n = 14

16.92 (4.52)

15.86 (3.96)

17.01 (4.23)

15.43 (4.80)

15.39 (3.83)

15.16 (4.21)

13.80 (3.66)

13.77 (3.90)

11.94 (3.61)

11.29 (4.86)

8.00 - 26.00

8.00 - 25.00

8.00 - 26.00

4.00 - 29.00

8.00 - 23.00

6.00 - 24.00

6.00 - 21.00

7.00 - 24.00

6.00 - 19.00

4.00 - 21.00

n = 201

n = 85

n = 94

n = 37

n = 102

n = 25

n = 56

n = 22

n = 18

n = 17

V5

V6

MA

TE

CE P

V4

AC

V3

NU S

Leads

D

18-29

PT

Table A9: Q wave duration in all leads (cont'd)

35

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Table A10: R wave duration in all leads

18-29

30-39

40-49

Female

Male

Female

Male

I

42.69 (12.23)

45.69 (10.83)

45.12 (12.51)

45.95 (9.25)

26.00 - 78.00

30.00 - 72.00

29.00 - 74.00

n = 266

n = 122

51.12 (14.42)

aVL

aVF

V1

Female

Male

Female

43.85 (11.18)

45.95 (10.22)

44.07 (11.63)

49.49 (11.86)

47.50 (14.62)

50.39 (13.92)

31.00 - 66.00

26.00 - 70.00

30.00 - 69.00

27.00 - 73.00

31.00 - 76.00

25.00 - 88.00

6.00 - 77.00

n = 130

n = 64

n = 149

n = 39

n = 87

n = 37

n = 38

n = 31

49.28 (12.18)

53.15 (13.77)

49.88 (11.09)

52.86 (15.21)

47.85 (11.48)

52.20 (16.09)

51.00 (15.22)

53.13 (17.19)

54.90 (13.20)

32.00 - 88.00

30.00 - 76.00

31.00 - 81.00

33.00 - 70.00

13.00 - 84.00

33.00 - 78.00

8.00 - 86.00

26.00 - 72.00

16.00 - 90.00

27.00 - 78.00

n = 266

n = 122

n = 130

n = 64

n = 149

n = 39

n = 87

n = 37

n = 38

n = 31

45.93 (18.82)

41.93 (16.36)

40.15 (20.56)

36.95 (15.01)

37.46 (20.18)

33.19 (18.24)

39.45 (20.44)

35.17 (20.80)

38.38 (20.67)

43.16 (16.92)

11.00 - 86.00

11.00 - 76.00

7.00 - 82.00

12.00 - 70.00

5.00 - 78.00

9.00 - 88.00

5.00 - 68.00

5.00 - 88.00

14.00 - 74.00

n = 266

n = 122

n = 130

n = 61

n = 149

n = 37

n = 87

n = 36

n = 37

n = 31

17.64 (7.98)

16.99 (6.03)

18.45 (7.75)

16.19 (6.73)

17.84 (7.68)

15.63 (4.24)

16.84 (7.72)

14.00 (5.14)

20.22 (12.47)

13.94 (5.79)

7.00 - 42.00

7.00 - 34.00

8.00 - 41.00

6.00 - 40.00

9.00 - 38.00

8.00 - 23.00

6.00 - 36.00

1.00 - 31.00

6.00 - 44.00

5.00 - 32.00

n = 236

n = 95

n = 112

n = 43

n = 121

n = 32

n = 67

n = 24

n = 27

n = 17

29.10 (15.39)

31.59 (14.22)

36.14 (14.25)

40.94 (12.90)

37.87 (14.83)

40.58 (14.83)

37.93 (16.11)

40.81 (14.73)

38.95 (18.67)

38.19 (16.66)

7.00 - 72.50

10.00 - 64.00

13.00 - 68.00

17.00 - 64.00

8.00 - 68.00

11.00 - 70.00

9.00 - 72.00

12.00 - 72.00

6.00 - 86.00

12.00 - 73.00

n = 250

n = 117

n = 128

n = 64

n = 141

n = 38

n = 85

n = 37

n = 37

n = 31

50.64 (16.45)

46.84 (14.22)

51.90 (15.88)

47.56 (12.74)

49.97 (18.98)

44.31 (13.63)

48.49 (19.53)

47.38 (16.54)

47.58 (20.53)

48.74 (13.17)

19.00 - 90.00

10.00 - 78.00

17.00 - 82.00

31.00 - 71.00

10.00 - 86.00

15.00 - 70.00

8.00 - 88.00

10.00 - 70.00

13.00 - 90.00

24.00 - 76.00

n = 266

n = 122

n = 130

n = 64

n = 149

n = 39

n = 87

n = 37

n = 38

n = 31

28.39 (4.96)

24.93 (5.13)

27.66 (6.39)

23.66 (7.09)

27.34 (5.87)

23.41 (6.03)

25.09 (5.71)

24.23 (5.90)

25.92 (11.87)

20.35 (6.33)

16.00 - 39.00

16.00 - 34.00

12.00 - 41.00

8.00 - 41.00

14.00 - 41.00

10.00 - 35.00

11.00 - 39.00

12.00 - 35.00

10.00 - 80.00

8.00 - 36.00

n = 266

n = 119

n = 128

n = 64

n = 148

n = 39

n = 85

n = 35

n = 36

n = 31

MA

D

7.00 - 80.00

TE

CE P

aVR

60+

Male

AC

III

50-59

Female

CR I

Male

NU S

Leads

II

PT

Age group (years)

36

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Table A10: R wave duration in all leads (cont'd)

18-29

30-39

40-49

Female

Male

Female

Male

V2

32.72 (6.77)

30.07 (6.26)

33.35 (7.11)

32.17 (9.85)

21.00 - 50.00

20.00 - 44.00

19.00 - 49.00

n = 266

n = 122

40.92 (8.83)

V6

Female

Male

Female

33.80 (6.74)

32.33 (7.16)

33.43 (10.00)

33.78 (6.95)

32.64 (7.89)

28.13 (7.27)

15.00 - 55.00

22.00 - 48.00

21.00 - 56.00

14.00 - 53.00

14.00 - 46.00

17.00 - 48.00

12.00 - 41.00

n = 130

n = 64

n = 149

n = 39

n = 87

n = 37

n = 36

n = 31

36.38 (9.50)

41.32 (8.00)

38.17 (9.06)

42.32 (8.13)

37.87 (6.56)

40.03 (6.80)

39.00 (6.03)

37.55 (6.98)

34.26 (6.38)

26.00 - 61.00

21.00 - 58.00

25.00 - 57.00

20.00 - 56.00

26.00 - 62.00

26.00 - 57.00

27.00 - 53.00

25.00 - 50.00

19.00 - 50.00

20.00 - 46.00

n = 266

n = 122

n = 130

n = 64

n = 149

n = 39

n = 87

n = 37

n = 38

n = 31

45.11 (9.60)

44.27 (10.22)

43.33 (8.69)

44.91 (11.45)

43.72 (8.74)

42.00 (8.78)

41.61 (8.65)

40.86 (6.33)

39.53 (5.72)

41.48 (7.49)

31.00 - 77.00

32.00 - 80.00

29.00 - 72.00

34.00 - 78.00

27.00 - 72.00

29.00 - 66.00

25.00 - 62.00

29.00 - 53.00

31.00 - 62.00

n = 266

n = 122

n = 130

n = 64

n = 149

n = 39

n = 87

n = 37

n = 38

n = 31

42.47 (10.70)

43.30 (10.13)

42.00 (9.78)

43.81 (10.69)

42.48 (9.99)

40.62 (7.54)

42.24 (12.07)

44.68 (10.94)

42.68 (10.86)

47.00 (12.28)

29.00 - 71.00

31.00 - 72.00

29.00 - 70.00

34.00 - 79.00

31.00 - 77.00

30.00 - 72.00

27.00 - 88.00

25.00 - 74.00

27.00 - 72.00

30.00 - 74.00

n = 266

n = 122

n = 130

n = 64

n = 149

n = 39

n = 87

n = 37

n = 38

n = 31

43.78 (11.07)

43.88 (9.68)

44.93 (11.86)

45.08 (9.65)

45.66 (11.46)

44.54 (9.08)

44.30 (12.38)

48.46 (12.92)

43.71 (12.13)

51.58 (13.53)

29.00 - 71.00

32.00 - 65.00

31.00 - 75.00

33.00 - 69.00

30.00 - 76.00

32.00 - 68.00

28.00 - 74.00

25.00 - 78.00

28.00 - 78.00

28.00 - 80.00

n = 266

n = 122

n = 130

n = 64

n = 149

n = 39

n = 87

n = 37

n = 38

n = 31

MA

D

29.00 - 73.00

TE

CE P

V5

60+

Male

AC

V4

50-59

Female

CR I

Male

NU S

Leads

V3

PT

Age group (years)

37

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Table A11: S wave duration in all leads

18-29

30-39

40-49

Female

Male

Female

Male

I

24.51 (9.48)

20.86 (9.64)

23.74 (10.72)

18.76 (9.84)

7.00 - 43.00

5.00 - 42.00

6.00 - 43.00

n = 181

n = 56

25.56 (11.13)

aVL

aVF

V1

Female

Male

Female

24.20 (10.32)

19.07 (6.90)

23.45 (8.80)

24.08 (9.40)

28.45 (9.60)

20.77 (9.36)

6.00 - 47.00

5.00 - 47.00

5.00 - 30.00

8.00 - 41.00

10.00 - 44.00

7.00 - 46.00

9.00 - 41.00

n = 87

n = 29

n = 87

n = 14

n = 49

n = 12

n = 22

n = 13

23.02 (7.27)

25.15 (11.51)

22.41 (7.79)

24.64 (10.58)

22.30 (9.57)

25.49 (9.55)

24.94 (9.65)

28.38 (15.91)

19.44 (6.21)

6.00 - 50.00

8.00 - 36.00

5.00 - 50.00

11.00 - 46.00

7.00 - 49.00

6.00 - 38.00

7.00 - 42.00

11.00 - 53.00

5.00 - 59.00

11.00 - 31.00

n = 147

n = 57

n = 66

n = 29

n = 73

n = 20

n = 45

n = 17

n = 21

n=9

25.73 (13.99)

23.63 (10.09)

28.92 (17.04)

27.23 (16.52)

30.92 (17.38)

33.73 (20.34)

34.69 (17.81)

28.19 (13.92)

35.14 (21.56)

42.55 (15.55)

5.00 - 59.00

7.00 - 44.00

4.00 - 66.00

5.00 - 62.00

6.00 - 68.00

7.00 - 73.00

11.00 - 64.00

9.00 - 73.00

20.00 - 64.00

n = 153

n = 62

n = 79

n = 39

n = 89

n = 22

n = 51

n = 21

n = 22

n = 11

45.18 (11.42)

45.21 (8.85)

49.84 (12.63)

45.48 (9.31)

48.98 (12.35)

45.17 (8.33)

45.83 (12.31)

49.65 (13.55)

48.19 (12.34)

51.73 (10.96)

30.00 - 69.00

32.00 - 66.00

32.00 - 75.00

33.00 - 71.00

25.00 - 71.00

33.00 - 60.00

25.00 - 77.00

26.00 - 73.00

28.00 - 69.00

38.00 - 66.00

n = 170

n = 66

n = 79

n = 31

n = 86

n = 24

n = 41

n = 20

n = 16

n = 11

33.89 (16.33)

29.53 (12.90)

31.41 (15.70)

28.14 (13.03)

29.95 (13.95)

20.95 (10.77)

32.43 (12.87)

26.05 (12.55)

33.70 (17.11)

33.84 (11.18)

6.00 - 71.00

7.00 - 55.00

5.00 - 62.00

6.00 - 66.00

5.00 - 57.00

6.00 - 39.00

14.00 - 60.00

10.00 - 53.00

5.00 - 69.00

12.00 - 52.00

n = 205

n = 87

n = 97

n = 35

n = 96

n = 20

n = 56

n = 22

n = 23

n = 19

26.29 (12.37)

21.93 (8.86)

26.08 (13.15)

24.42 (10.29)

26.20 (13.77)

24.10 (12.17)

30.16 (15.79)

25.15 (11.57)

34.20 (21.28)

27.40 (16.28)

5.00 - 58.00

7.00 - 38.00

8.00 - 54.00

9.00 - 50.00

6.00 - 65.00

4.00 - 52.00

4.00 - 67.00

12.00 - 65.00

7.00 - 72.00

5.00 - 54.00

n = 146

n = 58

n = 63

n = 31

n = 69

n = 20

n = 43

n = 20

n = 20

n = 10

48.95 (10.11)

47.41 (8.88)

51.61 (8.67)

49.30 (11.78)

50.41 (11.01)

48.79 (8.85)

50.44 (10.50)

49.80 (8.79)

48.56 (11.40)

51.55 (10.25)

20.00 - 65.00

27.00 - 61.00

23.00 - 69.00

7.00 - 65.00

19.00 - 68.00

15.00 - 61.00

15.00 - 66.00

21.00 - 60.00

19.00 - 66.00

16.00 - 73.00

n = 266

n = 119

n = 128

n = 64

n = 148

n = 39

n = 85

n = 35

n = 34

n = 31

MA

D

5.00 - 69.00

TE

CE P

aVR

60+

Male

AC

III

50-59

Female

CR I

Male

NU S

Leads

II

PT

Age group (years)

38

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

PT

Table A11: S wave duration in all leads (cont'd) Age group (years) 30-39

40-49

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

V2

44.37 (9.56)

43.34 (9.50)

44.68 (9.17)

43.48 (10.92)

44.16 (10.25)

19.00 - 62.00

24.00 - 60.00

22.00 - 59.00

21.00 - 61.00

18.00 - 60.00

n = 264

n = 122

n = 130

n = 64

35.45 (11.70)

39.05 (11.27)

35.38 (11.38)

10.00 - 55.00

14.00 - 57.00

n = 258

V5

V6

Female

Male

Female

41.64 (8.37)

43.98 (10.83)

41.62 (8.45)

43.25 (9.31)

46.52 (9.99)

23.00 - 59.00

22.00 - 65.00

24.00 - 57.00

18.00 - 58.00

23.00 - 68.00

n = 149

n = 39

n = 86

n = 37

n = 36

n = 31

36.78 (12.13)

35.16 (11.22)

36.31 (9.83)

35.91 (11.42)

36.41 (10.05)

38.92 (12.80)

39.77 (10.26)

8.00 - 55.00

9.00 - 61.00

14.00 - 55.00

16.00 - 55.00

5.00 - 59.00

19.00 - 58.00

9.00 - 70.00

17.00 - 60.00

n = 120

n = 130

n = 63

n = 147

n = 39

n = 86

n = 37

n = 38

n = 31

27.45 (11.20)

24.43 (10.67)

29.35 (11.40)

27.27 (8.88)

29.31 (7.51)

30.93 (11.17)

28.36 (10.93)

33.34 (15.72)

29.59 (12.09)

9.00 - 51.00

6.00 - 41.00

8.00 - 49.00

15.00 - 44.00

10.00 - 50.00

11.00 - 44.00

8.00 - 51.00

10.00 - 56.00

8.00 - 65.00

10.00 - 57.00

n = 243

n = 108

n = 123

n = 56

n = 140

n = 35

n = 84

n = 36

n = 38

n = 29

23.68 (10.74)

21.39 (9.50)

25.59 (11.42)

23.65 (8.75)

26.73 (11.31)

23.91 (7.85)

27.93 (11.54)

26.71 (11.25)

33.59 (15.45)

27.67 (10.24)

8.00 - 46.00

4.00 - 39.00

6.00 - 47.00

7.00 - 42.00

7.00 - 48.00

7.00 - 40.00

7.00 - 49.00

9.00 - 53.00

6.00 - 63.00

13.00 - 45.00

n = 217

n = 90

n = 110

n = 46

n = 120

n = 33

n = 74

n = 24

n = 32

n = 21

21.49 (10.07)

21.23 (8.19)

24.17 (10.49)

21.03 (8.80)

25.51 (10.63)

22.05 (9.12)

27.39 (8.80)

25.72 (9.68)

33.21 (12.90)

23.46 (9.28)

6.00 - 46.00

6.00 - 36.00

5.00 - 44.00

6.00 - 37.00

6.00 - 48.00

5.00 - 37.00

12.00 - 41.00

15.00 - 52.00

9.00 - 59.00

8.00 - 42.00

n = 185

n = 61

n = 88

n = 34

n = 86

n = 21

n = 59

n = 18

n = 29

n = 13

MA

D

30.42 (11.29)

TE

CE P

V4

60+

Male

AC

V3

50-59

Female

NU S

Leads

CR I

18-29

39

AC

CE P

TE

D

MA

NU S

CR I

PT

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Fig. 1

40

AC

CE P

TE

D

MA

NU S

CR I

PT

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Fig. 2

41

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Highlights First large study of ECGs in apparently healthy South Asians



Automated ECG analysis was used



Normal limits of the ECG in South Asian population were derived



Results indicate that diagnostic criteria currently used for Whites need not be altered

RI P

T



AC

CE

PT

ED

MA NU

SC

for use in South Asians

42