New State Records of Mosquitoes for Colorado Author(s): Dominic A. Rose, B. C. Kondratieff and M. J. Weissmann Source: Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 31(2):135-138. Published By: The American Mosquito Control Association DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/15-6482R URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.2987/15-6482R
BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/ terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder.
BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research.
Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 31(2):135–138, 2015 Copyright E 2015 by The American Mosquito Control Association, Inc.
NEW STATE RECORDS OF MOSQUITOES FOR COLORADO DOMINIC A. ROSE,1,2 B. C. KONDRATIEFF1
AND
M. J. WEISSMANN2
ABSTRACT. The 1967 treatment of the Mosquitoes of Colorado by Harmston and Lawson and subsequent publications have recorded 46 culicid species from Colorado. As part of a study to create an updated synopsis of the mosquitoes of Colorado, adult trapping at numerous localities was conducted in Colorado during the summers of 2013 and 2014. This review also included an examination of mosquito specimens in various relevant museum collections. Aedes (Ochlerotatus) niphadopsis and Ae. (Och.) spencerii spencerii were collected during the 2013 and 2014 field seasons. Records for Ae. (Och.) canadensis canadensis, Ae. (Stegomyia) aegypti, and Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) anhydor syntheta were obtained from examination of museum specimens. These species constitute new state records for Colorado, with 51 species now known from the state. KEY WORDS
Records, Colorado, Culicidae, Aedes, Uranotaenia
INTRODUCTION The Culicidae are responsible for the transmission of vector-borne pathogens that cause diseases, including malaria, viral diseases, and filariasis. Several mosquito species well known from Colorado can be competent vectors of arboviruses, including Saint Louis encephalitis, western equine encephalomylitis, and West Nile virus (Cockburn et al. 1957, Reisen 2003, Turell et al. 2005, Barker et al. 2009, Sinka et al. 2012). Changing environments, the high dispersal abilities of mosquitoes, and minimal previous sampling in many areas of the state have created a high potential for discovering new records of mosquito species for Colorado. The mosquitoes of Colorado have been relatively well surveyed throughout the last 100 years. The first report of mosquitoes collected in Colorado was made by Tucker (1907), recording Aedes (Aedimorphus) vexans (Meigen), Ae. (Ochlerotatus) excrucians (Walker), Culex (Culex) pipiens L., and Cx. (Cux.) tarsalis Coquillett. By 1967, 42 species of Culicidae in 6 genera were treated by Harmston and Lawson (1967). Since 1967, Uranotaenia (Uranotaenia) sapphirina (Osten Sacken) was reported by Maloney (1980), increasing the known Colorado genera to 7. Culiseta (Culiseta) morsitans (Theobald) was reported by West et al. (1994). Hayden et al. (2001) concluded that Anopheles (Anopheles) hermsi Barr and Guptavanij occurred in Colorado, but did not confirm any of their specimens to be An. (Ano.) freeborni Aitken, thereby likely replacing the latter record, although more genetic study is needed to confirm this. Finally, Bennett et al. (2005) reported a collection of Ae. (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) from Weld County, 1 Colorado State University, Department of Bioagricultural Sciences, Pest Management, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1177. 2 Colorado Mosquito Control, Inc., 7000 Broadway, Suite 108, Denver, CO 80221.
placing the total number of recorded mosquito species collected in Colorado prior to the current study at 46, representing 7 genera. A comprehensive review of the mosquitoes of Colorado has been initiated to produce an identification guide for adult female and 4thstage larvae for all the species known from the state. Part of this effort has involved additional adult mosquito trapping and larval rearing in areas where no or few records currently exist. The purpose of this paper is to report on the confirmation of new state records for Colorado, and provide brief notes on these species. MATERIALS AND METHODS Collections of larval and adult mosquitoes in Colorado were conducted during the summers of 2013 and 2014. Efforts were made to collect specimens at the 4 corners of the state and near the Kansas, Nebraska, Wyoming, Utah, and New Mexico borders. In order to maximize the chance of collecting new state records of mosquito species, 200 CO2-baited Centers for Disease Control and Prevention miniature light traps were deployed throughout Colorado during the 2 field seasons. These traps were set in Adams, Baca, Bent, Boulder, Chaffee, Clear Creek, Delta, Eagle, Garfield, Gunnison, Jackson, Lake, Logan, Larimer, Mesa, Moffat, Montrose, Park, Prowers, Routt, Saguache, Sedgwick, Summit, Weld, and Yuma counties of Colorado. The adult mosquito traps were set near typical mosquito larval habitats. Sites included dry upland coniferous forest areas, riparian habitats, cattail wetlands, and small ponds. Mosquito larvae were collected using standard mosquito dippers, and individual 3rd and 4th instars were brought into the laboratory for rearing. Turkey basters and dippers were used to sample tree holes, rock pools, and container-
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JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION Table 1.
VOL. 31, NO. 2
List of Colorado counties and mosquito species collected in summer 2013–14.
Species
County(s)
Aedes campestris Ae. cataphyalla Ae. cinereus Ae. communis Ae. dorsalis
Saguache, Jackson, Routt, Moffat Clear Creek, Gunnison, Jackson, Larimer, Park, Saguache Boulder, Jackson, Larimer, Gunnison, Weld Clear Creek, Jackson, Eagle, Summit Adams, Gunnison, Jackson, Larimer, Logan, Mesa, Moffat, Montrose, Prowers, Routt, Saguache, Weld, Yuma Ae. fitchii Eagle, Gunnison, Jackson, Saguache, Summit, Weld Ae. hendersoni Boulder, Weld Ae. hexodontus Clear Creek, Gunnison, Jackson, Saguache Ae. spencerii idahoensis Eagle, Jackson, Larimer, Moffat, Routt, Saguache Ae. increpitus Chaffee, Jackson, Larimer, Montrose, Weld, Yuma Ae. intrudens Jackson, Lake, Moffat, Routt Ae. melanimon Bent, Gunnison, Larimer, Logan, Jackson, Moffat, Montrose, Routt, Saguache, Weld Ae. nigromaculis Adams, Larimer, Logan, Weld Ae. niphadopsis Jackson Ae. pullatus Eagle, Clear Creek, Gunnison, Jackson, Park, Summit Ae. schizopinax Park Ae. s. spencerii Jackson, Moffat Ae. sticticus Moffat, Routt Ae. trivittatus Baca, Bent, Boulder, Larimer, Montrose Ae. vexans Bent, Boulder, Eagle, Larimer, Logan, Moffat, Mesa, Montrose, Prowers, Routt, Sedgwick, Weld Anopheles earlei Jackson, Moffat, Routt An. hermsi Baca, Montrose, Prowers An. franciscanus Montrose Culex erythrothorax Weld Cx. pipiens Adams, Weld Cx. salinarius Prowers, Weld Cx. tarsalis Adams, Baca, Bent, Boulder, Eagle, Gunnison, Jackson, Larimer, Logan, Mesa, Moffat, Montrose, Prowers, Sedgwick, Weld Culiseta alaskaensis Eagle, Gunnison, Lake, Saguache Cs. impatiens Eagle, Lake, Saguache Cs. incidens Larimer, Mesa, Saguache Cs. inornata Boulder, Chaffee, Gunnison, Jackson, Lake, Larimer, Mesa, Montrose, Prowers, Weld, Yuma Coquillettidia perturbans Adams, Boulder, Larimer, Sedgwick Psorophora signipennis Baca, Logan, Pueblo, Weld
breeding species. Larvae were collected from small pools, ponds, or wet inundated areas. Adult mosquito specimens were also examined at the University of Colorado Museum of Natural History Collection in Boulder, CO (UCMC), the C. P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, CO (CSUC), and the United States National Museum (Smithsonian Institution) and Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit combined collection in Suitland, MD (USNM/WRBU). Darsie and Ward (2005) and Harmston and Lawson (1967), as well as comparison with existing determined museum specimens were used to identify adult and larval specimens. Voucher specimens of all species collected have been deposited at CSUC.
species as well as examination of mosquitoes in the CSUC, USNM/WRBU, and UCMC collections revealed 5 new records of culicid species for Colorado, increasing the total number of known species to 51 as of 2014. The collections during 2013 and 2014 produced 2 new records: Ae. niphadopsis Dyar and Knab, and Ae. s. spencerii (Theobald). Three additional species were discovered in the CSUC that had been collected as part of the Colorado Mosquito Control, Inc. surveillance program and deposited at CSUC. These included Ae. c. canadensis (Theobald), Ae. aegypti (L.), and Ur. anhydor syntheta Dyar and Shannon. Table 2 lists the new records of mosquitoes for Colorado, including the taxa, county(s), geographic coordinates of the trap site(s) (decimal degrees), and date of collection for each new record.
RESULTS Table 1 lists the Colorado counties sampled and the 32 mosquito species collected during the summer 2013 and 2014 trapping season. These
DISCUSSION Aedes niphadopsis was collected in Jackson County just east of Walden along State Highway
JUNE 2015
NEW STATE RECORDS OF MOSQUITOES FOR COLORADO Table 2.
137
List of mosquito species that represent new state records for Colorado.
Taxon
County
Geographic coordinates
Aedes (Ochlerotatus) niphadopsis
Jackson
Ae. (Och.) s. spencerii
Jackson Moffat
Ae. (Och.) c. canadensis
Garfield
40.599092uN, 40.661856uN, 43.486322uN, 40.599092uN, 40.661856uN, 40.726750uN, 40.697691uN, 40.741369uN, 43.486322uN, 40.728741uN, 40.664261uN, 40.577727uN, 40.481877uN, 39.401647uN,
Ae. (Stegomyia) aegypti Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) anhydor syntheta
Pueblo Pueblo
38.281050uN, 104.639500uW 38.253219uN, 104.440981uW
14 (Table 2) in mid-June at an elevation of 2,527 m and 2,617 m. The relatively high altitude of the collection site indicates that this is an earlier emerging species in Colorado. Aedes niphadopsis is a western species that has been reported from Utah, Nevada, California, Oregon, and Idaho (Darsie and Ward 2005). The record for Colorado is not unexpected with its known range including eastern Utah. However, the location of this record in the North Park area of northern Colorado is the first known collection for this species east of the Continental Divide. Aedes s. spencerii was also collected in Jackson County, in the town of Walden and to the east of Walden along State Highway 14 towards Cameron Pass at an altitude of 2,456 m, 2,527 m, and 2,617 m. It was also collected in Moffat County just south of Craig in a riparian habitat created by overflow of the Yampa River at an elevation of 1,877 m. These collections were made in mid-June, indicating it is another relatively early emerging mosquito species in Colorado, especially at these altitudes. Darsie and Ward (2005) indicate a distribution that is widespread throughout central North America from Canada south into the Midwest. The Colorado record is notable because both recognized subspecies, Ae. s. spencerii and Ae. s. idahoensis (Theobald), were collected in the same light traps at multiple locations in this area. Further study is needed to resolve the taxonomy of these forms. Aedes c. canadensis was collected in Garfield County in Carbondale in 2005 and more recently in 2013. It has been collected in June, July, and August, indicating late emergence of larvae from overwintering eggs in this univoltine species (Carpenter and LaCasse 1955). As indicated by Darsie and Ward (2005), Ae. c. canadensis is
106.084683uW 106.193989uW 106.435388uW 106.084683uW 106.193989uW 106.286128uW 106.413583uW 106.278666uW 106.435388uW 106.270325uW 106.320325uW 106.450972uW 107.611391uW 107.155500uW
Date collected Jun 22, 2013 Jun 22, 2013 Jun 14, 2014 Jun 22, 2013 Jun 22, 2013 Jun 22, 2013 Jun 14, 2014 Jun 14, 2014 Jun 14, 2014 Jun 14, 2014 Jun 14, 2014 Jun 14, 2014 Jun 21, 2014 Jun 22, 2005; Jun 29, 2011; Jul 13, 2011; Jul 27, 2011; Jul 10, 2013; Aug 7, 2013 Aug 25, 2010; Sep 1, 2010 Aug 25, 2009
a widespread species throughout North America, and larvae occur in a variety of habitats. In addition to the specimens in the CSUC collection, this species has been found fairly regularly during the past few years but only at this single isolated location (Colorado Mosquito Control, personal communication). Aedes aegypti was found on 2 occasions at a single location in Pueblo, CO. This certainly represents an accidental introduction, but likely an isolated incidence and of unknown origin. A search for larvae was unsuccessful, and subsequent trapping at the site since that time failed to collect additional specimens. Generally dry conditions in Pueblo, in addition to cold winter weather, make it unlikely that this primarily tropical species would become established at this location. Uranotaenia anhydor syntheta was collected in Pueblo County east of the city of Pueblo. Darsie and Ward (2005) show this subspecies to have a North American distribution restricted to isolated pockets throughout the south-central USA. The Colorado specimens were reared from larvae that were collected in a shallow marsh with emergent vegetation dominated by bulrush (Scirpus sp.) and cattails (Typha sp.), located along the ridge above (south of) the Arkansas River. The water source of this marsh is from relatively recent agricultural runoff, such that this species was not likely to occur there prior to human development. Maloney (1980) reported a single specimen of Ur. sapphirina from the Pueblo Army Depot not far from the site of the current record. An examination of this specimen at the USNM/ WRBU collection confirmed that it is indeed Ur. sapphirina, such that both species are now recorded from Pueblo County, CO. Details of
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the habitat where Maloney collected Ur. sapphirina were not included in his report because an adult was collected. However, the larvae are likely to have come from a similar shallow marsh situation due to the army depot’s proximity to the Arkansas River. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors thank the people and companies who made this research possible; Colorado Mosquito Control provided research funding, including some transportation and use of equipment; Peter Swinburn, of Molson Coors Brewing Company, provided additional research funding; Lou Bjostad, of Colorado State University, provided funding to visit the USNM/WRBU. Jim Pecor at USNM/WRBU assisted with access to the Smithsonian collections. And with gracious acknowledgment to the people who assisted during collecting trips: Tony Steck, Jo Ann C. Rose, Corinna Peters, and Nicolas Salazar. REFERENCES CITED Barker CM, Bolling BG, Black WC, Moore CG, Eisen L. 2009. Mosquitoes and West Nile virus along a river corridor from prairie to montane habitats in eastern Colorado. J Vector Ecol 34:276–293. Bennett JK, Hickman AD, Kline MA, McGinnis WM, Weissmann MJ. 2005. New state record for the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse). J Am Mosq Control Assoc 21:341–343.
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Carpenter SJ, LaCasse WJ. 1955. Mosquitoes of North America (north of Mexico). Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: Univ. Calif. Press. Cockburn TA, Sooter CA, Langmuir AD. 1957. Ecology of western equine and St. Louis encephalitis viruses: a summary of field investigations in Weld County, Colorado, 1949–1953. Am J Epidemiol 65:130–146. Darsie RF, Ward RA. 2005. Identification and geographic distribution of the mosquitoes of North America, north of Mexico. 2nd edition. Gainsville, FL: Univ. Press of Florida Publishing. Harmston FC, Lawson FA. 1967. Mosquitoes of Colorado. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service. Hayden CW, Fink TM, Ramberg FB, Mare CJ, Mead DC. 2001. Occurrence of Anopheles hermsi (Diptera: Culicidae) in Arizona and Colorado. J Med Entomol 38:341–343. Maloney FA. 1980. New record for Uranotaenia sapphirina in Colorado. Mosq News 40:451. Reisen WK. 2003. Epidemiology of St. Louis encephalitis virus. Adv Virus Res 61:139–184. Sinka ME, Bangs MJ, Manguin S, Rubio-Palis Y, Chareonviriyaphap T, Coetzee M, Hay SI. 2012. A global map of dominant malaria vectors. Parasites Vectors 5:69. Tucker ES. 1907. Some results of desultory collection of insects in Kansas and Colorado. Univ Kans Sci Bull 4:51–112. Turell MJ, Dohm DJ, Sardelis MR, O’guinn ML, Andreadis TG, Blow JA. 2005. An update on the potential of North American mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit West Nile virus. J Med Entomol 42:57–62. West DF, Bosio CF, Black WC 4th. 1994. New state record for Culiseta morsitans in Colorado. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 10:588.
BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/ terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder.
BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research.
Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 31(2):135–138, 2015 Copyright E 2015 by The American Mosquito Control Association, Inc.
NEW STATE RECORDS OF MOSQUITOES FOR COLORADO DOMINIC A. ROSE,1,2 B. C. KONDRATIEFF1
AND
M. J. WEISSMANN2
ABSTRACT. The 1967 treatment of the Mosquitoes of Colorado by Harmston and Lawson and subsequent publications have recorded 46 culicid species from Colorado. As part of a study to create an updated synopsis of the mosquitoes of Colorado, adult trapping at numerous localities was conducted in Colorado during the summers of 2013 and 2014. This review also included an examination of mosquito specimens in various relevant museum collections. Aedes (Ochlerotatus) niphadopsis and Ae. (Och.) spencerii spencerii were collected during the 2013 and 2014 field seasons. Records for Ae. (Och.) canadensis canadensis, Ae. (Stegomyia) aegypti, and Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) anhydor syntheta were obtained from examination of museum specimens. These species constitute new state records for Colorado, with 51 species now known from the state. KEY WORDS
Records, Colorado, Culicidae, Aedes, Uranotaenia
INTRODUCTION The Culicidae are responsible for the transmission of vector-borne pathogens that cause diseases, including malaria, viral diseases, and filariasis. Several mosquito species well known from Colorado can be competent vectors of arboviruses, including Saint Louis encephalitis, western equine encephalomylitis, and West Nile virus (Cockburn et al. 1957, Reisen 2003, Turell et al. 2005, Barker et al. 2009, Sinka et al. 2012). Changing environments, the high dispersal abilities of mosquitoes, and minimal previous sampling in many areas of the state have created a high potential for discovering new records of mosquito species for Colorado. The mosquitoes of Colorado have been relatively well surveyed throughout the last 100 years. The first report of mosquitoes collected in Colorado was made by Tucker (1907), recording Aedes (Aedimorphus) vexans (Meigen), Ae. (Ochlerotatus) excrucians (Walker), Culex (Culex) pipiens L., and Cx. (Cux.) tarsalis Coquillett. By 1967, 42 species of Culicidae in 6 genera were treated by Harmston and Lawson (1967). Since 1967, Uranotaenia (Uranotaenia) sapphirina (Osten Sacken) was reported by Maloney (1980), increasing the known Colorado genera to 7. Culiseta (Culiseta) morsitans (Theobald) was reported by West et al. (1994). Hayden et al. (2001) concluded that Anopheles (Anopheles) hermsi Barr and Guptavanij occurred in Colorado, but did not confirm any of their specimens to be An. (Ano.) freeborni Aitken, thereby likely replacing the latter record, although more genetic study is needed to confirm this. Finally, Bennett et al. (2005) reported a collection of Ae. (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) from Weld County, 1 Colorado State University, Department of Bioagricultural Sciences, Pest Management, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1177. 2 Colorado Mosquito Control, Inc., 7000 Broadway, Suite 108, Denver, CO 80221.
placing the total number of recorded mosquito species collected in Colorado prior to the current study at 46, representing 7 genera. A comprehensive review of the mosquitoes of Colorado has been initiated to produce an identification guide for adult female and 4thstage larvae for all the species known from the state. Part of this effort has involved additional adult mosquito trapping and larval rearing in areas where no or few records currently exist. The purpose of this paper is to report on the confirmation of new state records for Colorado, and provide brief notes on these species. MATERIALS AND METHODS Collections of larval and adult mosquitoes in Colorado were conducted during the summers of 2013 and 2014. Efforts were made to collect specimens at the 4 corners of the state and near the Kansas, Nebraska, Wyoming, Utah, and New Mexico borders. In order to maximize the chance of collecting new state records of mosquito species, 200 CO2-baited Centers for Disease Control and Prevention miniature light traps were deployed throughout Colorado during the 2 field seasons. These traps were set in Adams, Baca, Bent, Boulder, Chaffee, Clear Creek, Delta, Eagle, Garfield, Gunnison, Jackson, Lake, Logan, Larimer, Mesa, Moffat, Montrose, Park, Prowers, Routt, Saguache, Sedgwick, Summit, Weld, and Yuma counties of Colorado. The adult mosquito traps were set near typical mosquito larval habitats. Sites included dry upland coniferous forest areas, riparian habitats, cattail wetlands, and small ponds. Mosquito larvae were collected using standard mosquito dippers, and individual 3rd and 4th instars were brought into the laboratory for rearing. Turkey basters and dippers were used to sample tree holes, rock pools, and container-
135
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JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION Table 1.
VOL. 31, NO. 2
List of Colorado counties and mosquito species collected in summer 2013–14.
Species
County(s)
Aedes campestris Ae. cataphyalla Ae. cinereus Ae. communis Ae. dorsalis
Saguache, Jackson, Routt, Moffat Clear Creek, Gunnison, Jackson, Larimer, Park, Saguache Boulder, Jackson, Larimer, Gunnison, Weld Clear Creek, Jackson, Eagle, Summit Adams, Gunnison, Jackson, Larimer, Logan, Mesa, Moffat, Montrose, Prowers, Routt, Saguache, Weld, Yuma Ae. fitchii Eagle, Gunnison, Jackson, Saguache, Summit, Weld Ae. hendersoni Boulder, Weld Ae. hexodontus Clear Creek, Gunnison, Jackson, Saguache Ae. spencerii idahoensis Eagle, Jackson, Larimer, Moffat, Routt, Saguache Ae. increpitus Chaffee, Jackson, Larimer, Montrose, Weld, Yuma Ae. intrudens Jackson, Lake, Moffat, Routt Ae. melanimon Bent, Gunnison, Larimer, Logan, Jackson, Moffat, Montrose, Routt, Saguache, Weld Ae. nigromaculis Adams, Larimer, Logan, Weld Ae. niphadopsis Jackson Ae. pullatus Eagle, Clear Creek, Gunnison, Jackson, Park, Summit Ae. schizopinax Park Ae. s. spencerii Jackson, Moffat Ae. sticticus Moffat, Routt Ae. trivittatus Baca, Bent, Boulder, Larimer, Montrose Ae. vexans Bent, Boulder, Eagle, Larimer, Logan, Moffat, Mesa, Montrose, Prowers, Routt, Sedgwick, Weld Anopheles earlei Jackson, Moffat, Routt An. hermsi Baca, Montrose, Prowers An. franciscanus Montrose Culex erythrothorax Weld Cx. pipiens Adams, Weld Cx. salinarius Prowers, Weld Cx. tarsalis Adams, Baca, Bent, Boulder, Eagle, Gunnison, Jackson, Larimer, Logan, Mesa, Moffat, Montrose, Prowers, Sedgwick, Weld Culiseta alaskaensis Eagle, Gunnison, Lake, Saguache Cs. impatiens Eagle, Lake, Saguache Cs. incidens Larimer, Mesa, Saguache Cs. inornata Boulder, Chaffee, Gunnison, Jackson, Lake, Larimer, Mesa, Montrose, Prowers, Weld, Yuma Coquillettidia perturbans Adams, Boulder, Larimer, Sedgwick Psorophora signipennis Baca, Logan, Pueblo, Weld
breeding species. Larvae were collected from small pools, ponds, or wet inundated areas. Adult mosquito specimens were also examined at the University of Colorado Museum of Natural History Collection in Boulder, CO (UCMC), the C. P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, CO (CSUC), and the United States National Museum (Smithsonian Institution) and Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit combined collection in Suitland, MD (USNM/WRBU). Darsie and Ward (2005) and Harmston and Lawson (1967), as well as comparison with existing determined museum specimens were used to identify adult and larval specimens. Voucher specimens of all species collected have been deposited at CSUC.
species as well as examination of mosquitoes in the CSUC, USNM/WRBU, and UCMC collections revealed 5 new records of culicid species for Colorado, increasing the total number of known species to 51 as of 2014. The collections during 2013 and 2014 produced 2 new records: Ae. niphadopsis Dyar and Knab, and Ae. s. spencerii (Theobald). Three additional species were discovered in the CSUC that had been collected as part of the Colorado Mosquito Control, Inc. surveillance program and deposited at CSUC. These included Ae. c. canadensis (Theobald), Ae. aegypti (L.), and Ur. anhydor syntheta Dyar and Shannon. Table 2 lists the new records of mosquitoes for Colorado, including the taxa, county(s), geographic coordinates of the trap site(s) (decimal degrees), and date of collection for each new record.
RESULTS Table 1 lists the Colorado counties sampled and the 32 mosquito species collected during the summer 2013 and 2014 trapping season. These
DISCUSSION Aedes niphadopsis was collected in Jackson County just east of Walden along State Highway
JUNE 2015
NEW STATE RECORDS OF MOSQUITOES FOR COLORADO Table 2.
137
List of mosquito species that represent new state records for Colorado.
Taxon
County
Geographic coordinates
Aedes (Ochlerotatus) niphadopsis
Jackson
Ae. (Och.) s. spencerii
Jackson Moffat
Ae. (Och.) c. canadensis
Garfield
40.599092uN, 40.661856uN, 43.486322uN, 40.599092uN, 40.661856uN, 40.726750uN, 40.697691uN, 40.741369uN, 43.486322uN, 40.728741uN, 40.664261uN, 40.577727uN, 40.481877uN, 39.401647uN,
Ae. (Stegomyia) aegypti Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) anhydor syntheta
Pueblo Pueblo
38.281050uN, 104.639500uW 38.253219uN, 104.440981uW
14 (Table 2) in mid-June at an elevation of 2,527 m and 2,617 m. The relatively high altitude of the collection site indicates that this is an earlier emerging species in Colorado. Aedes niphadopsis is a western species that has been reported from Utah, Nevada, California, Oregon, and Idaho (Darsie and Ward 2005). The record for Colorado is not unexpected with its known range including eastern Utah. However, the location of this record in the North Park area of northern Colorado is the first known collection for this species east of the Continental Divide. Aedes s. spencerii was also collected in Jackson County, in the town of Walden and to the east of Walden along State Highway 14 towards Cameron Pass at an altitude of 2,456 m, 2,527 m, and 2,617 m. It was also collected in Moffat County just south of Craig in a riparian habitat created by overflow of the Yampa River at an elevation of 1,877 m. These collections were made in mid-June, indicating it is another relatively early emerging mosquito species in Colorado, especially at these altitudes. Darsie and Ward (2005) indicate a distribution that is widespread throughout central North America from Canada south into the Midwest. The Colorado record is notable because both recognized subspecies, Ae. s. spencerii and Ae. s. idahoensis (Theobald), were collected in the same light traps at multiple locations in this area. Further study is needed to resolve the taxonomy of these forms. Aedes c. canadensis was collected in Garfield County in Carbondale in 2005 and more recently in 2013. It has been collected in June, July, and August, indicating late emergence of larvae from overwintering eggs in this univoltine species (Carpenter and LaCasse 1955). As indicated by Darsie and Ward (2005), Ae. c. canadensis is
106.084683uW 106.193989uW 106.435388uW 106.084683uW 106.193989uW 106.286128uW 106.413583uW 106.278666uW 106.435388uW 106.270325uW 106.320325uW 106.450972uW 107.611391uW 107.155500uW
Date collected Jun 22, 2013 Jun 22, 2013 Jun 14, 2014 Jun 22, 2013 Jun 22, 2013 Jun 22, 2013 Jun 14, 2014 Jun 14, 2014 Jun 14, 2014 Jun 14, 2014 Jun 14, 2014 Jun 14, 2014 Jun 21, 2014 Jun 22, 2005; Jun 29, 2011; Jul 13, 2011; Jul 27, 2011; Jul 10, 2013; Aug 7, 2013 Aug 25, 2010; Sep 1, 2010 Aug 25, 2009
a widespread species throughout North America, and larvae occur in a variety of habitats. In addition to the specimens in the CSUC collection, this species has been found fairly regularly during the past few years but only at this single isolated location (Colorado Mosquito Control, personal communication). Aedes aegypti was found on 2 occasions at a single location in Pueblo, CO. This certainly represents an accidental introduction, but likely an isolated incidence and of unknown origin. A search for larvae was unsuccessful, and subsequent trapping at the site since that time failed to collect additional specimens. Generally dry conditions in Pueblo, in addition to cold winter weather, make it unlikely that this primarily tropical species would become established at this location. Uranotaenia anhydor syntheta was collected in Pueblo County east of the city of Pueblo. Darsie and Ward (2005) show this subspecies to have a North American distribution restricted to isolated pockets throughout the south-central USA. The Colorado specimens were reared from larvae that were collected in a shallow marsh with emergent vegetation dominated by bulrush (Scirpus sp.) and cattails (Typha sp.), located along the ridge above (south of) the Arkansas River. The water source of this marsh is from relatively recent agricultural runoff, such that this species was not likely to occur there prior to human development. Maloney (1980) reported a single specimen of Ur. sapphirina from the Pueblo Army Depot not far from the site of the current record. An examination of this specimen at the USNM/ WRBU collection confirmed that it is indeed Ur. sapphirina, such that both species are now recorded from Pueblo County, CO. Details of
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the habitat where Maloney collected Ur. sapphirina were not included in his report because an adult was collected. However, the larvae are likely to have come from a similar shallow marsh situation due to the army depot’s proximity to the Arkansas River. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors thank the people and companies who made this research possible; Colorado Mosquito Control provided research funding, including some transportation and use of equipment; Peter Swinburn, of Molson Coors Brewing Company, provided additional research funding; Lou Bjostad, of Colorado State University, provided funding to visit the USNM/WRBU. Jim Pecor at USNM/WRBU assisted with access to the Smithsonian collections. And with gracious acknowledgment to the people who assisted during collecting trips: Tony Steck, Jo Ann C. Rose, Corinna Peters, and Nicolas Salazar. REFERENCES CITED Barker CM, Bolling BG, Black WC, Moore CG, Eisen L. 2009. Mosquitoes and West Nile virus along a river corridor from prairie to montane habitats in eastern Colorado. J Vector Ecol 34:276–293. Bennett JK, Hickman AD, Kline MA, McGinnis WM, Weissmann MJ. 2005. New state record for the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse). J Am Mosq Control Assoc 21:341–343.
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Carpenter SJ, LaCasse WJ. 1955. Mosquitoes of North America (north of Mexico). Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: Univ. Calif. Press. Cockburn TA, Sooter CA, Langmuir AD. 1957. Ecology of western equine and St. Louis encephalitis viruses: a summary of field investigations in Weld County, Colorado, 1949–1953. Am J Epidemiol 65:130–146. Darsie RF, Ward RA. 2005. Identification and geographic distribution of the mosquitoes of North America, north of Mexico. 2nd edition. Gainsville, FL: Univ. Press of Florida Publishing. Harmston FC, Lawson FA. 1967. Mosquitoes of Colorado. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service. Hayden CW, Fink TM, Ramberg FB, Mare CJ, Mead DC. 2001. Occurrence of Anopheles hermsi (Diptera: Culicidae) in Arizona and Colorado. J Med Entomol 38:341–343. Maloney FA. 1980. New record for Uranotaenia sapphirina in Colorado. Mosq News 40:451. Reisen WK. 2003. Epidemiology of St. Louis encephalitis virus. Adv Virus Res 61:139–184. Sinka ME, Bangs MJ, Manguin S, Rubio-Palis Y, Chareonviriyaphap T, Coetzee M, Hay SI. 2012. A global map of dominant malaria vectors. Parasites Vectors 5:69. Tucker ES. 1907. Some results of desultory collection of insects in Kansas and Colorado. Univ Kans Sci Bull 4:51–112. Turell MJ, Dohm DJ, Sardelis MR, O’guinn ML, Andreadis TG, Blow JA. 2005. An update on the potential of North American mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit West Nile virus. J Med Entomol 42:57–62. West DF, Bosio CF, Black WC 4th. 1994. New state record for Culiseta morsitans in Colorado. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 10:588.
