New Library Buildings Health Sciences Library, University of Cincinnati BY NANCY M. LORENZI, Director
PATRICIA W. BENTLEY, Assistant Director University of Cincinnati Medical Center Libraries Cincinnati, Ohio ABSTRACT
The new Health Sciences Library at the University of Cincinnati Medical Center in Cincinnati, Ohio is described. The library is a self-contained unit within the Medical Sciences Building. The Health Sciences Library contains a total of 90,000 gross square feet, 56,000 of which are assignable. The total project cost was $5,490,000, or $61.00 per square foot. Seating capacity is over 800. The library has a Media Resources Center equipped with a cable television system that is used to project information from the library to patient care areas in the Cincinnati community. The library was first occupied in June 1974; its dedication was held in the fall of 1974.
A PROPITIOUS geographic location and the foresight and energy of one of America's greatest nineteenth century medical educators, Daniel Drake, contributed to the founding of the Medical College of Ohio in 1819. This was the first medical school west of the Alleghenies. A year later, the Cincinnati Hospital and Lunatic Asylum was established as the clinical teaching facility for the Medical College of Ohio. After establishing the Medical College of Ohio, Daniel Drake realized that for the college to endure and become successful it was necessary for the faculty to have access to clinical material for undergraduate instruction. He also realized that with the increase in the city's population, there was a need for a hospital in which the sick might receive proper medical attention. In order to provide for these very apparent needs, he began the difficult task of obtaining legislation providing for the establishment of a public hospital. The project met with considerable opposition, but with the assistance of several friends, among whom was William H. Harrison, later president of the United States, serving in the General Assembly of Ohio, legislation authorizing the construction of a public hospital in Cincinnati was passed on 360
January 22, 1821. The incorporation represented the first time that a medical school and a hospital were united for teaching purposes by a legislative act. The Cincinnati Commercial Hospital and Lunatic Asylum became the Commercial Hospital of Cincinnati in 1855, and through various administrative changes and site locations became the present Cincinnati General Hospital. In Cincinnati during the early 1800s, there were several medical schools, besides the Medical College of Ohio, but it was the direct antecedent of the present College of Medicine of the University of Cincinnati. It was not without a stormy history. There were reorganizations in 1837, 1849, 1850, and 1853. In 1860 the entire faculty except one member resigned. The trustees reorganized the faculty and passed a rule which forbade faculty members to criticize each other. The entire faculty, except two, again resigned. Then the trustees resigned. The Governor reappointed them in twenty-four hours; they restructured the faculty, and once again the school was functional. New faculty members were hired, including John Shaw Billings as demonstrator of anatomy. He later regretted the lack of an appropriate medical library in Cincinnati, and went on to organize the library of the Surgeon General's Office. In 1869 the Medical College of Ohio became the Medical Department of the University of Cincinnati by a contract between the corporation of the college and the university. Under this agreement, the Medical College of Ohio turned its property over to the city of Cincinnati for the university. All funds were turned over to the Board of Directors of the university, who henceforth controlled the finances for the college. In 1909 the Miami Medical College, a proprietary medical school, came into the university as an integral part of the medical department. Bull. Med. Libr. Assoc. 65(3)July 1977
HEALTH SCIENCES LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI
The union of these medical schools as part of the university was an enormous step forward, but it was apparent that the school needed new buildings, more teachers, and increased teaching-hospital facilities. The twentieth-century counterpart of the pioneer medical educator, Daniel Drake, was Christian R. Holmes, an eminent ophthalmologist who was dean of the College of Medicine. Under Holmes the union of the hospital and the medical school became permanent. A new hospital facility was constructed just east of the "new" College of Medicine in 1916 [ 1]. These sites have remained the focus of the Medical Center campus, expanding until the Medical Center today encompasses a vast complex of buildings covering ten square blocks. MEDICAL CENTER LIBRARIES SYSTEM The present Medical Center Libraries system includes the libraries of Cincinnati General Hospital, College of Medicine, College of Nursing and Health, and the College of Pharmacy. These libraries are organized under the director of the Medical Center Libraries, so that budgeting and planning are centralized, and activities and services, policies, and procedures are coordinated. While the Medical Center Libraries were in the process of organization, the plans for a Health Sciences Library were developed and implemented. Initially, in 1974, the Health Sciences Library combined the College of Medicine Library and the Cincinnati General Hospital Library. The College of Pharmacy Library was merged with the Health Sciences Library in June 1976. The title Medical Center Libraries survives because the College of Nursing and Health Library and the History of the Health Sciences Library and Museum are located in separate physical facilities. The History of the Health Sciences Library now occupies former College of Medicine Library space. The organization of the Health Sciences Library posed interesting administrative problems. Rather than adopt a traditional technical-public services organizational structure, we decided to try a somewhat different approach [2]. Within the Health Sciences Library we set up three departments. The Information Services Department is responsible for interlibrary loans, reference, on-line bibliographic computer services, circulation, shelving, and photocopy. The Supportive Services Department is responsible for the Extramural Program, instruction in library use (including formal courses through the DepartBull. Med. Libr. Assoc. 65(3)July 1977
ment of Biomedical Communications), public relations, automation, liaison with departments of the Medical Center, and coordination of the Media Resources Center. Technical Services is responsible for acquisitions, collection development, cataloging, serials, and processing. The College of Nursing and Health Library and the History of the Health Sciences Library and Museum are branch units that report to the director.
MEDICAL SCIENCES BUILDING The Medical Sciences Building is a ten-story poured concrete and steel structure with dark brick facing, adjacent to the Cincinnati General Hospital. The two buildings are connected on five levels by tunnels or enclosed walkways. Patient care floors and clinical department areas coincide so that teaching and patient care are coordinated. The University of Cincinnati received a $34 million grant from the Department of Health, Education & Welfare, the largest construction grant ever awarded by USDHEW. As a result, the College of Medicine increased enrollment from 109 per class to 192 per class in 1974. The nearly doubled enrollment is highly significant for medical education in the Cincinnati area as well as for the libraries. THE HEALTH SCIENCES LIBRARY The Health Sciences Library occupies a total of 90,000 gross square feet, 56,000 of which are assignable. The library is located on the northwest quadrants of the receiving, entrance, and ground levels of the Medical Sciences Building. The location of the library is optimal for student, faculty, and staff use from both the College of Medicine and Cincinnati General Hospital. Architecturally, the library is an autonomous segment of the building and has a separate physical plant, heating, ventilation and air conditioning, and electrical supply systems. The library is a self-contained unit with only one public entrance and exit within the larger building. All nonpublic (emergency) exits are tied in to an autocell type of security system monitored at panels at the circulation desk as well as at the university's Security and Communication Center. Earth tones form the prevailing color scheme of the library. Seven colors were used in the upholstery fabrics, ranging from light beige to rust, and including brown, gold, and green. The furniture is a custom design created by library staff and
361
LORENZI AND BENTLEY
consultant. All members of the staff had the opportunity of viewing the library as it was constructed and received progress reports throughout its planning.
constructed to specification by Woodtronics, a division of Jasper Wood Products. Each floor of the Health Sciences Library is keyed to a different color scheme, through either carpeting or the predominant furniture upholstery color. Wood, while not overwhelming, is quite visible and adds to the warmth of the library. The stack end panels are walnut-stained oak similar to the furniture. All tables and study carrels have brown leather Formica tops; the carrels have ivory leather back panels. This combination is easy on the eyes, as a reader lifting his head will see ivory instead of brown. Staff involvement in the design and planning of the Health Sciences Library was high. The furniture commitWtee worked over two years to design an overall concept in conjunction with a design
Entrance Level The entrance level floor was designed for heavy activity. Here the majority of the staff and patron services are located, as is the public entrance to the Health Sciences Library. The reader stations located on this floor are study tables and lounge furniture as well as the index-consulting tables and individual tables in the reference area. The floor design was intended for heavy user traffic rather than for study. Art molding installed along the walls of the entrance area enables us to display art exhibitions. Various local artists have _ _ _-JL-
,71
a
HISTORICAL COLLECT IONJj ELEVA ~~} ~ELEVA'TORS '
I
PHOTOCOPY AREA,. n r-~11 STAFF
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ROOM OFFICE a \/ I/
WORKSHOP
DIRECTOR'S OFFICE FIG. 4.-Floor plan of receiving level.
The receiving level contains over 40,000 square portion of the collection is housed in an alcove in the southwest section of this level; materials are feet and has 275 reader spaces ranging from study filed in chronological order. Other portions are in carrels, tables for four, and tables for one to other parts of the Health Sciences Library, but couches and lounge chairs. In addition, a large, most of it is housed in the former College of landscaped patio is open from this level; library Medicine, now the History of the Health Sciences patrons may use internal or external study areas. Photocopiers are located on the receiving floor Library and Museum. The offices of the director, the administrative for staff and students. In addition, telephones have assistant, and a secretary compose the adminis- been provided for patrons. There are red trative suite in the southwest corner of the receiv- "hotline" intercom phones which connect with ing level. A staff room is located between the circulation or reference. A telephone is also proadministrative office suite and the history of vided to allow for patient-care contact calls. medicine office/workroom. One conversation piece has been labeled "the Bull. Med. Libr. Assoc. 65(3)July 1977
365
LORENZI AND BENTLEY
pit." This is an area that will house an automated book retrieval system. The floor is reenforced concrete; when the automatic book retrieval system is installed the storage capacity of the library will be doubled.
Ground Level The third or ground level houses the book collections, the Media Resources Center, study rooms, and a seminar room. Approximately 25,000 volumes are located in the center and in the southwest area of the ground level. (See Fig. 5.) Southeast of the book collections is the Media Resources Center, which contains forty-eight electronic study carrels especially designed for adaptability and flexible arrangements of space. The audiovisual carrels are adapted for slide-tape presentations, closed-circuit television, audio tape, 8-mm film loop, and filmstrip presentations. A Self-Teaching Room, equipped by several departments of the College of Medicine, houses two 34-inch videotape playback units and 8-mm and super-8-mm cassette projectors, as well as a specially adapted tape recorder for heart sounds. The heart-sounds equipment was developed by the Cardiac Research Unit at the University of Cincinnati Medical Center to improve auscultation skills of health care students. The media specialist's office is adjacent to the Self-Teaching Room. The Media Resources Center connects with the Bio-Medical Communications Department by coaxial cable, which allows the library to transmit information not only within the Medical
S11
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BOOK COLLECTION BOSTON MEDICAL CLASSIFICATION
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FIG. 5.-Floor plan of ground level.
ARCHITECTURAL SUMMARY 60 Group study rooms 90,000 742 Total patron seating 57,637 31 Library staff seating $61.00 $5,490,000.00 Collections capacity: 46,809 linear shelving feet, or 257,450 volumes Architects: Ellerbe Architects, St. Paul, MinneNo. ofseats 128 sota Four-place carrels 76 Media carrels: manufactured to specification by Two-place carrels 12 Synsor Corporation Single carrels 268 Wood furnishing: manufactured to specification Four-place tables 20 Bibliography tables by Woodtronics 19 Staff furnishings: All-Steel and United Chair Individual tables 42 Patron seating (study): Charlotte Chair, Inc. Lounge seats 70 Materials security: 3M Tattle-Tape®. Love seats 40 Environmental security: Westinghouse Conference rooms (two areas) 7 Library stacks: Andrew Wilson, Inc. Typing rooms
Gross square feet Net square feet Cost/gross square foot Project cost
366
Bull. Med. Libr. Assoc. 65(3)July 1977
HEALTH SCIENCES LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI
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FIG. 6.-Seminar room.
Center, but within a fifty-mile radius of the Medical Center. The Media Resources Center houses a computer-assisted instruction program, initially intended for students in pathology and now expanded into a comprehensive program. Along the east wall of the ground floor are six study rooms accommodating two to four persons. Adjacent to the Media Resources Center is a seminar room, open to everyone at the Medical Center by scheduling through the office of the director (Fig. 6). The seminar room provides audiovisual facilities and a flexible arrangement of trapezoid tables. The ground floor also provides a
Bull. Med. Libr. Assoc. 65(3)July 1977
variety of patron seating, most of it adjacent to windows and with stacks on the inside walls. We have occupied the new library for over two years and we are pleased with its design and functional attributes. We feel we have achieved our quest for a new horizon! REFERENCES 1. FISCHER, MARTIN H., ed. University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Centennial Year Book. Cincinnati, Gibson, 1921. 2. LORENZI, NANCY M. The art of planning for library personnel. Bull. Med. Libr. Assoc., 64: 212-218, Apr. 1976.
367
PATRICIA W. BENTLEY, Assistant Director University of Cincinnati Medical Center Libraries Cincinnati, Ohio ABSTRACT
The new Health Sciences Library at the University of Cincinnati Medical Center in Cincinnati, Ohio is described. The library is a self-contained unit within the Medical Sciences Building. The Health Sciences Library contains a total of 90,000 gross square feet, 56,000 of which are assignable. The total project cost was $5,490,000, or $61.00 per square foot. Seating capacity is over 800. The library has a Media Resources Center equipped with a cable television system that is used to project information from the library to patient care areas in the Cincinnati community. The library was first occupied in June 1974; its dedication was held in the fall of 1974.
A PROPITIOUS geographic location and the foresight and energy of one of America's greatest nineteenth century medical educators, Daniel Drake, contributed to the founding of the Medical College of Ohio in 1819. This was the first medical school west of the Alleghenies. A year later, the Cincinnati Hospital and Lunatic Asylum was established as the clinical teaching facility for the Medical College of Ohio. After establishing the Medical College of Ohio, Daniel Drake realized that for the college to endure and become successful it was necessary for the faculty to have access to clinical material for undergraduate instruction. He also realized that with the increase in the city's population, there was a need for a hospital in which the sick might receive proper medical attention. In order to provide for these very apparent needs, he began the difficult task of obtaining legislation providing for the establishment of a public hospital. The project met with considerable opposition, but with the assistance of several friends, among whom was William H. Harrison, later president of the United States, serving in the General Assembly of Ohio, legislation authorizing the construction of a public hospital in Cincinnati was passed on 360
January 22, 1821. The incorporation represented the first time that a medical school and a hospital were united for teaching purposes by a legislative act. The Cincinnati Commercial Hospital and Lunatic Asylum became the Commercial Hospital of Cincinnati in 1855, and through various administrative changes and site locations became the present Cincinnati General Hospital. In Cincinnati during the early 1800s, there were several medical schools, besides the Medical College of Ohio, but it was the direct antecedent of the present College of Medicine of the University of Cincinnati. It was not without a stormy history. There were reorganizations in 1837, 1849, 1850, and 1853. In 1860 the entire faculty except one member resigned. The trustees reorganized the faculty and passed a rule which forbade faculty members to criticize each other. The entire faculty, except two, again resigned. Then the trustees resigned. The Governor reappointed them in twenty-four hours; they restructured the faculty, and once again the school was functional. New faculty members were hired, including John Shaw Billings as demonstrator of anatomy. He later regretted the lack of an appropriate medical library in Cincinnati, and went on to organize the library of the Surgeon General's Office. In 1869 the Medical College of Ohio became the Medical Department of the University of Cincinnati by a contract between the corporation of the college and the university. Under this agreement, the Medical College of Ohio turned its property over to the city of Cincinnati for the university. All funds were turned over to the Board of Directors of the university, who henceforth controlled the finances for the college. In 1909 the Miami Medical College, a proprietary medical school, came into the university as an integral part of the medical department. Bull. Med. Libr. Assoc. 65(3)July 1977
HEALTH SCIENCES LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI
The union of these medical schools as part of the university was an enormous step forward, but it was apparent that the school needed new buildings, more teachers, and increased teaching-hospital facilities. The twentieth-century counterpart of the pioneer medical educator, Daniel Drake, was Christian R. Holmes, an eminent ophthalmologist who was dean of the College of Medicine. Under Holmes the union of the hospital and the medical school became permanent. A new hospital facility was constructed just east of the "new" College of Medicine in 1916 [ 1]. These sites have remained the focus of the Medical Center campus, expanding until the Medical Center today encompasses a vast complex of buildings covering ten square blocks. MEDICAL CENTER LIBRARIES SYSTEM The present Medical Center Libraries system includes the libraries of Cincinnati General Hospital, College of Medicine, College of Nursing and Health, and the College of Pharmacy. These libraries are organized under the director of the Medical Center Libraries, so that budgeting and planning are centralized, and activities and services, policies, and procedures are coordinated. While the Medical Center Libraries were in the process of organization, the plans for a Health Sciences Library were developed and implemented. Initially, in 1974, the Health Sciences Library combined the College of Medicine Library and the Cincinnati General Hospital Library. The College of Pharmacy Library was merged with the Health Sciences Library in June 1976. The title Medical Center Libraries survives because the College of Nursing and Health Library and the History of the Health Sciences Library and Museum are located in separate physical facilities. The History of the Health Sciences Library now occupies former College of Medicine Library space. The organization of the Health Sciences Library posed interesting administrative problems. Rather than adopt a traditional technical-public services organizational structure, we decided to try a somewhat different approach [2]. Within the Health Sciences Library we set up three departments. The Information Services Department is responsible for interlibrary loans, reference, on-line bibliographic computer services, circulation, shelving, and photocopy. The Supportive Services Department is responsible for the Extramural Program, instruction in library use (including formal courses through the DepartBull. Med. Libr. Assoc. 65(3)July 1977
ment of Biomedical Communications), public relations, automation, liaison with departments of the Medical Center, and coordination of the Media Resources Center. Technical Services is responsible for acquisitions, collection development, cataloging, serials, and processing. The College of Nursing and Health Library and the History of the Health Sciences Library and Museum are branch units that report to the director.
MEDICAL SCIENCES BUILDING The Medical Sciences Building is a ten-story poured concrete and steel structure with dark brick facing, adjacent to the Cincinnati General Hospital. The two buildings are connected on five levels by tunnels or enclosed walkways. Patient care floors and clinical department areas coincide so that teaching and patient care are coordinated. The University of Cincinnati received a $34 million grant from the Department of Health, Education & Welfare, the largest construction grant ever awarded by USDHEW. As a result, the College of Medicine increased enrollment from 109 per class to 192 per class in 1974. The nearly doubled enrollment is highly significant for medical education in the Cincinnati area as well as for the libraries. THE HEALTH SCIENCES LIBRARY The Health Sciences Library occupies a total of 90,000 gross square feet, 56,000 of which are assignable. The library is located on the northwest quadrants of the receiving, entrance, and ground levels of the Medical Sciences Building. The location of the library is optimal for student, faculty, and staff use from both the College of Medicine and Cincinnati General Hospital. Architecturally, the library is an autonomous segment of the building and has a separate physical plant, heating, ventilation and air conditioning, and electrical supply systems. The library is a self-contained unit with only one public entrance and exit within the larger building. All nonpublic (emergency) exits are tied in to an autocell type of security system monitored at panels at the circulation desk as well as at the university's Security and Communication Center. Earth tones form the prevailing color scheme of the library. Seven colors were used in the upholstery fabrics, ranging from light beige to rust, and including brown, gold, and green. The furniture is a custom design created by library staff and
361
LORENZI AND BENTLEY
consultant. All members of the staff had the opportunity of viewing the library as it was constructed and received progress reports throughout its planning.
constructed to specification by Woodtronics, a division of Jasper Wood Products. Each floor of the Health Sciences Library is keyed to a different color scheme, through either carpeting or the predominant furniture upholstery color. Wood, while not overwhelming, is quite visible and adds to the warmth of the library. The stack end panels are walnut-stained oak similar to the furniture. All tables and study carrels have brown leather Formica tops; the carrels have ivory leather back panels. This combination is easy on the eyes, as a reader lifting his head will see ivory instead of brown. Staff involvement in the design and planning of the Health Sciences Library was high. The furniture commitWtee worked over two years to design an overall concept in conjunction with a design
Entrance Level The entrance level floor was designed for heavy activity. Here the majority of the staff and patron services are located, as is the public entrance to the Health Sciences Library. The reader stations located on this floor are study tables and lounge furniture as well as the index-consulting tables and individual tables in the reference area. The floor design was intended for heavy user traffic rather than for study. Art molding installed along the walls of the entrance area enables us to display art exhibitions. Various local artists have _ _ _-JL-
,71
a
HISTORICAL COLLECT IONJj ELEVA ~~} ~ELEVA'TORS '
I
PHOTOCOPY AREA,. n r-~11 STAFF
HIO
w
E
ROOM OFFICE a \/ I/
WORKSHOP
DIRECTOR'S OFFICE FIG. 4.-Floor plan of receiving level.
The receiving level contains over 40,000 square portion of the collection is housed in an alcove in the southwest section of this level; materials are feet and has 275 reader spaces ranging from study filed in chronological order. Other portions are in carrels, tables for four, and tables for one to other parts of the Health Sciences Library, but couches and lounge chairs. In addition, a large, most of it is housed in the former College of landscaped patio is open from this level; library Medicine, now the History of the Health Sciences patrons may use internal or external study areas. Photocopiers are located on the receiving floor Library and Museum. The offices of the director, the administrative for staff and students. In addition, telephones have assistant, and a secretary compose the adminis- been provided for patrons. There are red trative suite in the southwest corner of the receiv- "hotline" intercom phones which connect with ing level. A staff room is located between the circulation or reference. A telephone is also proadministrative office suite and the history of vided to allow for patient-care contact calls. medicine office/workroom. One conversation piece has been labeled "the Bull. Med. Libr. Assoc. 65(3)July 1977
365
LORENZI AND BENTLEY
pit." This is an area that will house an automated book retrieval system. The floor is reenforced concrete; when the automatic book retrieval system is installed the storage capacity of the library will be doubled.
Ground Level The third or ground level houses the book collections, the Media Resources Center, study rooms, and a seminar room. Approximately 25,000 volumes are located in the center and in the southwest area of the ground level. (See Fig. 5.) Southeast of the book collections is the Media Resources Center, which contains forty-eight electronic study carrels especially designed for adaptability and flexible arrangements of space. The audiovisual carrels are adapted for slide-tape presentations, closed-circuit television, audio tape, 8-mm film loop, and filmstrip presentations. A Self-Teaching Room, equipped by several departments of the College of Medicine, houses two 34-inch videotape playback units and 8-mm and super-8-mm cassette projectors, as well as a specially adapted tape recorder for heart sounds. The heart-sounds equipment was developed by the Cardiac Research Unit at the University of Cincinnati Medical Center to improve auscultation skills of health care students. The media specialist's office is adjacent to the Self-Teaching Room. The Media Resources Center connects with the Bio-Medical Communications Department by coaxial cable, which allows the library to transmit information not only within the Medical
S11
=
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U
BOOK COLLECTION BOSTON MEDICAL CLASSIFICATION
*
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FIG. 5.-Floor plan of ground level.
ARCHITECTURAL SUMMARY 60 Group study rooms 90,000 742 Total patron seating 57,637 31 Library staff seating $61.00 $5,490,000.00 Collections capacity: 46,809 linear shelving feet, or 257,450 volumes Architects: Ellerbe Architects, St. Paul, MinneNo. ofseats 128 sota Four-place carrels 76 Media carrels: manufactured to specification by Two-place carrels 12 Synsor Corporation Single carrels 268 Wood furnishing: manufactured to specification Four-place tables 20 Bibliography tables by Woodtronics 19 Staff furnishings: All-Steel and United Chair Individual tables 42 Patron seating (study): Charlotte Chair, Inc. Lounge seats 70 Materials security: 3M Tattle-Tape®. Love seats 40 Environmental security: Westinghouse Conference rooms (two areas) 7 Library stacks: Andrew Wilson, Inc. Typing rooms
Gross square feet Net square feet Cost/gross square foot Project cost
366
Bull. Med. Libr. Assoc. 65(3)July 1977
HEALTH SCIENCES LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI
XF, ,J@--§-t'Xt
:
!:.
l l _
w |.w. SS.
FIG. 6.-Seminar room.
Center, but within a fifty-mile radius of the Medical Center. The Media Resources Center houses a computer-assisted instruction program, initially intended for students in pathology and now expanded into a comprehensive program. Along the east wall of the ground floor are six study rooms accommodating two to four persons. Adjacent to the Media Resources Center is a seminar room, open to everyone at the Medical Center by scheduling through the office of the director (Fig. 6). The seminar room provides audiovisual facilities and a flexible arrangement of trapezoid tables. The ground floor also provides a
Bull. Med. Libr. Assoc. 65(3)July 1977
variety of patron seating, most of it adjacent to windows and with stacks on the inside walls. We have occupied the new library for over two years and we are pleased with its design and functional attributes. We feel we have achieved our quest for a new horizon! REFERENCES 1. FISCHER, MARTIN H., ed. University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Centennial Year Book. Cincinnati, Gibson, 1921. 2. LORENZI, NANCY M. The art of planning for library personnel. Bull. Med. Libr. Assoc., 64: 212-218, Apr. 1976.
367
