Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 24:79–83, 2015 Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 0964-704X print / 1744-5213 online DOI: 10.1080/0964704X.2014.932039
Neuroanniversary 2015 PAUL ELING Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
1965 Kurt Goldstein (1878–1965) died in 1965. He was born in Kattowitz (then Germany, now Poland) and studied philosophy in Heidelberg and medicine in Breslau under Wernicke. He opposed Wernicke’s views and felt more comfortable with the Würzburger School (psychology of thinking) and the Gestalt psychologists in Berlin, and one can look upon him as a neurologist as well as a psychiatrist and even as a psychologist. In Frankfurt am Main, he became head of a newly founded rehabilitation unit for soldiers fighting in World War I. Together with the psychologist Adhemar Gelb (1887–1936) he developed a neuropsychological test battery and procedures for rehabilitation. To escape the Nazis, he immigrated to America where he started a second career. The American physiologist Joseph Erlanger (1874–1965) also died in 1965. He received, together with Herbert Spencer Gasser (1888–1963), the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1944 for their collaborative work on the differentiation of nerve fibers and the relationship between action potential velocity and fiber diameter. Norman Geschwind (1926–1984), an American (behavioral) neurologist, played a crucial role in founding modern neuropsychology with his Aphasia Unit in Boston and with his seminal paper on “Disconnexion Syndromes in Animals and Man,” published in 1965 in Brain. The Canadian psychologist Ronald Melzack (b. 1929), working at McGill University, and the British neuroscientist Patrick Wall (1925–2001), working at that time at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard, published their gate control theory of pain in 1965 in Science: “Pain Mechanisms: A New Theory” (an earlier version had been published in Brain in 1862 but seemed to have gone unnoticed).
1915 Henry Charlton Bastian, William Gowers, and Alois Alzheimer all died in 1915. The English neurologist Henry Charlton Bastian (1837–1915) developed a patient-based language model with separate centers for different language modalities in 1869, some years before Wernicke. He also became known for his belief in abiogenesis: the idea of spontaneous generation of living organisms out of nonliving matter. Address correspondence to Paul Eling, Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, the Netherlands. E-mail: [email protected]
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Paul Eling
William Gowers (1845–1915; see Figure 1) was a British clinical neurologist, practicing in the National Hospital for the Paralysed and Epileptics in London. He is probably best known for his Manual of Diseases of the Nervous System (1886–1888), also referred to as “the Bible of Neurology.” His name is remembered in the eponyms Gowers’ sign (a sign of muscular weakness) and Gowers’ tract (tractus spinocerebellar anterior). Alois Alzheimer (1864–1915) began his career in the city mental asylum in Frankfurt am Main, where he met the neurologist and neuropathologist Franz Nissl (1860–1919). In his later work, Alzheimer often used Nissl’s staining techniques for his neuropathological studies. In 1901, he met there a patient, Auguste Deter. When this patient died in 1906, Alzheimer was already in Munich in Emil Kraepelin’s lab, but he was still “obsessed” by this patient. He then analyzed her brain and noted the amyloid plaques and the neurofibrillary tangles and presented his findings on this case of presenile dementia in 1906.
Figure 1. William Gowers (1845–1915).
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The Spanish physician and physiologist José Delgado was born in 1915 in Ronda, Spain. He moved to John Fulton’s physiology lab at Yale in 1950. He developed the stimoceiver, a radio with which signals could be delivered to local areas in the brain and he observed that a wide variety of behavior patterns and emotions could be elicited. The French neurologist and epileptologist Henri Gastaut (1915–1995) was SecretaryGeneral of the International League against Epilepsy from 1957 to 1968 and president from 1969 to 1973. Following up on work by William Lennox, he was instrumental in defining a serious form of epilepsy in very young children, which is referred to as the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Paul Hoffman (1884–1962) was a German physiologist, working in Freiburg. He described in 1915 the distal regeneration sign baptized Hoffmann’s sign, a tingling sensation triggered by a mechanical stimulus in the distal part of an injured nerve. Charles Samuel Myers (1873–1946), founder of the Cambridge Laboratory of Experimental Psychology in 1912, introduced the notion of “shell shock” in a paper published in Lancet in 1915. He later acknowledged that he had not invented the name and that his primary goal had been to save shell-shocked soldiers from execution.
1865 Louis Pierre Gratiolet (1815–1865; see Figure 2) was a French anatomist and zoologist, Professor of Zoology at the University of Paris. He performed extensive studies in comparative anatomy. He introduced the demarcation of the brain’s cortical surface into five lobes.
Figure 2. Louis Pierre Gratiolet (1815–1865).
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Paul Eling
The American archeologist James Breasted (1865–1935) is known among neuroscientists for his translation (from 1920 to 1930) of the Edwin Smith papyrus, presumably the oldest medical text and describing a number of neurological cases. Hermann Gutzmann (1865–1922), born in Bütow (now called Bytów, in the north of Poland), was a German physician. He established speech and language therapy as an independent medical special field. He ran a school called the Berlin School for Speech and Voice Therapy. In 1865, Jules Baillarger (1815–1890) pointed out that some patients with aphasia had lost the power of voluntary speech but nevertheless retained certain automatic expressions that were not always employed correctly. This contribution was recognized by John Hughlings Jackson (1835–1911) who called it Baillarger’s principle (actually, Peter Rommel described the phenomenon in a patient in 1683). Franciscus Cornelis Donders (1818–1889) was a Dutch ophthalmologist and physiologist. With his PhD student Jacob de Jaager, Donders measured in 1865 for the first time in history the speed of mental processes by measuring reaction time differences for detection and discrimination conditions. The German neuroanatomist Otto Friedrich Karl Deiters (1834–1863) provided the most comprehensive description of the nerve cell at that time. He differentiated between dendrites and axons. His work Untersuchungen über Gehirn und Rückenmark des Menschen und der Saugethiere was published posthumously in 1865. In 1865, three papers were published in Paris, establishing the field of laterality. Paul Broca published his paper Sur le siège de la faculté du langage articulé. Following up on a suggestion made in 1863, he now claimed that indeed we speak with the left hemisphere. Gustav Dax (1815–1874) had an unpublished paper that his father had presented on a medical conference in Montpellier in 1836, in which Marc Dax (1770–1837) had noted the association between loss of language and lesions in the left hemisphere. He had the paper published in 1865: Lésion de la moitié gauche de l’encéphale coincidant avec l’oubli des signes de la pensée (lu a Montpellier en 1836). It was followed by a note by himself, Notes sur le même subject, explaining that his father was first in discovering this relation between lesion side and the occurrence of aphasia. Jules Luys (1828–1897) was a French neurologist. He published in 1865 his Recherches sur le Système Nerveux Cerebrospinal: Sa Structure, ses Fonctions et ses Maladies. In this book, he described the subthalamic nucleus; he called it the bandelette accessoire des olives supérieures. It is still sometimes called corpus Luysi.
1815 Robert Remak (1815–1865) was born in 1815 in Posen, Prussia (now Poznan, Poland). He was a physiologist, embryologist, and neurologist and is best known for describing the ecto-, meso-, and endoderm. He also discovered unmyelinated nerve fibers and the nerve cells in the heart, sometimes called Remak’s ganglia. The British physician T. I. M. Forster published in 1815 his Sketch of the New Anatomy and Physiology of the Brain and Nervous System of Drs. Gall and Spurzheim in which he introduced the term phrenology.
1765 and Before The sensory ganglion of the trigeminal nerve was described in 1765 by Antonius Hirsch (1744–1778), an Austrian anatomist, in his dissertation: Pars quinti encephali disquisitio
Neuroanniversary 2015
83
anatomica. He named it the Gasser ganglion to honor his teacher, the Austrian anatomist Johann Lorenz Gasser (1723–1765). Domenico Mistichelli (1675–1715), Professor of Medicine at the University of Pisa, died in 1715. He produced the first diagram of the crossing of the pyramidal tracts in 1709. A year later, François Pourfour du Petit (1664–1741) reported that unilateral hemiplegias in humans resulted from damage to the contralateral cerebral hemisphere. Jan Swammerdam (1637–1680) was a Dutch biologist and microscopist. He primarily studied the anatomy and embryology of insects. He also carried out experiments on muscle contraction and described the effects of “irritating” a nerve in his anonymous 1665 article “In ranis” [On the frog].
Copyright of Journal of the History of the Neurosciences is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.
Neuroanniversary 2015 PAUL ELING Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
1965 Kurt Goldstein (1878–1965) died in 1965. He was born in Kattowitz (then Germany, now Poland) and studied philosophy in Heidelberg and medicine in Breslau under Wernicke. He opposed Wernicke’s views and felt more comfortable with the Würzburger School (psychology of thinking) and the Gestalt psychologists in Berlin, and one can look upon him as a neurologist as well as a psychiatrist and even as a psychologist. In Frankfurt am Main, he became head of a newly founded rehabilitation unit for soldiers fighting in World War I. Together with the psychologist Adhemar Gelb (1887–1936) he developed a neuropsychological test battery and procedures for rehabilitation. To escape the Nazis, he immigrated to America where he started a second career. The American physiologist Joseph Erlanger (1874–1965) also died in 1965. He received, together with Herbert Spencer Gasser (1888–1963), the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1944 for their collaborative work on the differentiation of nerve fibers and the relationship between action potential velocity and fiber diameter. Norman Geschwind (1926–1984), an American (behavioral) neurologist, played a crucial role in founding modern neuropsychology with his Aphasia Unit in Boston and with his seminal paper on “Disconnexion Syndromes in Animals and Man,” published in 1965 in Brain. The Canadian psychologist Ronald Melzack (b. 1929), working at McGill University, and the British neuroscientist Patrick Wall (1925–2001), working at that time at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard, published their gate control theory of pain in 1965 in Science: “Pain Mechanisms: A New Theory” (an earlier version had been published in Brain in 1862 but seemed to have gone unnoticed).
1915 Henry Charlton Bastian, William Gowers, and Alois Alzheimer all died in 1915. The English neurologist Henry Charlton Bastian (1837–1915) developed a patient-based language model with separate centers for different language modalities in 1869, some years before Wernicke. He also became known for his belief in abiogenesis: the idea of spontaneous generation of living organisms out of nonliving matter. Address correspondence to Paul Eling, Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, the Netherlands. E-mail: [email protected]
79
80
Paul Eling
William Gowers (1845–1915; see Figure 1) was a British clinical neurologist, practicing in the National Hospital for the Paralysed and Epileptics in London. He is probably best known for his Manual of Diseases of the Nervous System (1886–1888), also referred to as “the Bible of Neurology.” His name is remembered in the eponyms Gowers’ sign (a sign of muscular weakness) and Gowers’ tract (tractus spinocerebellar anterior). Alois Alzheimer (1864–1915) began his career in the city mental asylum in Frankfurt am Main, where he met the neurologist and neuropathologist Franz Nissl (1860–1919). In his later work, Alzheimer often used Nissl’s staining techniques for his neuropathological studies. In 1901, he met there a patient, Auguste Deter. When this patient died in 1906, Alzheimer was already in Munich in Emil Kraepelin’s lab, but he was still “obsessed” by this patient. He then analyzed her brain and noted the amyloid plaques and the neurofibrillary tangles and presented his findings on this case of presenile dementia in 1906.
Figure 1. William Gowers (1845–1915).
Neuroanniversary 2015
81
The Spanish physician and physiologist José Delgado was born in 1915 in Ronda, Spain. He moved to John Fulton’s physiology lab at Yale in 1950. He developed the stimoceiver, a radio with which signals could be delivered to local areas in the brain and he observed that a wide variety of behavior patterns and emotions could be elicited. The French neurologist and epileptologist Henri Gastaut (1915–1995) was SecretaryGeneral of the International League against Epilepsy from 1957 to 1968 and president from 1969 to 1973. Following up on work by William Lennox, he was instrumental in defining a serious form of epilepsy in very young children, which is referred to as the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Paul Hoffman (1884–1962) was a German physiologist, working in Freiburg. He described in 1915 the distal regeneration sign baptized Hoffmann’s sign, a tingling sensation triggered by a mechanical stimulus in the distal part of an injured nerve. Charles Samuel Myers (1873–1946), founder of the Cambridge Laboratory of Experimental Psychology in 1912, introduced the notion of “shell shock” in a paper published in Lancet in 1915. He later acknowledged that he had not invented the name and that his primary goal had been to save shell-shocked soldiers from execution.
1865 Louis Pierre Gratiolet (1815–1865; see Figure 2) was a French anatomist and zoologist, Professor of Zoology at the University of Paris. He performed extensive studies in comparative anatomy. He introduced the demarcation of the brain’s cortical surface into five lobes.
Figure 2. Louis Pierre Gratiolet (1815–1865).
82
Paul Eling
The American archeologist James Breasted (1865–1935) is known among neuroscientists for his translation (from 1920 to 1930) of the Edwin Smith papyrus, presumably the oldest medical text and describing a number of neurological cases. Hermann Gutzmann (1865–1922), born in Bütow (now called Bytów, in the north of Poland), was a German physician. He established speech and language therapy as an independent medical special field. He ran a school called the Berlin School for Speech and Voice Therapy. In 1865, Jules Baillarger (1815–1890) pointed out that some patients with aphasia had lost the power of voluntary speech but nevertheless retained certain automatic expressions that were not always employed correctly. This contribution was recognized by John Hughlings Jackson (1835–1911) who called it Baillarger’s principle (actually, Peter Rommel described the phenomenon in a patient in 1683). Franciscus Cornelis Donders (1818–1889) was a Dutch ophthalmologist and physiologist. With his PhD student Jacob de Jaager, Donders measured in 1865 for the first time in history the speed of mental processes by measuring reaction time differences for detection and discrimination conditions. The German neuroanatomist Otto Friedrich Karl Deiters (1834–1863) provided the most comprehensive description of the nerve cell at that time. He differentiated between dendrites and axons. His work Untersuchungen über Gehirn und Rückenmark des Menschen und der Saugethiere was published posthumously in 1865. In 1865, three papers were published in Paris, establishing the field of laterality. Paul Broca published his paper Sur le siège de la faculté du langage articulé. Following up on a suggestion made in 1863, he now claimed that indeed we speak with the left hemisphere. Gustav Dax (1815–1874) had an unpublished paper that his father had presented on a medical conference in Montpellier in 1836, in which Marc Dax (1770–1837) had noted the association between loss of language and lesions in the left hemisphere. He had the paper published in 1865: Lésion de la moitié gauche de l’encéphale coincidant avec l’oubli des signes de la pensée (lu a Montpellier en 1836). It was followed by a note by himself, Notes sur le même subject, explaining that his father was first in discovering this relation between lesion side and the occurrence of aphasia. Jules Luys (1828–1897) was a French neurologist. He published in 1865 his Recherches sur le Système Nerveux Cerebrospinal: Sa Structure, ses Fonctions et ses Maladies. In this book, he described the subthalamic nucleus; he called it the bandelette accessoire des olives supérieures. It is still sometimes called corpus Luysi.
1815 Robert Remak (1815–1865) was born in 1815 in Posen, Prussia (now Poznan, Poland). He was a physiologist, embryologist, and neurologist and is best known for describing the ecto-, meso-, and endoderm. He also discovered unmyelinated nerve fibers and the nerve cells in the heart, sometimes called Remak’s ganglia. The British physician T. I. M. Forster published in 1815 his Sketch of the New Anatomy and Physiology of the Brain and Nervous System of Drs. Gall and Spurzheim in which he introduced the term phrenology.
1765 and Before The sensory ganglion of the trigeminal nerve was described in 1765 by Antonius Hirsch (1744–1778), an Austrian anatomist, in his dissertation: Pars quinti encephali disquisitio
Neuroanniversary 2015
83
anatomica. He named it the Gasser ganglion to honor his teacher, the Austrian anatomist Johann Lorenz Gasser (1723–1765). Domenico Mistichelli (1675–1715), Professor of Medicine at the University of Pisa, died in 1715. He produced the first diagram of the crossing of the pyramidal tracts in 1709. A year later, François Pourfour du Petit (1664–1741) reported that unilateral hemiplegias in humans resulted from damage to the contralateral cerebral hemisphere. Jan Swammerdam (1637–1680) was a Dutch biologist and microscopist. He primarily studied the anatomy and embryology of insects. He also carried out experiments on muscle contraction and described the effects of “irritating” a nerve in his anonymous 1665 article “In ranis” [On the frog].
Copyright of Journal of the History of the Neurosciences is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.
