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Psychology, Health & Medicine Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cphm20
Nasal diseases and psychological distress a
Deping Wang & Wenlong Luo
a
a
Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China Published online: 22 Jun 2015.
Click for updates To cite this article: Deping Wang & Wenlong Luo (2015): Nasal diseases and psychological distress, Psychology, Health & Medicine, DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2015.1051064 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2015.1051064
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Psychology, Health & Medicine, 2015 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2015.1051064
Nasal diseases and psychological distress Deping Wang and Wenlong Luo* Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
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(Received 21 December 2014; accepted 8 May 2015) A high rate of ENT doctors were murdered by nasal disordered patients in China recently. It is obviously important and urgent to find out whether there is any potential relationship between nasal diseases (ND) and psychological distress that might contribute to violent behavior. For this purpose, we carried out this literature review. There is a complex relationship between ND and psychiatric distress, which is mainly considered as a bidirectional causal relationship with other controversy opinions. However, most of the previous studies were found to be focused on allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis, while reports about other ND were rare. Further study is still needed to uncover the secret aspects in this field, and more attentions need to be paid to other ND. Keywords: nasal diseases; psychological rhinosinusitis
distress; allergic rhinitis; chronic
Introduction Nasal diseases (ND) are common disorders that are still a great burden in the whole world. In China, there is a high rate of ENT doctors that were murdered by patients recently and a great majority of these patients are suffering from ND. It is obviously important and urgent to find out whether there is any potential relationship between ND and psychological distress (PD) that might contribute to violent behavior. To date, though numerous studies attempted to reveal the relationship between some ND separately such as allergic rhinitis (AR) and PD, there is still a lack of literature review regarding this subject, in view of which, we carried out this review. Allergic rhinitis It is well known that AR can deeply impair patients’ health-related quality of life (HRQoL) (Everhart et al., 2014; Kanzaki, Ogawa, Ikeda, Masuda, & Ogawa, 2011; Matterne, Schmitt, Diepgen, & Apfelbacher, 2011), and most of the past studies were focused on this topic. Though the psychosomatic aspects of hay fever have been discussed since 1948, the causality of them is still difficult to define (Lee et al., 2012). Also, in current trends, most researchers believe that there is a bidirectional causal relationship between AR and PD (Chida, Hamer, & Steptoe, 2008; Gelis, Prokopakis, Helidonis, & Velegrakis, 2007; Lind, Nordin, Palmquist, & Nordin, 2014). *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] © 2015 Taylor & Francis
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Patients with AR were found to have poorer psychological function compared with non-allergic individuals (Lee et al., 2012; Lv, Han, Xi, & Zhang, 2010; Wu et al., 2011). And this infection varied in different gender (Muluk, Oğuztürk, Koç, & Ekici, 2003; Ryden, Andersson, & Andersson, 2004). There is an ongoing debate over the relationship of anxiety/depression with AR (Addolorato et al., 1999; Annesi-Maesano et al., 2006; Jernelöv et al., 2009; Lind et al., 2014; Lv, Xi, Han, & Zhang, 2010; Runeson, Wahlstedt, & Norbäck, 2011; Tonelli et al., 2009). According to previous clinical studies, opinions could be classified as: (1) AR associated with both depression and anxiety; (2) Anxiety, but not depression; (3) Depression, but not anxiety; (4) Neither. The relationship between cognitive abilities and AR are also under debate. Most of the previous studies indicated that AR could impair cognitive abilities (Brawley et al., 2004; Marshall, O’Hara, & Steinberg, 2000; Park et al., 2011). However, no cognitive function impairment was found in symptomatic AR patients by Kremer, den Hartog, and Jolles (2002). Some research indicated that AR patients’ personality profile was somatization (Bavbek, Kumbasar, Tugcu, & Misirligil, 2002; Kremer et al., 2002; Lv et al., 2010; Rydén, Andersson, & Andersson, 2007) and disinhibitory disposition (Rydén et al., 2007). However, some other research showed the opposite opinion that AR patients were harmonious (Gelis et al., 2007). Data shows that AR might be related to suicide (Postolache, Komarow, & Tonelli, 2008; Postolache et al., 2005). The mechanism might be hypothesized that AR contributes to depression, anxiety and sleep impairment that promotes the probability of suicide (Postolache et al., 2008). Also, it is possible that PD can influence AR. It was found that patients with affective disorders seemed to have a higher prevalence of atopic allergy than those not with affective disorders (Bell, Jasnoski, Kagan, & King, 1990). Another research indicated that stressful life events promote manifestation of AR (Kilpelainen, Koskenvuo, Helenius, & Terho, 2002). In addition, internalizing disorders in youths was correlated with the risk of developing a lifetime history of atopic disorders (Infante, Slattery, Klein, & Essex, 2007). In relationship to youth disorders, Emin et al. reported that psychiatric symptoms observed in mothers of AR children might be associated with child disease (Emin, Mustafa, & Nedim, 2009). The proper mechanism of the bidirectional causal relationship of AR with PD is still unknown. Hypotheses including: (1) the effect of cortisol on IgE production or the production of mediators during an allergic reaction that travel from the nose to the brain (Gauci, King, Saxarra, Tulloch, & Husband, 1993); (2) the effect of AR symptoms (Camfferman et al., 2010; Lv et al., 2010). Chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyps Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) influences HRQoL (Katotomichelakis et al., 2013; Litvack, Mace, & Smith, 2011), and correct treatment could improve HRQoL (Rudnick & Mitchell, 2006, 2007). However, positive developments in disease-specific HRQoL outcomes are complex (Mace, Michael, Carlson, Litvack, & Smith, 2010). CRS can affect mental health significantly (Kim et al., 2011; Macdonald, McNally, & Massoud, 2009). CRS patients were even more bothered by their condition than AR, and women were significantly more impaired than men (Kinney & Benninger, 2007).
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CRS proved to be independently connected with anxiety and depression levels (Katotomichelakis et al., 2013). CRS patients are at risk of depression (Alt, Smith, Mace, & Soler, 2013; Patten, 2001). The prevalence of depression was found to be 25% (Brandsted & Sindwani, 2007). Psychiatric comorbidity was associated with increased symptoms in CRS (Wasan, Fernandez, Jamison, & Bhattacharyya, 2007). In correlation, CRS patients while combined with depression were found to have worse baseline HRQoL than other CRS patients (Litvack et al., 2011). Furthermore, findings also show that chronic diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchial asthma, when combined with rhinitis, had a significantly higher prevalence of comorbid mental illness than those illnesses alone (Sharma et al., 2013). Few research directly study about nasal polyps (NP) and PD. This may be because NP usually occurs with other diseases. Some previous studies show that NP could impair patients’ HRQoL (Alobid et al., 2006; Smith et al., 2005) NP patients were found to be with high levels of anxiety (Di Rienzo Businco, Di Rienzo Businco, Lauriello, & Coen Tirelli, 2004). However, other research show that CRS Patients with NP were found to have a better HRQoL than those without NP (Poetker, MendoliaLoffredo, & Smith, 2007) or the presence of NP was not associated with poor HRQoL in CRS patients (Serrano et al., 2005; Zheng et al., 2010). In addition, psychological status could influence disease severity and satisfaction of treatment (Brandsted & Sindwani, 2007; Nanayakkara, Igwe, Roberts, & Hopkins, 2013; Smith et al., 2005). Even a basic personality factor such as attachment anxiety can significantly impact patient satisfaction with nasal surgery outcome (Saragusty, Berant, & Yaniv, 2011). The potential mechanism between CRS and PD might be the complex influence of molecules like IL-4, IL-13, TGF-beta, et.al. (Alt, Sautter, Mace, Detwiller, & Smith, 2014). However, it is still unknown. Other diseases There is a scarcity of research focusing on the relationship of ND, with the exception to AR and CRS with PD. Among these diseases, nasal septal perforation due to cocaine inhalation was hypothesized to have psychological aspects while cocaine inhalation could lead to psychological problems (Businco et al., 2008; Glauser & Queen, 2007). In nasal septal deviation patients, psychiatric symptoms were found to be more common than healthy controls (Fidan, Fidan, Ak, & Sutbeyaz, 2011). It was also discovered that sinonasal involvement of Wegener’s granulomatosis impacts HRQoL (Srouji, Andrews, Edwards, & Lund, 2006). However, further research is required to validate this claim. While there is a hypothesis that nose empty syndrome (NES) influences mental health by Chinese doctors and mediums, there is still a lack of evidence to show the relationship of NES and PD. Conclusion There is a complex relationship between ND and psychiatric distress, which is mainly considered as a bidirectional causal relationship with other controversy opinions. However, most of the previous studies were focused on AR and CRS. Further study is still needed to uncover the secret aspects in this field, and more attention needs to be paid to other ND. Though the current research status might be far away from the truth, and
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the exact relationship between ND and PD might remain a contentious question for a long time, it might be beneficial for clinicians to consider this correlation in dealing with ND. When a nasal disease patient comes to hospital, doctors need to pay more attention to their mental health, especially to those with severe symptoms but slight signs. However, any reason motivating rhinoplasty was excluded in this review, for most of them were not ND, though those patients might have some mental disorders like body dysmorphic disorder, et al. Acknowledgement Special thanks to Joseph Dick Lam for his assistance in this research.
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Disclosure statement No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
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Psychology, Health & Medicine Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cphm20
Nasal diseases and psychological distress a
Deping Wang & Wenlong Luo
a
a
Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China Published online: 22 Jun 2015.
Click for updates To cite this article: Deping Wang & Wenlong Luo (2015): Nasal diseases and psychological distress, Psychology, Health & Medicine, DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2015.1051064 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2015.1051064
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms &
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Psychology, Health & Medicine, 2015 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2015.1051064
Nasal diseases and psychological distress Deping Wang and Wenlong Luo* Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
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(Received 21 December 2014; accepted 8 May 2015) A high rate of ENT doctors were murdered by nasal disordered patients in China recently. It is obviously important and urgent to find out whether there is any potential relationship between nasal diseases (ND) and psychological distress that might contribute to violent behavior. For this purpose, we carried out this literature review. There is a complex relationship between ND and psychiatric distress, which is mainly considered as a bidirectional causal relationship with other controversy opinions. However, most of the previous studies were found to be focused on allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis, while reports about other ND were rare. Further study is still needed to uncover the secret aspects in this field, and more attentions need to be paid to other ND. Keywords: nasal diseases; psychological rhinosinusitis
distress; allergic rhinitis; chronic
Introduction Nasal diseases (ND) are common disorders that are still a great burden in the whole world. In China, there is a high rate of ENT doctors that were murdered by patients recently and a great majority of these patients are suffering from ND. It is obviously important and urgent to find out whether there is any potential relationship between ND and psychological distress (PD) that might contribute to violent behavior. To date, though numerous studies attempted to reveal the relationship between some ND separately such as allergic rhinitis (AR) and PD, there is still a lack of literature review regarding this subject, in view of which, we carried out this review. Allergic rhinitis It is well known that AR can deeply impair patients’ health-related quality of life (HRQoL) (Everhart et al., 2014; Kanzaki, Ogawa, Ikeda, Masuda, & Ogawa, 2011; Matterne, Schmitt, Diepgen, & Apfelbacher, 2011), and most of the past studies were focused on this topic. Though the psychosomatic aspects of hay fever have been discussed since 1948, the causality of them is still difficult to define (Lee et al., 2012). Also, in current trends, most researchers believe that there is a bidirectional causal relationship between AR and PD (Chida, Hamer, & Steptoe, 2008; Gelis, Prokopakis, Helidonis, & Velegrakis, 2007; Lind, Nordin, Palmquist, & Nordin, 2014). *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] © 2015 Taylor & Francis
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Patients with AR were found to have poorer psychological function compared with non-allergic individuals (Lee et al., 2012; Lv, Han, Xi, & Zhang, 2010; Wu et al., 2011). And this infection varied in different gender (Muluk, Oğuztürk, Koç, & Ekici, 2003; Ryden, Andersson, & Andersson, 2004). There is an ongoing debate over the relationship of anxiety/depression with AR (Addolorato et al., 1999; Annesi-Maesano et al., 2006; Jernelöv et al., 2009; Lind et al., 2014; Lv, Xi, Han, & Zhang, 2010; Runeson, Wahlstedt, & Norbäck, 2011; Tonelli et al., 2009). According to previous clinical studies, opinions could be classified as: (1) AR associated with both depression and anxiety; (2) Anxiety, but not depression; (3) Depression, but not anxiety; (4) Neither. The relationship between cognitive abilities and AR are also under debate. Most of the previous studies indicated that AR could impair cognitive abilities (Brawley et al., 2004; Marshall, O’Hara, & Steinberg, 2000; Park et al., 2011). However, no cognitive function impairment was found in symptomatic AR patients by Kremer, den Hartog, and Jolles (2002). Some research indicated that AR patients’ personality profile was somatization (Bavbek, Kumbasar, Tugcu, & Misirligil, 2002; Kremer et al., 2002; Lv et al., 2010; Rydén, Andersson, & Andersson, 2007) and disinhibitory disposition (Rydén et al., 2007). However, some other research showed the opposite opinion that AR patients were harmonious (Gelis et al., 2007). Data shows that AR might be related to suicide (Postolache, Komarow, & Tonelli, 2008; Postolache et al., 2005). The mechanism might be hypothesized that AR contributes to depression, anxiety and sleep impairment that promotes the probability of suicide (Postolache et al., 2008). Also, it is possible that PD can influence AR. It was found that patients with affective disorders seemed to have a higher prevalence of atopic allergy than those not with affective disorders (Bell, Jasnoski, Kagan, & King, 1990). Another research indicated that stressful life events promote manifestation of AR (Kilpelainen, Koskenvuo, Helenius, & Terho, 2002). In addition, internalizing disorders in youths was correlated with the risk of developing a lifetime history of atopic disorders (Infante, Slattery, Klein, & Essex, 2007). In relationship to youth disorders, Emin et al. reported that psychiatric symptoms observed in mothers of AR children might be associated with child disease (Emin, Mustafa, & Nedim, 2009). The proper mechanism of the bidirectional causal relationship of AR with PD is still unknown. Hypotheses including: (1) the effect of cortisol on IgE production or the production of mediators during an allergic reaction that travel from the nose to the brain (Gauci, King, Saxarra, Tulloch, & Husband, 1993); (2) the effect of AR symptoms (Camfferman et al., 2010; Lv et al., 2010). Chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyps Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) influences HRQoL (Katotomichelakis et al., 2013; Litvack, Mace, & Smith, 2011), and correct treatment could improve HRQoL (Rudnick & Mitchell, 2006, 2007). However, positive developments in disease-specific HRQoL outcomes are complex (Mace, Michael, Carlson, Litvack, & Smith, 2010). CRS can affect mental health significantly (Kim et al., 2011; Macdonald, McNally, & Massoud, 2009). CRS patients were even more bothered by their condition than AR, and women were significantly more impaired than men (Kinney & Benninger, 2007).
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CRS proved to be independently connected with anxiety and depression levels (Katotomichelakis et al., 2013). CRS patients are at risk of depression (Alt, Smith, Mace, & Soler, 2013; Patten, 2001). The prevalence of depression was found to be 25% (Brandsted & Sindwani, 2007). Psychiatric comorbidity was associated with increased symptoms in CRS (Wasan, Fernandez, Jamison, & Bhattacharyya, 2007). In correlation, CRS patients while combined with depression were found to have worse baseline HRQoL than other CRS patients (Litvack et al., 2011). Furthermore, findings also show that chronic diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchial asthma, when combined with rhinitis, had a significantly higher prevalence of comorbid mental illness than those illnesses alone (Sharma et al., 2013). Few research directly study about nasal polyps (NP) and PD. This may be because NP usually occurs with other diseases. Some previous studies show that NP could impair patients’ HRQoL (Alobid et al., 2006; Smith et al., 2005) NP patients were found to be with high levels of anxiety (Di Rienzo Businco, Di Rienzo Businco, Lauriello, & Coen Tirelli, 2004). However, other research show that CRS Patients with NP were found to have a better HRQoL than those without NP (Poetker, MendoliaLoffredo, & Smith, 2007) or the presence of NP was not associated with poor HRQoL in CRS patients (Serrano et al., 2005; Zheng et al., 2010). In addition, psychological status could influence disease severity and satisfaction of treatment (Brandsted & Sindwani, 2007; Nanayakkara, Igwe, Roberts, & Hopkins, 2013; Smith et al., 2005). Even a basic personality factor such as attachment anxiety can significantly impact patient satisfaction with nasal surgery outcome (Saragusty, Berant, & Yaniv, 2011). The potential mechanism between CRS and PD might be the complex influence of molecules like IL-4, IL-13, TGF-beta, et.al. (Alt, Sautter, Mace, Detwiller, & Smith, 2014). However, it is still unknown. Other diseases There is a scarcity of research focusing on the relationship of ND, with the exception to AR and CRS with PD. Among these diseases, nasal septal perforation due to cocaine inhalation was hypothesized to have psychological aspects while cocaine inhalation could lead to psychological problems (Businco et al., 2008; Glauser & Queen, 2007). In nasal septal deviation patients, psychiatric symptoms were found to be more common than healthy controls (Fidan, Fidan, Ak, & Sutbeyaz, 2011). It was also discovered that sinonasal involvement of Wegener’s granulomatosis impacts HRQoL (Srouji, Andrews, Edwards, & Lund, 2006). However, further research is required to validate this claim. While there is a hypothesis that nose empty syndrome (NES) influences mental health by Chinese doctors and mediums, there is still a lack of evidence to show the relationship of NES and PD. Conclusion There is a complex relationship between ND and psychiatric distress, which is mainly considered as a bidirectional causal relationship with other controversy opinions. However, most of the previous studies were focused on AR and CRS. Further study is still needed to uncover the secret aspects in this field, and more attention needs to be paid to other ND. Though the current research status might be far away from the truth, and
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the exact relationship between ND and PD might remain a contentious question for a long time, it might be beneficial for clinicians to consider this correlation in dealing with ND. When a nasal disease patient comes to hospital, doctors need to pay more attention to their mental health, especially to those with severe symptoms but slight signs. However, any reason motivating rhinoplasty was excluded in this review, for most of them were not ND, though those patients might have some mental disorders like body dysmorphic disorder, et al. Acknowledgement Special thanks to Joseph Dick Lam for his assistance in this research.
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Disclosure statement No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
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